Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Clinical Microbiology Reviews logoLink to Clinical Microbiology Reviews
. 1988 Apr;1(2):173–186. doi: 10.1128/cmr.1.2.173

Methicillin-resistant staphylococci.

H F Chambers 1
PMCID: PMC358041  PMID: 3069195

Abstract

Strains of staphylococci resistant to methicillin were identified immediately after introduction of this drug. Methicillin-resistant strains have unusual properties, the most notable of which is extreme variability in expression of the resistance trait. The conditions associated with this heterogeneous expression of resistance are described. Methicillin resistance is associated with production of a unique penicillin-binding protein (PBP), 2a, which is bound and inactivated only at high concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics. PBP2a appears to be encoded by the mec determinant, which also is unique to methicillin-resistant strains. The relationships between PBP2a and expression of resistance and implications for the mechanism of resistance are discussed. The heterogeneous expression of methicillin resistance by staphylococci poses problems in the detection of resistant strains. Experience with several susceptibility test methods is reviewed and guidelines for performance of these tests are given. Treatment of infections caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci is discussed. Vancomycin is the treatment of choice. Alternatives have been few because methicillin-resistant strains often are resistant to multiple antibiotics in addition to beta-lactam antibiotics. New agents which are active against methicillin-resistant staphylococci are becoming available, and their potential role in treatment is discussed.

Full text

PDF
173

Images in this article

175Image
on p.175

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aldridge K. E., Janney A., Sanders C. V. Comparison of the activities of coumermycin, ciprofloxacin, teicoplanin, and other non-beta-lactam antibiotics against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from various geographical locations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985 Nov;28(5):634–638. doi: 10.1128/aac.28.5.634. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Aldridge K. E., Janney A., Sanders C. V., Marier R. L. Interlaboratory variation of antibiograms of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains with conventional and commercial testing systems. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Nov;18(5):1226–1236. doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.5.1226-1236.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Annear D. I. The effect of temperature on resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to methicillin and some other antibioics. Med J Aust. 1968 Mar 16;1(11):444–446. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Archer G. L., Vazquez G. J., Johnston J. L. Antibiotic prophylaxis of experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Infect Dis. 1980 Nov;142(5):725–731. doi: 10.1093/infdis/142.5.725. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Ardati K. O., Thirumoorthi M. C., Dajani A. S. Intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of serious infections in children. J Pediatr. 1979 Nov;95(5 Pt 1):801–806. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(79)80740-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Asheshov E. H. Chromosomal location of the genetic elements controlling penicillinase production in a strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Nature. 1966 May 21;210(5038):804–806. doi: 10.1038/210804a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. BARBER M. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J Clin Pathol. 1961 Jul;14:385–393. doi: 10.1136/jcp.14.4.385. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. BARBER M. NATURALLY OCCURING METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCI. J Gen Microbiol. 1964 May;35:183–190. doi: 10.1099/00221287-35-2-183. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Barrett F. F., McGehee R. F., Jr, Finland M. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Boston City Hospital. Bacteriologic and epidemiologic observations. N Engl J Med. 1968 Aug 29;279(9):441–448. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196808292790901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Beck W. D., Berger-Bächi B., Kayser F. H. Additional DNA in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and molecular cloning of mec-specific DNA. J Bacteriol. 1986 Feb;165(2):373–378. doi: 10.1128/jb.165.2.373-378.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Benner E. J., Kayser F. H. Growing clinical significance of methcillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet. 1968 Oct 5;2(7571):741–744. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(68)90947-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Berger-Bächi B. Insertional inactivation of staphylococcal methicillin resistance by Tn551. J Bacteriol. 1983 Apr;154(1):479–487. doi: 10.1128/jb.154.1.479-487.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Berry A. J., Johnston J. L., Archer G. L. Imipenem therapy of experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 May;29(5):748–752. doi: 10.1128/aac.29.5.748. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Best G. K., Best N. H., Koval A. V. Evidence for participation of autolysins in bactericidal action of oxacillin on Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1974 Dec;6(6):825–830. doi: 10.1128/aac.6.6.825. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bibler M. R., Frame P. T., Hagler D. N., Bode R. B., Staneck J. L., Thamlikitkul V., Harris J. E., Haregewoin A., Bullock W. E., Jr Clinical evaluation of efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and safety of teicoplanin for serious gram-positive infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987 Feb;31(2):207–212. doi: 10.1128/aac.31.2.207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Blanchard T. J., Poston S. M., Reynolds P. J. Recipient characteristics in the transduction of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Mar;29(3):539–541. doi: 10.1128/aac.29.3.539. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Boyce J. M. Reevaluation of the ability of the standardized disk diffusion test to detect methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Jun;19(6):813–817. doi: 10.1128/jcm.19.6.813-817.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Boyce J. M., White R. L., Bonner M. C., Lockwood W. R. Reliability of the MS-2 system in detecting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Feb;15(2):220–225. doi: 10.1128/jcm.15.2.220-225.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Brown D. F., Reynolds P. E. Intrinsic resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus. FEBS Lett. 1980 Dec 29;122(2):275–278. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80455-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bruns W., Keppeler H., Baucks R. Suppression of intrinsic resistance to penicillins in Staphylococcus aureus by polidocanol, a dodecyl polyethyleneoxid ether. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985 Apr;27(4):632–639. doi: 10.1128/aac.27.4.632. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Bulger R. J. In-vitro activity of cephalothin/kanamycin and methicillin/kanamycin combinations against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet. 1967 Jan 7;1(7480):17–19. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(67)92422-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. CALLAGHAN R. P., COHEN S. J., STEWART G. T. Septicaemia due to colonization of Spitz-Holter valves by staphylococci. Five cases treated with methicillin. Br Med J. 1961 Mar 25;1(5229):860–863. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5229.860. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. CALLAGHAN R. P., COHEN S. J., STEWART G. T. Septicaemia due to colonization of Spitz-Holter valves by staphylococci. Five cases treated with methicillin. Br Med J. 1961 Mar 25;1(5229):860–863. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5229.860. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Calain P., Krause K. H., Vaudaux P., Auckenthaler R., Lew D., Waldvogel F., Hirschel B. Early termination of a prospective, randomized trial comparing teicoplanin and flucloxacillin for treating severe staphylococcal infections. J Infect Dis. 1987 Feb;155(2):187–191. doi: 10.1093/infdis/155.2.187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Canawati H. N., Witte J. L., Sapico F. L. Temperature effect on the susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to four different cephalosporins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982 Jan;21(1):173–175. doi: 10.1128/aac.21.1.173. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Carlson J. R., Conley F. E., Cahall D. L. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus susceptibility testing with Abbott MS-2 system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982 Apr;21(4):676–677. doi: 10.1128/aac.21.4.676. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Carpenter T. C., Hackbarth C. J., Chambers H. F., Sande M. A. Efficacy of ciprofloxacin for experimental endocarditis caused by methicillin-susceptible or -resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Sep;30(3):382–384. doi: 10.1128/aac.30.3.382. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Chambers H. F. Coagulase-negative staphylococci resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics in vivo produce penicillin-binding protein 2a. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987 Dec;31(12):1919–1924. doi: 10.1128/aac.31.12.1919. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Chambers H. F., Hackbarth C. J., Drake T. A., Rusnak M. G., Sande M. A. Endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits: expression of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in vivo and in vitro. J Infect Dis. 1984 Jun;149(6):894–903. doi: 10.1093/infdis/149.6.894. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Chambers H. F., Hackbarth C. J. Effect of NaCl and nafcillin on penicillin-binding protein 2a and heterogeneous expression of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987 Dec;31(12):1982–1988. doi: 10.1128/aac.31.12.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Chambers H. F., Hartman B. J., Tomasz A. Increased amounts of a novel penicillin-binding protein in a strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus exposed to nafcillin. J Clin Invest. 1985 Jul;76(1):325–331. doi: 10.1172/JCI111965. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Chambers H. F., Miller M. H. Emergence of resistance to cephalothin and gentamicin during combination therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in rabbits. J Infect Dis. 1987 Mar;155(3):581–585. doi: 10.1093/infdis/155.3.581. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Chambers H. F., Sande M. A. Teicoplanin versus nafcillin and vancomycin in the treatment of experimental endocarditis caused by methicillin-susceptible or -resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1984 Jul;26(1):61–64. doi: 10.1128/aac.26.1.61. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Cohen S., Gibson C. J., Sweeney H. M. Phenotypic suppression of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by mutant noninducible penicillinase plasmids. J Bacteriol. 1972 Nov;112(2):682–689. doi: 10.1128/jb.112.2.682-689.1972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Cohen S., Sweeney H. M. Effect of the prophage and penicillinase plasmid of the recipient strain upon the transduction and the stability of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 1973 Nov;116(2):803–811. doi: 10.1128/jb.116.2.803-811.1973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Cohen S., Sweeney H. M. Transduction of Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Dependent on an Unusual Specificity of the Recipient Strain. J Bacteriol. 1970 Dec;104(3):1158–1167. doi: 10.1128/jb.104.3.1158-1167.1970. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Coleman D. L., Horwitz R. I., Andriole V. T. Association between serum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations and therapeutic outcome in bacterial endocarditis. Am J Med. 1982 Aug;73(2):260–267. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90188-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Coles N. W., Gross R. Liberation of surface-located penicillinase from Staphylococcus aureus. Biochem J. 1967 Mar;102(3):742–747. doi: 10.1042/bj1020742. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Cook F. V., Farrar W. E., Jr Vancomycin revisited. Ann Intern Med. 1978 Jun;88(6):813–818. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-88-6-813. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Coudron P. E., Jones D. L., Dalton H. P., Archer G. L. Evaluation of laboratory tests for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Nov;24(5):764–769. doi: 10.1128/jcm.24.5.764-769.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Craven D. E., Reed C., Kollisch N., DeMaria A., Lichtenberg D., Shen K., McCabe W. R. A large outbreak of infections caused by a strain of Staphylococcus aureus resistant of oxacillin and aminoglycosides. Am J Med. 1981 Jul;71(1):53–58. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90258-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Crossley K., Landesman B., Zaske D. An outbreak of infections caused by strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and aminoglycosides. II. Epidemiologic studies. J Infect Dis. 1979 Mar;139(3):280–287. doi: 10.1093/infdis/139.3.280. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Crossley K., Loesch D., Landesman B., Mead K., Chern M., Strate R. An outbreak of infections caused by strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and aminoglycosides. I. Clinical studies. J Infect Dis. 1979 Mar;139(3):273–279. doi: 10.1093/infdis/139.3.273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. DOWLING H. F. The newer penicillins. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1961 Sep-Oct;2:572–580. doi: 10.1002/cpt196125572. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Dillon L. K., Howe S. E. Early detection of oxacillin-resistant staphylococcal strains with hypertonic broth diluent for microdilution panels. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Apr;19(4):473–476. doi: 10.1128/jcm.19.4.473-476.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Dornbusch K., Hallander H. O., Löfquist F. Extrachromosomal control of methicillin resistance and toxin production in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 1969 May;98(2):351–358. doi: 10.1128/jb.98.2.351-358.1969. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Dornbusch K., Hallander H. O. Transduction of penicillinase production and methicillin resistance-enterotoxin B production in strains of Staphylococcus aureus. J Gen Microbiol. 1973 May;76(1):1–11. doi: 10.1099/00221287-76-1-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Drew W. L., Barry A. L., O'Toole R., Sherris J. C. Reliability of the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for detecting methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Microbiol. 1972 Aug;24(2):240–247. doi: 10.1128/am.24.2.240-247.1972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Dyke K. G. Penicillinase production and intrinsic resistance to penicillins in methicillin-resistant cultures of Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol. 1969 Aug;2(3):261–278. doi: 10.1099/00222615-2-3-261. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. ELEK S. D., FLEMING P. C. A new technique for the control of hospital cross-infection. Experience with BRL. 1241 in a maternity unit. Lancet. 1960 Sep 10;2(7150):569–572. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(60)91644-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Eliopoulos G. M., Willey S., Reiszner E., Spitzer P. G., Caputo G., Moellering R. C., Jr In vitro and in vivo activity of LY 146032, a new cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Oct;30(4):532–535. doi: 10.1128/aac.30.4.532. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Elwell L. P., Wilson H. R., Knick V. B., Keith B. R. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of the combination trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Jun;29(6):1092–1094. doi: 10.1128/aac.29.6.1092. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Fan W., del Busto R., Love M., Markowitz N., Cendrowski C., Cardenas J., Quinn E., Saravolatz L. Imipenem-cilastatin in the treatment of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Jan;29(1):26–29. doi: 10.1128/aac.29.1.26. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Farber B. F., Yee Y. C., Karchmer A. W. Interaction between rifampin and fusidic acid against methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive and -negative staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Jul;30(1):174–175. doi: 10.1128/aac.30.1.174. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Fass R. J., Helsel V. L., Barnishan J., Ayers L. W. In vitro susceptibilities of four species of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Oct;30(4):545–552. doi: 10.1128/aac.30.4.545. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Faville R. J., Jr, Zaske D. E., Kaplan E. L., Crossley K., Sabath L. D., Quie P. G. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Combined therapy with vancomycin and rifampin. JAMA. 1978 Oct 27;240(18):1963–1965. doi: 10.1001/jama.240.18.1963. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Frongillo R. F., Bianchi P., Moretti A., Pasticci M. B., Ripa S., Pauluzzi S. Cross-resistance between methicillin and cephalosporins for staphylococci: a general assumption not true for cefamandole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1984 May;25(5):666–668. doi: 10.1128/aac.25.5.666. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Frongillo R. F., Donati L., Federico G., Martino P., Moroni M., Ortona L., Palumbo M., Pasticci B. M., Pizzigallo E., Privitera G. Clinical comparative study on the activity of cefamandole in the treatment of serious staphylococcal infections caused by methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 May;29(5):789–796. doi: 10.1128/aac.29.5.789. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Georgopapadakou N. H., Dix B. A., Mauriz Y. R. Possible physiological functions of penicillin-binding proteins in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Feb;29(2):333–336. doi: 10.1128/aac.29.2.333. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Georgopapadakou N. H., Liu F. Y. Binding of beta-lactam antibiotics to penicillin-binding proteins of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis: relation to antibacterial activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1980 Nov;18(5):834–836. doi: 10.1128/aac.18.5.834. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Georgopapadakou N. H., Smith S. A., Bonner D. P. Penicillin-binding proteins in a Staphylococcus aureus strain resistant to specific beta-lactam antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982 Jul;22(1):172–175. doi: 10.1128/aac.22.1.172. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Gilbert M., Boscia J. A., Kobasa W. D., Kaye D. Enoxacin compared with vancomycin for the treatment of experimental methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Mar;29(3):461–463. doi: 10.1128/aac.29.3.461. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Glupczynski Y., Lagast H., Van der Auwera P., Thys J. P., Crokaert F., Yourassowsky E., Meunier-Carpentier F., Klastersky J., Kains J. P., Serruys-Schoutens E. Clinical evaluation of teicoplanin for therapy of severe infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Jan;29(1):52–57. doi: 10.1128/aac.29.1.52. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Gopal V., Bisno A. L., Silverblatt F. J. Failure of vancomycin treatment in Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. In vivo and in vitro observations. JAMA. 1976 Oct 4;236(14):1604–1606. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Greenberg R. N., Kennedy D. J., Reilly P. M., Luppen K. L., Weinandt W. J., Bollinger M. R., Aguirre F., Kodesch F., Saeed A. M. Treatment of bone, joint, and soft-tissue infections with oral ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987 Feb;31(2):151–155. doi: 10.1128/aac.31.2.151. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Grieble H. G., Krause S. L., Pappas S. A., DiCostanzo M. B. The prevalence of high-level methicillin resistance in multiply resistant hospital staphylococci. Medicine (Baltimore) 1981 Jan;60(1):62–69. doi: 10.1097/00005792-198101000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Grubb W. B., Annear D. I. Spontaneous loss of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus at room-temperature. Lancet. 1972 Dec 9;2(7789):1257–1257. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(72)92315-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Guillemin M. N., Miles H. M., McDonald M. I. Activity of coumermycin against clinical isolates of staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Apr;29(4):608–610. doi: 10.1128/aac.29.4.608. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Hackbarth C. J., Chambers H. F., Sande M. A. Serum bactericidal activity of rifampin in combination with other antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Apr;29(4):611–613. doi: 10.1128/aac.29.4.611. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Haley R. W., Hightower A. W., Khabbaz R. F., Thornsberry C., Martone W. J., Allen J. R., Hughes J. M. The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in United States hospitals. Possible role of the house staff-patient transfer circuit. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Sep;97(3):297–308. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-3-297. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Handwerger S., Tomasz A. Antibiotic tolerance among clinical isolates of bacteria. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1985;25:349–380. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pa.25.040185.002025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Hansen S. L., Freedy P. K. Variation in the abilities of automated, commercial, and reference methods to detect methicillin-resistant (heteroresistant) Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Sep;20(3):494–499. doi: 10.1128/jcm.20.3.494-499.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Hartman B. J., Tomasz A. Expression of methicillin resistance in heterogeneous strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Jan;29(1):85–92. doi: 10.1128/aac.29.1.85. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Hartman B. J., Tomasz A. Low-affinity penicillin-binding protein associated with beta-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 1984 May;158(2):513–516. doi: 10.1128/jb.158.2.513-516.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Hartman B., Tomasz A. Altered penicillin-binding proteins in methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1981 May;19(5):726–735. doi: 10.1128/aac.19.5.726. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Hewitt J. H., Coe A. W., Parker M. T. The detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol. 1969 Nov 4;2(4):443–456. doi: 10.1099/00222615-2-4-443. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Hill A. W., James A. M. Effect of growth temperature on the surface properties of cells of Staphylococcus aureus with particular reference to methicillin-resistance. Microbios. 1972 Sep-Oct;6(22):169–178. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Hindler J. A., Warner N. L. Effect of source of Mueller-Hinton agar on detection of oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus using a screening methodology. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Apr;25(4):734–735. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.4.734-735.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Jessen O., Rosendal K., Bülow P., Faber V., Eriksen K. R. Changing staphylococci and staphylococcal infections. A ten-year study of bacteria and cases of bacteremia. N Engl J Med. 1969 Sep 18;281(12):627–635. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196909182811201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. KNOX R., SMITH J. T. The nature of penicillin resistance in staphylococci. Lancet. 1961 Sep 2;2(7201):520–522. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(61)92958-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Karchmer A. W., Archer G. L., Dismukes W. E. Staphylococcus epidermidis causing prosthetic valve endocarditis: microbiologic and clinical observations as guides to therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Apr;98(4):447–455. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-98-4-447. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Kayser F. H. Der Einfluss des Nährmediums auf die Methicillinresistenz pathogener Staphylokokken. Z Med Mikrobiol Immunol. 1969;154(4):287–299. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Kayser F. H., Wüst J., Corrodi P. Transduction and elimination of resistance determinants in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1972 Sep;2(3):217–223. doi: 10.1128/aac.2.3.217. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Kayser F. H., Wüst J., Santanam P. Genetic and molecular characterisation of resistance determinants in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus-aureus. J Med Microbiol. 1976 May;9(2):137–148. doi: 10.1099/00222615-9-2-137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Kim T. K., Chipley J. R. Effect of salts on penicillinase release by Staphylococcus aureus. Microbios. 1974 Jun-Jul;10A SUPPL(41):55–63. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Klastersky J. Antibiotic susceptibility of oxacillin-resistant staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1972 May;1(5):441–446. doi: 10.1128/aac.1.5.441. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Klimek J. J., Marsik F. J., Bartlett R. C., Weir B., Shea P., Quintiliani R. Clinical, epidemiologic and bacteriologic observations of an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a large community hospital. Am J Med. 1976 Sep;61(3):340–345. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(76)90370-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Knapp C. C., Washington J. A., 2nd Antistaphylococcal activity of a cyclic peptide, LY146032, and vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Dec;30(6):938–939. doi: 10.1128/aac.30.6.938. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Kuhl S. A., Pattee P. A., Baldwin J. N. Chromosomal map location of the methicillin resistance determinant in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 1978 Aug;135(2):460–465. doi: 10.1128/jb.135.2.460-465.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Lacey R. W. Genetic control in methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol. 1972 Nov;5(4):497–508. doi: 10.1099/00222615-5-4-497. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Lally R. T., Ederer M. N., Woolfrey B. F. Evaluation of the newly modified AutoMicrobic system gram-positive susceptibility-MIC card for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Feb;23(2):387–387. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.2.387-.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Laverdiere M., Peterson P., Verhoef J., Williams D. N., Sabath L. D. In vitro activity of cephalosporins against methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Infect Dis. 1978 Mar;137(3):245–250. doi: 10.1093/infdis/137.3.245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Levine D. P., Cushing R. D., Jui J., Brown W. J. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in the Detroit Medical Center. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Sep;97(3):330–338. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-3-330. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Levitz R. E., Quintiliani R. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for bacterial meningitis. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Jun;100(6):881–890. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-100-6-881. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Liu H. H., Tomasz A. Penicillin tolerance in multiply drug-resistant natural isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Infect Dis. 1985 Aug;152(2):365–372. doi: 10.1093/infdis/152.2.365. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Locksley R. M., Cohen M. L., Quinn T. C., Tompkins L. S., Coyle M. B., Kirihara J. M., Counts G. W. Multiply antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: introduction, transmission, and evolution of nosocomial infection. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Sep;97(3):317–324. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-3-317. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Lyon B. R., Skurray R. Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus: genetic basis. Microbiol Rev. 1987 Mar;51(1):88–134. doi: 10.1128/mr.51.1.88-134.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Massanari R. M., Donta S. T. The efficacy of rifampin as adjunctive therapy in selected cases of staphylococcal endocarditis. Chest. 1978 Mar;73(3):371–375. doi: 10.1378/chest.73.3.371. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Matsuhashi M., Song M. D., Ishino F., Wachi M., Doi M., Inoue M., Ubukata K., Yamashita N., Konno M. Molecular cloning of the gene of a penicillin-binding protein supposed to cause high resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 1986 Sep;167(3):975–980. doi: 10.1128/jb.167.3.975-980.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. McDougal L. K., Thornsberry C. The role of beta-lactamase in staphylococcal resistance to penicillinase-resistant penicillins and cephalosporins. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 May;23(5):832–839. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.5.832-839.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Menzies R. E., Cornere B. M., MacCulloch D. Cephalosporin susceptibility of methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987 Jan;31(1):42–45. doi: 10.1128/aac.31.1.42. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Miller M. H., Edberg S. C., Mandel L. J., Behar C. F., Steigbigel N. H. Gentamicin uptake in wild-type and aminoglycoside-resistant small-colony mutants of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1980 Nov;18(5):722–729. doi: 10.1128/aac.18.5.722. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Miller M. H., Wexler M. A., Steigbigel N. H. Single and combination antibiotic therapy of Staphylococcus aureus experimental endocarditis: emergence of gentamicin-resistant mutants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1978 Sep;14(3):336–343. doi: 10.1128/aac.14.3.336. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Myers J. P., Linnemann C. C., Jr Bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis. 1982 Apr;145(4):532–536. doi: 10.1093/infdis/145.4.532. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Neu H. C., Chin N. X., Neu N. M. In vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of a new penem, CGP 31608. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987 Apr;31(4):558–569. doi: 10.1128/aac.31.4.558. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Pattison J. R., Mansell P. E. Fucidin-resistant staphylococci in current hospital practice. J Med Microbiol. 1973 May;6(2):235–244. doi: 10.1099/00222615-6-2-235. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Peacock J. E., Jr, Marsik F. J., Wenzel R. P. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: introduction and spread within a hospital. Ann Intern Med. 1980 Oct;93(4):526–532. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-93-4-526. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Pelletier L. L., Jr Lack of reproducibility of macrodilution MBCs for Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1984 Dec;26(6):815–818. doi: 10.1128/aac.26.6.815. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Perronne C. M., Malinverni R., Glauser M. P. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in rats with coumermycin A1 and ciprofloxacin, alone or in combination. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987 Apr;31(4):539–543. doi: 10.1128/aac.31.4.539. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Putland R. A., Guinness M. D. Autobac susceptibility testing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated in an Australian hospital. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Nov;22(5):822–827. doi: 10.1128/jcm.22.5.822-827.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Qoronfleh M. W., Wilkinson B. J. Effects of growth of methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of beta-lactams on peptidoglycan structure and susceptibility to lytic enzymes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Feb;29(2):250–257. doi: 10.1128/aac.29.2.250. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Reynolds P. E., Brown D. F. Penicillin-binding proteins of beta-lactam-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Effect of growth conditions. FEBS Lett. 1985 Nov 11;192(1):28–32. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80036-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Richmond A. S., Simberkoff M. S., Schaefler S., Rahal J. J., Jr Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to semisynthetic penicillins and cephalothin. J Infect Dis. 1977 Jan;135(1):108–112. doi: 10.1093/infdis/135.1.108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Rossi L., Tonin E., Cheng Y. R., Fontana R. Regulation of penicillin-binding protein activity: description of a methicillin-inducible penicillin-binding protein in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985 May;27(5):828–831. doi: 10.1128/aac.27.5.828. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. STEWART G. T., HOLT R. J. Evolutio of natural resistance to the newer penicillins. Br Med J. 1963 Feb 2;1(5326):308–311. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5326.308. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. SUTHERLAND R., ROLINSON G. N. CHARACTERISTICS OF METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCI. J Bacteriol. 1964 Apr;87:887–899. doi: 10.1128/jb.87.4.887-899.1964. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Sabath L. D., Leaf C. D., Gerstein D. A., Finland M. Altered cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin. Nature. 1970 Mar 14;225(5237):1074–1074. doi: 10.1038/2251074a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Sabath L. D., Wallace S. J., Gerstein D. A. Suppression of intrinsic resistance to methicillin and other penicillins in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1972 Nov;2(5):350–355. doi: 10.1128/aac.2.5.350. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Sabath L. D., Wheeler N., Laverdiere M., Blazevic D., Wilkinson B. J. A new type of penicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet. 1977 Feb 26;1(8009):443–447. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)91941-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Sachdeva M., Hackbarth C., Stella F. B., Chambers H. F. Comparative activity of CGP 31608, nafcillin, cefamandole, imipenem, and vancomycin against methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987 Oct;31(10):1549–1552. doi: 10.1128/aac.31.10.1549. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Sapico F. L., Montgomerie J. Z., Canawati H. N., Aeilts G. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria. Am J Med Sci. 1981 Mar-Apr;281(2):101–109. doi: 10.1097/00000441-198103000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Saravolatz L. D., Markowitz N., Arking L., Pohlod D., Fisher E. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Epidemiologic observations during a community-acquired outbreak. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Jan;96(1):11–16. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-96-1-11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Saravolatz L. D., Pohlod D. J., Arking L. M. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: a new source for nosocomial outbreaks. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Sep;97(3):325–329. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-3-325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Schwalbe R. S., Stapleton J. T., Gilligan P. H. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci. N Engl J Med. 1987 Apr 9;316(15):927–931. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198704093161507. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Seligman S. J. In vitro susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. J Infect Dis. 1973 Nov;128(Suppl):543–p. doi: 10.1093/infdis/128.supplement_3.s543. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Seligman S. J. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci: genetics of the minority population. J Gen Microbiol. 1966 Feb;42(2):315–322. doi: 10.1099/00221287-42-2-315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Seligman S. J. Penicillinase-negative variants of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Nature. 1966 Mar 5;209(5027):994–996. doi: 10.1038/209994a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Shafer W. M., Iandolo J. J. Genetics of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in methicillin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun. 1979 Sep;25(3):902–911. doi: 10.1128/iai.25.3.902-911.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Shafer W. M., Iandolo J. J. Transduction of staphylococcal enterotoxin B synthesis: establishment of the toxin gene in a recombination-deficient mutant. Infect Immun. 1980 Jan;27(1):280–282. doi: 10.1128/iai.27.1.280-282.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Sjöström J. E., Löfdahl S., Philipson L. Transformation reveals a chromosomal locus of the gene(s) for methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 1975 Sep;123(3):905–915. doi: 10.1128/jb.123.3.905-915.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Smith P. F., Wilkinson B. J. Differential methicillin susceptibilities of peptidoglycan syntheses in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 1981 Nov;148(2):610–617. doi: 10.1128/jb.148.2.610-617.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Song M. D., Wachi M., Doi M., Ishino F., Matsuhashi M. Evolution of an inducible penicillin-target protein in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by gene fusion. FEBS Lett. 1987 Aug 31;221(1):167–171. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80373-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Sorrell T. C., Collignon P. J. A prospective study of adverse reactions associated with vancomycin therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1985 Aug;16(2):235–241. doi: 10.1093/jac/16.2.235. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Sorrell T. C., Packham D. R., Shanker S., Foldes M., Munro R. Vancomycin therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Sep;97(3):344–350. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-3-344. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Stewart G. C., Rosenblum E. D. Genetic behavior of the methicillin resistance determinant in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 1980 Dec;144(3):1200–1202. doi: 10.1128/jb.144.3.1200-1202.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Stewart G. C., Rosenblum E. D. Transduction of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: recipient effectiveness and beta-lactamase production. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1980 Sep;18(3):424–432. doi: 10.1128/aac.18.3.424. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Stiffler P. W., Sweeney H. M., Cohen S. Absence of circular plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid attributable to a genetic determinant for methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 1973 Nov;116(2):771–777. doi: 10.1128/jb.116.2.771-777.1973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Sullam P. M., Täuber M. G., Hackbarth C. J., Chambers H. F., Scott K. G., Sande M. A. Pefloxacin therapy for experimental endocarditis caused by methicillin-susceptible or methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985 May;27(5):685–687. doi: 10.1128/aac.27.5.685. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Taylor P. C., Schoenknecht F. D., Sherris J. C., Linner E. C. Determination of minimum bactericidal concentrations of oxacillin for Staphylococcus aureus: influence and significance of technical factors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1983 Jan;23(1):142–150. doi: 10.1128/aac.23.1.142. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Thompson R. L., Cabezudo I., Wenzel R. P. Epidemiology of nosocomial infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Sep;97(3):309–317. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-3-309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Thornsberry C., Caruthers J. Q., Baker C. N. Effect of temperature on the in vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to penicillinase-resistant penicillins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1973 Sep;4(3):263–269. doi: 10.1128/aac.4.3.263. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Thornsberry C., McDougal L. K. Successful use of broth microdilution in susceptibility tests for methicillin-resistant (heteroresistant) staphylococci. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Nov;18(5):1084–1091. doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.5.1084-1091.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Tonin E., Tomasz A. Beta-lactam-specific resistant mutants of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Oct;30(4):577–583. doi: 10.1128/aac.30.4.577. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Ubukata K., Yamashita N., Konno M. Occurrence of a beta-lactam-inducible penicillin-binding protein in methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985 May;27(5):851–857. doi: 10.1128/aac.27.5.851. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Utsui Y., Yokota T. Role of an altered penicillin-binding protein in methicillin- and cephem-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985 Sep;28(3):397–403. doi: 10.1128/aac.28.3.397. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Van der Auwera P., Meunier-Carpentier F., Klastersky J. Clinical study of combination therapy with oxacillin and rifampin for staphylococcal infections. Rev Infect Dis. 1983 Jul-Aug;5 (Suppl 3):S515–S522. doi: 10.1093/clinids/5.supplement_3.s515. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Vazquez G. J., Archer G. L. Antibiotic therapy of experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1980 Feb;17(2):280–285. doi: 10.1128/aac.17.2.280. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Ward T. T., Winn R. E., Hartstein A. I., Sewell D. L. Observations relating to an inter-hospital outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: role of antimicrobial therapy in infection control. Infect Control. 1981 Nov-Dec;2(6):453–459. doi: 10.1017/s0195941700055715. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Watanakunakorn C. Effect of inoculum size on in vitro susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to eighteen antimicrobial agents. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Feb;4(1):68–70. doi: 10.1007/BF02148668. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Watanakunakorn C., Guerriero J. C. Interaction between vancomycin and rifampin against Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1981 Jun;19(6):1089–1091. doi: 10.1128/aac.19.6.1089. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Watanakunakorn C. The antibacterial action of vancomycin. Rev Infect Dis. 1981 Nov-Dec;3 Suppl:S210–S215. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Watanakunakorn C., Tisone J. C. Synergism between vancomycin and gentamicin or tobramycin for methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982 Nov;22(5):903–905. doi: 10.1128/aac.22.5.903. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Watanakunakorn C. Treatment of infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Sep;97(3):376–378. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-3-376. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Wilkinson B. J., Dorian K. J., Sabath L. D. Cell wall composition and associated properties of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. J Bacteriol. 1978 Dec;136(3):976–982. doi: 10.1128/jb.136.3.976-982.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Wilkinson B. J., Nadakavukaren M. J. Methicillin-resistant septal peptidoglycan synthesis in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1983 Apr;23(4):610–613. doi: 10.1128/aac.23.4.610. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Wolfson J. S., Swartz M. N. Drug therapy. Serum bactericidal activity as a monitor of antibiotic therapy. N Engl J Med. 1985 Apr 11;312(15):968–975. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198504113121507. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Woods G. L., Hall G. S., Rutherford I., Pratt K. J., Knapp C. C. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Sep;24(3):349–352. doi: 10.1128/jcm.24.3.349-352.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Woolfrey B. F., Lally R. T., Ederer M. N. Evaluation of the AutoMicrobic system Gram-Positive Susceptibility-MIC card for detection of oxacillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Mar;23(3):629–630. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.3.629-630.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Wyke A. W., Ward J. B., Hayes M. V., Curtis N. A. A role in vivo for penicillin-binding protein-4 of Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Biochem. 1981 Oct;119(2):389–393. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05620.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Wyke A. W., Ward J. B., Hayes M. V. Synthesis of peptidoglycan in vivo in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Biochem. 1982 Oct;127(3):553–558. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06907.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. de Rautlin de la Roy Y., Chevalier-Burbaud E., Pannetier S., Souchaud F. Use of the Autobac system for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Sep;22(3):467–469. doi: 10.1128/jcm.22.3.467-469.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical Microbiology Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES