Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Clinical Microbiology Reviews logoLink to Clinical Microbiology Reviews
. 1989 Oct;2(4):360–377. doi: 10.1128/cmr.2.4.360

Mycobacterial disease, immunosuppression, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

F M Collins 1
PMCID: PMC358130  PMID: 2680057

Abstract

The mycobacteria are an important group of acid-fast pathogens ranging from obligate intracellular parasites such as Mycobacterium leprae to environmental species such as M. gordonae and M. fortuitum. The latter may behave as opportunistic human pathogens if the host defenses have been depleted in some manner. The number and severity of such infections have increased markedly with the emergence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. These nontuberculous mycobacteria tend to be less virulent for humans than M. tuberculosis, usually giving rise to self-limiting infections involving the cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes of young children. However, the more virulent serovars of M. avium complex can colonize the bronchial and intestinal mucosal surfaces of healthy individuals, becoming virtual members of the commensal gut microflora and thus giving rise to low levels of skin hypersensitivity to tuberculins prepared from M. avium and M. intracellulare. Systemic disease develops when the normal T-cell-mediated defenses become depleted as a result of old age, cancer chemotherapy, or infection with human immunodeficiency virus. As many as 50% of human immunodeficiency virus antibody-positive individuals develop mycobacterial infections at some time during their disease. Most isolates of M. avium complex from AIDS patients fall into serotypes 4 and 8. The presence of these drug-resistant mycobacteria in the lungs of the AIDS patient makes their effective clinical treatment virtually impossible. More effective chemotherapeutic, prophylactic, and immunotherapeutic reagents are urgently needed to treat this rapidly increasing patient population.

Full text

PDF
360

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. AIDS with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare lesions resembling those of Whipple's disease. N Engl J Med. 1983 Nov 24;309(21):1323–1325. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198311243092113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Abbott M. R., Smith D. D. Mycobacterial infections in immunosuppressed patients. Med J Aust. 1981 Apr 4;1(7):351–353. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1981.tb135629.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ahn C. H., Lowell J. R., Onstad G. D., Shuford E. H., Hurst G. A. A demographic study of disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii or M intracellulare-avium in Texas. Chest. 1979 Feb;75(2):120–125. doi: 10.1378/chest.75.2.120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Andrew O. T., Schoenfeld P. Y., Hopewell P. C., Humphreys M. H. Tuberculosis in patients with end-stage renal disease. Am J Med. 1980 Jan;68(1):59–65. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(80)90166-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Armstrong D., Gold J. W., Dryjanski J., Whimbey E., Polsky B., Hawkins C., Brown A. E., Bernard E., Kiehn T. E. Treatment of infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1985 Nov;103(5):738–743. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-103-5-738. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Armstrong D. Opportunistic infections in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Semin Oncol. 1987 Jun;14(2 Suppl 3):40–47. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Baess I. Deoxyribonucleic acid relationships between different serovars of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand B. 1983 Jun;91(3):201–203. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1983.tb00033.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bailey W. C., Brown M., Buechner H. A., Weill H., Ichinose H., Ziskind M. Silico-mycobacterial disease in sandblasters. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1974 Aug;110(2):115–125. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1974.110.2.115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bell R. C., Higuchi J. H., Donovan W. N., Krasnow I., Johanson W. G., Jr Mycobacterium simiae. Clinical features and follow-up of twenty-four patients. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Jan;127(1):35–38. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.127.1.35. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Berlin O. G., Zakowski P., Bruckner D. A., Johnson B. L., Jr New biphasic culture system for isolation of mycobacteria from blood of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Sep;20(3):572–574. doi: 10.1128/jcm.20.3.572-574.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bishburg E., Sunderam G., Reichman L. B., Kapila R. Central nervous system tuberculosis with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and its related complex. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Aug;105(2):210–213. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-105-2-210. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Blaser M. J., Cohn D. L. Opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS: clues to the epidemiology of AIDS and the relative virulence of pathogens. Rev Infect Dis. 1986 Jan-Feb;8(1):21–30. doi: 10.1093/clinids/8.1.21. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bloom B. R., Mehra V. Immunological unresponsiveness in leprosy. Immunol Rev. 1984 Aug;80:5–28. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1984.tb00493.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Blumenfeld W., Wagar E., Hadley W. K. Use of the transbronchial biopsy for diagnosis of opportunistic pulmonary infections in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Am J Clin Pathol. 1984 Jan;81(1):1–5. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/81.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Brandt E. N., Jr AIDS research: charting new directions. Public Health Rep. 1984 Sep-Oct;99(5):433–435. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Brown C. A., Brown I. N., Swinburne S. The effect of oral Mycobacterium vaccae on subsequent responses of mice to BCG sensitization. Tubercle. 1985 Dec;66(4):251–260. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(85)90062-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Caya J. G., Cohen E. B., Allendorph M. M., Hogan W. J., Henderson L. A., Reedy M. T., Pellegrini J. Atypical mycobacterial and cytomegalovirus infection of the duodenum in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: endoscopic and histopathologic appearance. Wis Med J. 1984 Nov;83(11):33–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Chaisson R. E., Schecter G. F., Theuer C. P., Rutherford G. W., Echenberg D. F., Hopewell P. C. Tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinical features, response to therapy, and survival. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Sep;136(3):570–574. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/136.3.570. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Chester A. C., Winn W. C., Jr Unusual and newly recognized patterns of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection with emphasis on the immunocompromised host. Pathol Annu. 1986;21(Pt 1):251–270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Chiodini R. J., Van Kruiningen H. J., Merkal R. S. Ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne's disease): the current status and future prospects. Cornell Vet. 1984 Jul;74(3):218–262. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Chiodini R. J., Van Kruiningen H. J., Merkal R. S., Thayer W. R., Jr, Coutu J. A. Characteristics of an unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn's disease. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Nov;20(5):966–971. doi: 10.1128/jcm.20.5.966-971.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Codias E. K., Reinhardt D. J. Distribution of serotypes of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum complex in Georgia. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979 Jun;119(6):965–970. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1979.119.6.965. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Cole G. W., Gebhard J. Mycobacterium avium infection of the skin resembling lepromatous leprosy. Br J Dermatol. 1979 Jul;101(1):71–74. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1979.tb15295.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Collins C. H., Grange J. M., Yates M. D. Mycobacteria in water. J Appl Bacteriol. 1984 Oct;57(2):193–211. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1984.tb01384.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Collins F. M., Auclair L., Mackaness G. B. Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) infection of the lymph nodes of normal, immune, and cortisone-treated guinea pigs. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1977 Nov;59(5):1527–1535. doi: 10.1093/jnci/59.5.1527. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Collins F. M. Bactericidal activity of alkaline glutaraldehyde solution against a number of atypical mycobacterial species. J Appl Bacteriol. 1986 Sep;61(3):247–251. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1986.tb04283.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Collins F. M. Kinetics of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response in tuberculous guinea pigs and mice tested with several mycobacterial antigen preparations. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 May;127(5):599–604. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.127.5.599. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Collins F. M., Lamb J. R., Young D. B. Biological activity of protein antigens isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate. Infect Immun. 1988 May;56(5):1260–1266. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.5.1260-1266.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Collins F. M., Mackaness G. B. The relationship of delayed hypersensitivity to acquired antituberculous immunity. II. Effect of adjuvant on the allergenicity and immunogenicity of heat-killed tubercle bacilli. Cell Immunol. 1970 Sep;1(3):266–275. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(70)90048-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Collins F. M., Montalbine V. Distribution of mycobacteria grown in vivo in the organs of intravenously infected mice. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 Mar;113(3):281–286. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1976.113.3.281. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Collins F. M., Morrison N. E., Montalbine V. Immune response to persistent mycobacterial infection in mice. Infect Immun. 1978 May;20(2):430–438. doi: 10.1128/iai.20.2.430-438.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Collins F. M. Mycobacterium avium-complex infections and development of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: casual opportunist or causal cofactor? Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1986 Sep;54(3):458–474. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Collins F. M. Protection to mice afforded by BCG vaccines against an aerogenic challenge by three mycobacteria of decreasing virulence. Tubercle. 1985 Dec;66(4):267–276. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(85)90064-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Collins F. M., Smith M. M. A comparative study of the virulence of mycobacterium tuberculosis measured in mice and guinea pigs. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969 Nov;100(5):631–639. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1969.100.5.631. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Collins F. M., Stokes R. W. Mycobacterium avium-complex infections in normal and immunodeficient mice. Tubercle. 1987 Jun;68(2):127–136. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(87)90028-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Collins F. M. The immunology of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Mar;125(3 Pt 2):42–49. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1982.125.3P2.42. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Collins F. M. The relative immunogenicity of virulent and attenuated strains of tubercle bacilli. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1973 Jun;107(6):1030–1040. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1973.107.6.1030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Contreras M. A., Cheung O. T., Sanders D. E., Goldstein R. S. Pulmonary infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 Jan;137(1):149–152. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/137.1.149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Crawford J. T., Bates J. H. Analysis of plasmids in Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare isolates from persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 Oct;134(4):659–661. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1986.134.4.659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Crawford J. T., Bates J. H. Phage typing of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum complex. A study of strains of diverse geographic and host origin. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985 Aug;132(2):386–389. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1985.132.2.386. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Curran J. W., Jaffe H. W., Hardy A. M., Morgan W. M., Selik R. M., Dondero T. J. Epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States. Science. 1988 Feb 5;239(4840):610–616. doi: 10.1126/science.3340847. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Damsker B., Bottone E. J. Mycobacteria and cryptococci cultured from the buffy coat of AIDS patients prior to symptomatology: a rationale for early therapy. AIDS Res. 1986 Fall;2(4):343–348. doi: 10.1089/aid.1.1986.2.343. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Damsker B., Bottone E. J. Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare from the intestinal tracts of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: concepts regarding acquisition and pathogenesis. J Infect Dis. 1985 Jan;151(1):179–181. doi: 10.1093/infdis/151.1.179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Davidson P. T., Khanijo V., Goble M., Moulding T. S. Treatment of disease due to Mycobacterium intracellulare. Rev Infect Dis. 1981 Sep-Oct;3(5):1052–1059. doi: 10.1093/clinids/3.5.1052. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Delovitch T. L., Semple J. W., Phillips M. L. Influence of antigen processing on immune responsiveness. Immunol Today. 1988 Jul-Aug;9(7-8):216–218. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(88)91217-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Dryjanski J., Gold J. W. Infections in AIDS patients. Clin Haematol. 1984 Oct;13(3):709–726. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Duncanson F. P., Hewlett D., Jr, Maayan S., Estepan H., Perla E. N., McLean T., Rodriguez A., Miller S. N., Lenox T., Wormser G. P. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A review of 14 patients. Tubercle. 1986 Dec;67(4):295–302. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(86)90019-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Edwards L. B., Acquaviva F. A., Livesay V. T., Cross F. W., Palmer C. E. An atlas of sensitivity to tuberculin, PPD-B, and histoplasmin in the United States. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969 Apr;99(4 Suppl):1–132. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Eng R. H., Forrester C., Smith S. M., Sobel H. Mycobacterium xenopi infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Chest. 1984 Jul;86(1):145–147. doi: 10.1378/chest.86.1.145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Euler H. H., Kern P., Löffler H., Dietrich M. Precipitable immune complexes in healthy homosexual men, acquired immune deficiency syndrome and the related lymphadenopathy syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol. 1985 Feb;59(2):267–275. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Fahey J. L., Prince H., Weaver M., Groopman J., Visscher B., Schwartz K., Detels R. Quantitative changes in T helper or T suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocyte subsets that distinguish acquired immune deficiency syndrome from other immune subset disorders. Am J Med. 1984 Jan;76(1):95–100. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(84)90756-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Falkinham J. O., 3rd, Parker B. C., Gruft H. Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria. I. Geographic distribution in the eastern United States. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980 Jun;121(6):931–937. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1980.121.6.931. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Farer L. S., Lowell A. M., Meador M. P. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 1979 Feb;109(2):205–217. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112675. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Farhi D. C., Mason U. G., 3rd, Horsburgh C. R., Jr Pathologic findings in disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. A report of 11 cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1986 Jan;85(1):67–72. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/85.1.67. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Fauci A. S. AIDS: immunopathogenic mechanisms and research strategies. Clin Res. 1987 Oct;35(6):503–510. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Fauci A. S. Current issues in developing a strategy for dealing with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Dec;83(24):9278–9283. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.24.9278. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Fauci A. S., Lane H. C. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): an update. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1985;77(1-2):81–88. doi: 10.1159/000233758. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Fauci A. S., Macher A. M., Longo D. L., Lane H. C., Rook A. H., Masur H., Gelmann E. P. NIH conference. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: epidemiologic, clinical, immunologic, and therapeutic considerations. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Jan;100(1):92–106. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-100-1-92. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Fauci A. S. The human immunodeficiency virus: infectivity and mechanisms of pathogenesis. Science. 1988 Feb 5;239(4840):617–622. doi: 10.1126/science.3277274. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Feld R., Bodey G. P., Gröschel D. Mycobacteriosis in patients with malignant disease. Arch Intern Med. 1976 Jan;136(1):67–70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Fine P. E. Immunogenetics of susceptibility to leprosy, tuberculosis, and leishmaniasis. An epidemiological perspective. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1981 Dec;49(4):437–454. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Fishman J. A., Martell K. M., Rubin R. H. Infection and T lymphocyte subpopulations: changes associated with bacteremia and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Diagn Immunol. 1983;1(3):261–265. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Fok J. S., Ho R. S., Arora P. K., Harding G. E., Smith D. W. Host-parasite relationships in experimental airborne tuberculosis. V. Lack of hematogenous dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to the lungs in animals vaccinated with Bacille Calmette-Guérin. J Infect Dis. 1976 Feb;133(2):137–144. doi: 10.1093/infdis/133.2.137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Friedman L. N., Sullivan G. M., Bevilaqua R. P., Loscos R. Tuberculosis screening in alcoholics and drug addicts. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Nov;136(5):1188–1192. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/136.5.1188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Fujiwara H., Kleinhenz M. E., Wallis R. S., Ellner J. J. Increased interleukin-1 production and monocyte suppressor cell activity associated with human tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 Jan;133(1):73–77. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1986.133.1.73. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Gangadharam P. R., Perumal V. K., Crawford J. T., Bates J. H. Association of plasmids and virulence of Mycobacterium avium complex. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 Jan;137(1):212–214. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/137.1.212. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. George T. K., Schuster R. J., Wood J. B. Disseminated infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. N Y State J Med. 1984 Jun;84(6):319–320. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Gillin J. S., Urmacher C., West R., Shike M. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome mimicking Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology. 1983 Nov;85(5):1187–1191. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Goldman K. P. AIDS and tuberculosis. Tubercle. 1988 Mar;69(1):71–72. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(88)90044-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Good R. C. Opportunistic pathogens in the genus Mycobacterium. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1985;39:347–369. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.39.100185.002023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Good R. C., Snider D. E., Jr Isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria in the United States, 1980. J Infect Dis. 1982 Dec;146(6):829–833. doi: 10.1093/infdis/146.6.829. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Goslee S., Wolinsky E. Water as a source of potentially pathogenic mycobacteria. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 Mar;113(3):287–292. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1976.113.3.287. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Gottlieb M. S., Schroff R., Schanker H. M., Weisman J. D., Fan P. T., Wolf R. A., Saxon A. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med. 1981 Dec 10;305(24):1425–1431. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198112103052401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Graham B. S., Hinson M. V., Bennett S. R., Gregory D. W., Schaffner W. Acid-fast bacilli on buffy coat smears in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a lesson from Hansen's bacillus. South Med J. 1984 Feb;77(2):246–248. doi: 10.1097/00007611-198402000-00029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Grange J. M. Infection and disease due to the environmental mycobacteria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81(2):179–182. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(87)90206-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Grange J. M. Molecular biology: new hopes and challenges. Tubercle. 1988 Mar;69(1):1–4. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(88)90034-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Greene J. B., Sidhu G. S., Lewin S., Levine J. F., Masur H., Simberkoff M. S., Nicholas P., Good R. C., Zolla-Pazner S. B., Pollock A. A. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare: a cause of disseminated life-threatening infection in homosexuals and drug abusers. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Oct;97(4):539–546. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-4-539. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Handwerger S., Mildvan D., Senie R., McKinley F. W. Tuberculosis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome at a New York City hospital: 1978-1985. Chest. 1987 Feb;91(2):176–180. doi: 10.1378/chest.91.2.176. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Hank J. A., Chan J. K., Edwards M. L., Muller D., Smith D. W. Influence of the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on protection induced by bacille Calmette-Guérin in guinea pigs. J Infect Dis. 1981 May;143(5):734–738. doi: 10.1093/infdis/143.5.734. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Hawkins C. C., Gold J. W., Whimbey E., Kiehn T. E., Brannon P., Cammarata R., Brown A. E., Armstrong D. Mycobacterium avium complex infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Aug;105(2):184–188. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-105-2-184. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Hepper K. P., Collins F. M. Adoptive transfer of acquired resistance to Mycobacterium kansasii by T cells harvested from chronically-infected mice. Immunology. 1984 Dec;53(4):819–825. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Hepper K. P., Collins F. M. Immune responsiveness in mice heavily infected with Mycobacterium kansasii. Immunology. 1984 Oct;53(2):357–364. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Hopewell P. C., Luce J. M. Pulmonary involvement in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Chest. 1985 Jan;87(1):104–112. doi: 10.1378/chest.87.1.104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Horsburgh C. R., Jr, Cohn D. L., Roberts R. B., Masur H., Miller R. A., Tsang A. Y., Iseman M. D. Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare isolates from patients with or without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Dec;30(6):955–957. doi: 10.1128/aac.30.6.955. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Horsburgh C. R., Jr, Mason U. G., 3rd, Farhi D. C., Iseman M. D. Disseminated infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. A report of 13 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1985 Jan;64(1):36–48. doi: 10.1097/00005792-198501000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Horsburgh C. R., Jr, Selik R. M. The epidemiology of disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Jan;139(1):4–7. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/139.1.4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Hymes K. B., Cheung T., Greene J. B., Prose N. S., Marcus A., Ballard H., William D. C., Laubenstein L. J. Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men-a report of eight cases. Lancet. 1981 Sep 19;2(8247):598–600. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92740-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Jacobs W. R., Jr, Tuckman M., Bloom B. R. Introduction of foreign DNA into mycobacteria using a shuttle phasmid. Nature. 1987 Jun 11;327(6122):532–535. doi: 10.1038/327532a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Joshi V. V., Oleske J. M., Saad S., Connor E. M., Rapkin R. H., Minnefor A. B. Pathology of opportunistic infections in children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Pediatr Pathol. 1986;6(2-3):145–150. doi: 10.3109/15513818609037706. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Kiehn T. E., Cammarata R. Laboratory diagnosis of mycobacterial infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Nov;24(5):708–711. doi: 10.1128/jcm.24.5.708-711.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Kiehn T. E., Edwards F. F., Brannon P., Tsang A. Y., Maio M., Gold J. W., Whimbey E., Wong B., McClatchy J. K., Armstrong D. Infections caused by Mycobacterium avium complex in immunocompromised patients: diagnosis by blood culture and fecal examination, antimicrobial susceptibility tests, and morphological and seroagglutination characteristics. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Feb;21(2):168–173. doi: 10.1128/jcm.21.2.168-173.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Klatt E. C., Jensen D. F., Meyer P. R. Pathology of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol. 1987 Jul;18(7):709–714. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(87)80242-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. LURIE M. B., ABRAMSON S., HEPPLESTON A. G. On the response of genetically resistant and susceptible rabbits to the quantitative inhalation of human type tubercle bacilli and the nature of resistance to tuberculosis. J Exp Med. 1952 Feb;95(2):119–134. doi: 10.1084/jem.95.2.119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Lamoureux G., Davignon L., Turcotte R., Laverdière M., Mankiewicz E., Walker M. C. Is prior mycobacterial infection a common predisposing factor to AIDS in Haitians and Africans? Ann Inst Pasteur Immunol. 1987 Jul-Aug;138(4):521–529. doi: 10.1016/s0769-2625(87)80123-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Lane H. C., Fauci A. S. Immunologic abnormalities in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Annu Rev Immunol. 1985;3:477–500. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.03.040185.002401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Lindquist S. The heat-shock response. Annu Rev Biochem. 1986;55:1151–1191. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.55.070186.005443. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Mann J., Snider D. E., Jr, Francis H., Quinn T. C., Colebunders R. L., Piot P., Curran J. W., Nzilambi N., Bosenge N., Malonga M. Association between HTLV-III/LAV infection and tuberculosis in Zaire. JAMA. 1986 Jul 18;256(3):346–346. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Mapother M. E., Songer J. G. In vitro interaction of Mycobacterium avium with intestinal epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1984 Jul;45(1):67–73. doi: 10.1128/iai.45.1.67-73.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Marinelli D. L., Albelda S. M., Williams T. M., Kern J. A., Iozzo R. V., Miller W. T. Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in AIDS: clinical, pathologic, and radiographic features. Radiology. 1986 Jul;160(1):77–82. doi: 10.1148/radiology.160.1.3715048. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. McClatchy J. K. The seroagglutination test in the study of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Rev Infect Dis. 1981 Sep-Oct;3(5):867–870. doi: 10.1093/clinids/3.5.867. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. McCune R. M., Feldmann F. M., Lambert H. P., McDermott W. Microbial persistence. I. The capacity of tubercle bacilli to survive sterilization in mouse tissues. J Exp Med. 1966 Mar 1;123(3):445–468. doi: 10.1084/jem.123.3.445. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. McSwiggan D. A., Collins C. H. The isolation of M. kansasii and M. xenopi from water systems. Tubercle. 1974 Dec;55(4):291–297. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(74)90038-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Meissner G., Anz W. Sources of Mycobacterium avium complex infection resulting in human diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1977 Dec;116(6):1057–1064. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1977.116.6.1057. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Meissner G. The value of animal models for study of infection due to atypical mycobacteria. Rev Infect Dis. 1981 Sep-Oct;3(5):953–959. doi: 10.1093/clinids/3.5.953. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Meissner P. S., Falkinham J. O., 3rd Plasmid DNA profiles as epidemiological markers for clinical and environmental isolates of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. J Infect Dis. 1986 Feb;153(2):325–331. doi: 10.1093/infdis/153.2.325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Millar J. W., Horne N. W. Tuberculosis in immunosuppressed patients. Lancet. 1979 Jun 2;1(8127):1176–1178. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)91852-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Morrison N. E., Collins F. M. Immunogenicity of an aerogenic BCG vaccine in T-cell-depleted and normal mice. Infect Immun. 1975 May;11(5):1110–1121. doi: 10.1128/iai.11.5.1110-1121.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Moulding T. The relative drug susceptibility of opaque colonial forms of Mycobacterium intracellulare-avium: does it affect therapeutic results? Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978 Jun;117(6):1142–1143. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1978.117.6.1142. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Mycobacterioses and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Joint Position Paper of the American Thoracic Society and the Centers for Disease Control. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Aug;136(2):492–496. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/136.2.492. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Müller I., Cobbold S. P., Waldmann H., Kaufmann S. H. Impaired resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection after selective in vivo depletion of L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ T cells. Infect Immun. 1987 Sep;55(9):2037–2041. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.9.2037-2041.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. O'Brien R. J., Geiter L. J., Snider D. E., Jr The epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases in the United States. Results from a national survey. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 May;135(5):1007–1014. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1987.135.5.1007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Orme I. M. Aging and immunity to tuberculosis: increased susceptibility of old mice reflects a decreased capacity to generate mediator T lymphocytes. J Immunol. 1987 Jun 15;138(12):4414–4418. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Orme I. M., Collins F. M. Crossprotection against nontuberculous mycobacterial infections by Mycobacterium tuberculosis memory immune T lymphocytes. J Exp Med. 1986 Jan 1;163(1):203–208. doi: 10.1084/jem.163.1.203. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Orme I. M., Collins F. M. Demonstration of acquired resistance in Bcgr inbred mouse strains infected with a low dose of BCG montreal. Clin Exp Immunol. 1984 Apr;56(1):81–88. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Orme I. M., Collins F. M. Prophylactic effect in mice of BCG vaccination against nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Tubercle. 1985 Jun;66(2):117–120. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(85)90076-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Orme I. M., Collins F. M. Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by adoptive immunotherapy. Requirement for T cell-deficient recipients. J Exp Med. 1983 Jul 1;158(1):74–83. doi: 10.1084/jem.158.1.74. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Orme I. M., Stokes R. W., Collins F. M. Genetic control of natural resistance to nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in mice. Infect Immun. 1986 Oct;54(1):56–62. doi: 10.1128/iai.54.1.56-62.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Orme I. M. The kinetics of emergence and loss of mediator T lymphocytes acquired in response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol. 1987 Jan 1;138(1):293–298. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Ortbals D. W., Marr J. J. A comparative study of tuberculous and other mycobacterial infections and their associations with malignancy. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978 Jan;117(1):39–45. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1978.117.1.39. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Paramasivan C. N., Govindan D., Prabhakar R., Somasundaram P. R., Subbammal S., Tripathy S. P. Species level identification of non-tuberculous mycobacteria from South Indian BCG trial area during 1981. Tubercle. 1985 Mar;66(1):9–15. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(85)90048-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Parker B. C., Ford M. A., Gruft H., Falkinham J. O., 3rd Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria. IV. Preferential aerosolization of Mycobacterium intracellulare from natural waters. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Oct;128(4):652–656. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.128.4.652. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Pedrazzini T., Louis J. A. Functional analysis in vitro and in vivo of Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG-specific T cell clones. J Immunol. 1986 Mar 1;136(5):1828–1834. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Pinching A. J. The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: with special reference to tuberculosis. Tubercle. 1987 Mar;68(1):65–69. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(87)90009-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Piot P., Plummer F. A., Mhalu F. S., Lamboray J. L., Chin J., Mann J. M. AIDS: an international perspective. Science. 1988 Feb 5;239(4840):573–579. doi: 10.1126/science.3277271. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Pitchenik A. E., Burr J., Cole C. H. Tuberculin testing for persons with positive serologic studies for HTLV-III. N Engl J Med. 1986 Feb 13;314(7):447–447. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198602133140713. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Pitchenik A. E., Burr J., Suarez M., Fertel D., Gonzalez G., Moas C. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-III (HTLV-III) seropositivity and related disease among 71 consecutive patients in whom tuberculosis was diagnosed. A prospective study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Apr;135(4):875–879. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1987.135.4.875. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Pitchenik A. E., Cole C., Russell B. W., Fischl M. A., Spira T. J., Snider D. E., Jr Tuberculosis, atypical mycobacteriosis, and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among Haitian and non-Haitian patients in south Florida. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Nov;101(5):641–645. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-101-5-641. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Pitchenik A. E., Fischl M. A. Disseminated tuberculosis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Jan;98(1):112–112. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-98-1-112_2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Pitchenik A. E., Rubinson H. A. The radiographic appearance of tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pre-AIDS. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985 Mar;131(3):393–396. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1985.131.3.393. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Pitchenik A. E., Russell B. W., Cleary T., Pejovic I., Cole C., Snider D. E., Jr The prevalence of tuberculosis and drug resistance among Haitians. N Engl J Med. 1982 Jul 15;307(3):162–165. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198207153070306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Polis M. A., Tuazon C. U. Clues to the early diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1985 May;109(5):465–466. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Portaels F., Larsson L., Smeets P. Isolation of mycobacteria from healthy persons' stools. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1988 Sep;56(3):468–471. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Quinn T. C., Mann J. M., Curran J. W., Piot P. AIDS in Africa: an epidemiologic paradigm. Science. 1986 Nov 21;234(4779):955–963. doi: 10.1126/science.3022379. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Redfield R. R., Wright D. C., James W. D., Jones T. S., Brown C., Burke D. S. Disseminated vaccinia in a military recruit with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. N Engl J Med. 1987 Mar 12;316(11):673–676. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198703123161106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Rosenzweig D. Y. Pulmonary mycobacterial infections due to Mycobacterium intracellulare-avium complex. Clinical features and course in 100 consecutive cases. Chest. 1979 Feb;75(2):115–119. doi: 10.1378/chest.75.2.115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Rosenzweig D. Y., Schlueter D. P. Spectrum of clinical disease in pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. Rev Infect Dis. 1981 Sep-Oct;3(5):1046–1051. doi: 10.1093/clinids/3.5.1046. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Roth R. I., Owen R. L., Keren D. F., Volberding P. A. Intestinal infection with Mycobacterium avium in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Histological and clinical comparison with Whipple's disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1985 May;30(5):497–504. doi: 10.1007/BF01318186. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Rotterdam H., Sommers S. C. Alimentary tract biopsy lesions in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Pathology. 1985 Apr;17(2):181–192. doi: 10.3109/00313028509063754. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Sada E., Ruiz-Palacios G. M., López-Vidal Y., Ponce de León S. Detection of mycobacterial antigens in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tuberculous meningitis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lancet. 1983 Sep 17;2(8351):651–652. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)92532-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Saitz E. W. Cervical lymphadenitis caused by atypical mycobacteria. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1981 Nov;28(4):823–839. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)34069-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Sbarbaro J. A. Tuberculosis: a portal through which to view the future. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Mar;125(3 Pt 2):127–132. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1982.125.3P2.127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Schaefer W. B., Davis C. L., Cohn M. L. Pathogenicity of transparent, opaque, and rough variants of Mycobacterium avium in chickens and mice. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1970 Oct;102(4):499–506. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1970.102.4.499. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Schaefer W. B. Incidence of the serotypes of Mycobacerium avium and atypical mycobacteria in human and animal diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1968 Jan;97(1):18–23. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1968.97.1.18. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Seshi B. Two cases of AIDS with florid Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in the T-cell areas of the spleen. Hum Pathol. 1985 Sep;16(9):964–965. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(85)80140-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Shinnick T. M. The 65-kilodalton antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Bacteriol. 1987 Mar;169(3):1080–1088. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.3.1080-1088.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Snider D. E., Jr The tuberculin skin test. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Mar;125(3 Pt 2):108–118. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1982.125.3P2.108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Stacey A. R. Isolation of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum complex from faeces of patients with AIDS. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 Nov 8;293(6556):1194–1194. doi: 10.1136/bmj.293.6556.1194. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Stead W. W., Lofgren J. P., Warren E., Thomas C. Tuberculosis as an endemic and nosocomial infection among the elderly in nursing homes. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jun 6;312(23):1483–1487. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198506063122304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Stover D. E., White D. A., Romano P. A., Gellene R. A. Diagnosis of pulmonary disease in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Role of bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Oct;130(4):659–662. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.130.4.659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Sutherland I., Svandová E., Radhakrishna S. The development of clinical tuberculosis following infection with tubercle bacilli. 1. A theoretical model for the development of clinical tuberculosis following infection, linking from data on the risk of tuberculous infection and the incidence of clinical tuberculosis in the Netherlands. Tubercle. 1982 Dec;63(4):255–268. doi: 10.1016/s0041-3879(82)80013-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Takashima T., Collins F. M. Immunosuppressive effect of cyclosporin A on Mycobacterium bovis BCG infections in mice. Infect Immun. 1987 Jul;55(7):1701–1706. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.7.1701-1706.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Thorel M. F., David H. L. Specific surface antigens of SmT variants of Mycobacterium avium. Infect Immun. 1984 Jan;43(1):438–439. doi: 10.1128/iai.43.1.438-439.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Tsukamura M. Background factors for casual isolation of Mycobacterium intracellulare from sputum of patients with tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1973 Sep;108(3):679–683. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1973.108.3.679. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Ward J. W., Grindon A. J., Feorino P. M., Schable C., Parvin M., Allen J. R. Laboratory and epidemiologic evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for antibodies to HTLV-III. JAMA. 1986 Jul 18;256(3):357–361. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Warring F. C., Jr Mycobacteria in a New England hospital. A study of mycobacterial species occurring in the sputum of patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1968 Dec;98(6):965–977. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1968.98.6.965. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Watson S. R., Morrison N. E., Collins F. M. Delayed hypersensitivity responses in mice and guinea pigs to Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium vaccae, and Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum cytoplasmic proteins. Infect Immun. 1979 Jul;25(1):229–236. doi: 10.1128/iai.25.1.229-236.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Wayne L. G. The "atypical" mycobacteria: recognition and disease association. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1985;12(3):185–222. doi: 10.3109/10408418509104429. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Wendt S. L., George K. L., Parker B. C., Gruft H., Falkinham J. O., 3rd Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous Mycobacteria. III. Isolation of potentially pathogenic mycobacteria from aerosols. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980 Aug;122(2):259–263. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1980.122.2.259. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Wiesenthal A. M., Powell K. E., Kopp J., Spindler J. W. Increase in Mycobacterium avium complex isolations among patients admitted to a general hospital. Public Health Rep. 1982 Jan-Feb;97(1):61–65. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Williams R. C., Jr, Husby G., Koster F. T. Well-defined cell-surface receptors may be entry points for infectious agents. Scand J Immunol. 1986 May;23(5):529–533. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1986.tb01984.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Winter S. M., Bernard E. M., Gold J. W., Armstrong D. Humoral response to disseminated infection by Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and hairy cell leukemia. J Infect Dis. 1985 Mar;151(3):523–527. doi: 10.1093/infdis/151.3.523. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Wolinsky E. When is an infection disease? Rev Infect Dis. 1981 Sep-Oct;3(5):1025–1027. doi: 10.1093/clinids/3.5.1025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Wolke A., Meyers S., Adelsberg B. R., Bottone E. J., Damsker B., Schwartz I. S., Janowitz H. D. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-associated colitis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1984 Jun;6(3):225–229. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Wong-Staal F., Gallo R. C. Human T-lymphotropic retroviruses. Nature. 1985 Oct 3;317(6036):395–403. doi: 10.1038/317395a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Wong B., Edwards F. F., Kiehn T. E., Whimbey E., Donnelly H., Bernard E. M., Gold J. W., Armstrong D. Continuous high-grade mycobacterium avium-intracellulare bacteremia in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med. 1985 Jan;78(1):35–40. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90458-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Yoshimura H. H., Graham D. Y., Estes M. K., Merkal R. S. Investigation of association of mycobacteria with inflammatory bowel disease by nucleic acid hybridization. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Jan;25(1):45–51. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.1.45-51.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Young D., Kent L., Rees A., Lamb J., Ivanyi J. Immunological activity of a 38-kilodalton protein purified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun. 1986 Oct;54(1):177–183. doi: 10.1128/iai.54.1.177-183.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Young D., Lathigra R., Hendrix R., Sweetser D., Young R. A. Stress proteins are immune targets in leprosy and tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jun;85(12):4267–4270. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.12.4267. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Young L. S., Inderlied C. B., Berlin O. G., Gottlieb M. S. Mycobacterial infections in AIDS patients, with an emphasis on the Mycobacterium avium complex. Rev Infect Dis. 1986 Nov-Dec;8(6):1024–1033. doi: 10.1093/clinids/8.6.1024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Young R. A., Bloom B. R., Grosskinsky C. M., Ivanyi J., Thomas D., Davis R. W. Dissection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens using recombinant DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 May;82(9):2583–2587. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.9.2583. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Zakowski P., Fligiel S., Berlin G. W., Johnson L., Jr Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in homosexual men dying of acquired immunodeficiency. JAMA. 1982 Dec 10;248(22):2980–2982. doi: 10.1001/jama.1982.03330220024029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. du Moulin G. C., Sherman I. H., Hoaglin D. C., Stottmeier K. D. Mycobacterium avium complex, an emerging pathogen in Massachusetts. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Jul;22(1):9–12. doi: 10.1128/jcm.22.1.9-12.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical Microbiology Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES