Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Clinical Microbiology Reviews logoLink to Clinical Microbiology Reviews
. 1991 Jan;4(1):80–128. doi: 10.1128/cmr.4.1.80

Virulence factors in Escherichia coli urinary tract infection.

J R Johnson 1
PMCID: PMC358180  PMID: 1672263

Abstract

Uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are characterized by the expression of distinctive bacterial properties, products, or structures referred to as virulence factors because they help the organism overcome host defenses and colonize or invade the urinary tract. Virulence factors of recognized importance in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection (UTI) include adhesins (P fimbriae, certain other mannose-resistant adhesins, and type 1 fimbriae), the aerobactin system, hemolysin, K capsule, and resistance to serum killing. This review summarizes the virtual explosion of information regarding the epidemiology, biochemistry, mechanisms of action, and genetic basis of these urovirulence factors that has occurred in the past decade and identifies areas in need of further study. Virulence factor expression is more common among certain genetically related groups of E. coli which constitute virulent clones within the larger E. coli population. In general, the more virulence factors a strain expresses, the more severe an infection it is able to cause. Certain virulence factors specifically favor the development of pyelonephritis, others favor cystitis, and others favor asymptomatic bacteriuria. The currently defined virulence factors clearly contribute to the virulence of wild-type strains but are usually insufficient in themselves to transform an avirulent organism into a pathogen, demonstrating that other as-yet-undefined virulence properties await discovery. Virulence factor testing is a useful epidemiological and research tool but as yet has no defined clinical role. Immunological and biochemical anti-virulence factor interventions are effective in animal models of UTI and hold promise for the prevention of UTI in humans.

Full text

PDF
80

Images in this article

84Image
on p.84
89Image
on p.89

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abe C., Schmitz S., Moser I., Boulnois G., High N. J., Orskov I., Orskov F., Jann B., Jann K. Monoclonal antibodies with fimbrial F1C, F12, F13, and F14 specificities obtained with fimbriae from E. coli 04:K12:H-. Microb Pathog. 1987 Jan;2(1):71–77. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(87)90116-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Abraham J. M., Freitag C. S., Gander R. M., Clements J. R., Thomas V. L., Eisenstein B. I. Fimbrial phase variation and DNA rearrangements in uropathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli. Mol Biol Med. 1986 Dec;3(6):495–508. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Abraham S. N., Babu J. P., Giampapa C. S., Hasty D. L., Simpson W. A., Beachey E. H. Protection against Escherichia coli-induced urinary tract infections with hybridoma antibodies directed against type 1 fimbriae or complementary D-mannose receptors. Infect Immun. 1985 Jun;48(3):625–628. doi: 10.1128/iai.48.3.625-628.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Abraham S. N., Beachey E. H. Assembly of a chemically synthesized peptide of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae into fimbria-like antigenic structures. J Bacteriol. 1987 Jun;169(6):2460–2465. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.6.2460-2465.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Abraham S. N., Goguen J. D., Beachey E. H. Hyperadhesive mutant of type 1-fimbriated Escherichia coli associated with formation of FimH organelles (fimbriosomes). Infect Immun. 1988 May;56(5):1023–1029. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.5.1023-1029.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Abraham S. N., Goguen J. D., Sun D., Klemm P., Beachey E. H. Identification of two ancillary subunits of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae by using antibodies against synthetic oligopeptides of fim gene products. J Bacteriol. 1987 Dec;169(12):5530–5536. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.12.5530-5536.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Adams E. P., Gray G. M. The carbohydrate structures of the neutral ceramide glycolipids in kidneys of different mouse strains with special reference to the ceramide dihexosides. Chem Phys Lipids. 1968 Jun;2(2):147–155. doi: 10.1016/0009-3084(68)90018-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Agüero M. E., Aron L., DeLuca A. G., Timmis K. N., Cabello F. C. A plasmid-encoded outer membrane protein, TraT, enhances resistance of Escherichia coli to phagocytosis. Infect Immun. 1984 Dec;46(3):740–746. doi: 10.1128/iai.46.3.740-746.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Agüero M. E., Cabello F. C. Relative contribution of ColV plasmid and K1 antigen to the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1983 Apr;40(1):359–368. doi: 10.1128/iai.40.1.359-368.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Allen P. M., Fisher D., Saunders J. R., Hart C. A. The role of capsular polysaccharide K21b of Klebsiella and of the structurally related colanic-acid polysaccharide of Escherichia coli in resistance to phagocytosis and serum killing. J Med Microbiol. 1987 Dec;24(4):363–370. doi: 10.1099/00222615-24-4-363. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Allen P. M., Roberts I., Boulnois G. J., Saunders J. R., Hart C. A. Contribution of capsular polysaccharide and surface properties to virulence of Escherichia coli K1. Infect Immun. 1987 Nov;55(11):2662–2668. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.11.2662-2668.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Aronson M., Medalia O., Schori L., Mirelman D., Sharon N., Ofek I. Prevention of colonization of the urinary tract of mice with Escherichia coli by blocking of bacterial adherence with methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. J Infect Dis. 1979 Mar;139(3):329–332. doi: 10.1093/infdis/139.3.329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Arthur M., Arbeit R. D., Kim C., Beltran P., Crowe H., Steinbach S., Campanelli C., Wilson R. A., Selander R. K., Goldstein R. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms among uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates: pap-related sequences compared with rrn operons. Infect Immun. 1990 Feb;58(2):471–479. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.2.471-479.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Arthur M., Campanelli C., Arbeit R. D., Kim C., Steinbach S., Johnson C. E., Rubin R. H., Goldstein R. Structure and copy number of gene clusters related to the pap P-adhesin operon of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1989 Feb;57(2):314–321. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.2.314-321.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Arthur M., Johnson C. E., Rubin R. H., Arbeit R. D., Campanelli C., Kim C., Steinbach S., Agarwal M., Wilkinson R., Goldstein R. Molecular epidemiology of adhesin and hemolysin virulence factors among uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1989 Feb;57(2):303–313. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.2.303-313.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Asnani P. J., Bhatnagar N., Bhandari S. Production and purification of Escherichia coli hemolysin. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1988;33(5):393–400. doi: 10.1007/BF02925850. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. BRINTON C. C., Jr Non-flagellar appendages of bacteria. Nature. 1959 Mar 21;183(4664):782–786. doi: 10.1038/183782a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bagg A., Neilands J. B. Ferric uptake regulation protein acts as a repressor, employing iron (II) as a cofactor to bind the operator of an iron transport operon in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry. 1987 Aug 25;26(17):5471–5477. doi: 10.1021/bi00391a039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bagg A., Neilands J. B. Molecular mechanism of regulation of siderophore-mediated iron assimilation. Microbiol Rev. 1987 Dec;51(4):509–518. doi: 10.1128/mr.51.4.509-518.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Berger H., Hacker J., Juarez A., Hughes C., Goebel W. Cloning of the chromosomal determinants encoding hemolysin production and mannose-resistant hemagglutination in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1982 Dec;152(3):1241–1247. doi: 10.1128/jb.152.3.1241-1247.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Bhakdi S., Greulich S., Muhly M., Eberspächer B., Becker H., Thiele A., Hugo F. Potent leukocidal action of Escherichia coli hemolysin mediated by permeabilization of target cell membranes. J Exp Med. 1989 Mar 1;169(3):737–754. doi: 10.1084/jem.169.3.737. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Bhakdi S., Mackman N., Menestrina G., Gray L., Hugo F., Seeger W., Holland I. B. The hemolysin of Escherichia coli. Eur J Epidemiol. 1988 Jun;4(2):135–143. doi: 10.1007/BF00144740. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Bhakdi S., Mackman N., Nicaud J. M., Holland I. B. Escherichia coli hemolysin may damage target cell membranes by generating transmembrane pores. Infect Immun. 1986 Apr;52(1):63–69. doi: 10.1128/iai.52.1.63-69.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Bindereif A., Braun V., Hantke K. The cloacin receptor of ColV-bearing Escherichia coli is part of the Fe3+-aerobactin transport system. J Bacteriol. 1982 Jun;150(3):1472–1475. doi: 10.1128/jb.150.3.1472-1475.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Bindereif A., Neilands J. B. Aerobactin genes in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1985 Feb;161(2):727–735. doi: 10.1128/jb.161.2.727-735.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Bindereif A., Neilands J. B. Cloning of the aerobactin-mediated iron assimilation system of plasmid ColV. J Bacteriol. 1983 Feb;153(2):1111–1113. doi: 10.1128/jb.153.2.1111-1113.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Binns M. M., Davies D. L., Hardy K. G. Cloned fragments of the plasmid ColV,I-K94 specifying virulence and serum resistance. Nature. 1979 Jun 28;279(5716):778–781. doi: 10.1038/279778a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Binns M. M., Mayden J., Levine R. P. Further characterization of complement resistance conferred on Escherichia coli by the plasmid genes traT of R100 and iss of ColV,I-K94. Infect Immun. 1982 Feb;35(2):654–659. doi: 10.1128/iai.35.2.654-659.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Björkstén B., Bortolussi R., Gothefors L., Quie P. G. Interaction of E. coli strains with human serum: lack of relationship to K1 antigen. J Pediatr. 1976 Dec;89(6):892–897. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(76)80592-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Björkstén B., Kaijser B. Interaction of human serum and neutrophils with Escherichia coli strains: differences between strains isolated from urine of patients with pyelonephritis or asymptomatic bacteriuria. Infect Immun. 1978 Nov;22(2):308–311. doi: 10.1128/iai.22.2.308-311.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Bloch C. A., Orndorff P. E. Impaired colonization by and full invasiveness of Escherichia coli K1 bearing a site-directed mutation in the type 1 pilin gene. Infect Immun. 1990 Jan;58(1):275–278. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.1.275-278.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Blumenstock E., Jann K. Adhesion of piliated Escherichia coli strains to phagocytes: differences between bacteria with mannose-sensitive pili and those with mannose-resistant pili. Infect Immun. 1982 Jan;35(1):264–269. doi: 10.1128/iai.35.1.264-269.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Bock K., Breimer M. E., Brignole A., Hansson G. C., Karlsson K. A., Larson G., Leffler H., Samuelsson B. E., Strömberg N., Edén C. S. Specificity of binding of a strain of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to Gal alpha 1----4Gal-containing glycosphingolipids. J Biol Chem. 1985 Jul 15;260(14):8545–8551. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Bohach G. A., Cavalieri S. J., Snyder I. S. Purification of Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin. Methods Enzymol. 1988;165:137-46, 399. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(88)65023-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Bohach G. A., Snyder I. S. Chemical and immunological analysis of the complex structure of Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin. J Bacteriol. 1985 Dec;164(3):1071–1080. doi: 10.1128/jb.164.3.1071-1080.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Bollgren I., Engström C. F., Hammarlind M., Källenius G., Ringertz H., Svenson S. B. Low urinary counts of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in presumed acute pyelonephritis. Arch Dis Child. 1984 Feb;59(2):102–106. doi: 10.1136/adc.59.2.102. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Boulnois G. J., Roberts I. S., Hodge R., Hardy K. R., Jann K. B., Timmis K. N. Analysis of the K1 capsule biosynthesis genes of Escherichia coli: definition of three functional regions for capsule production. Mol Gen Genet. 1987 Jun;208(1-2):242–246. doi: 10.1007/BF00330449. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Braun V., Burkhardt R. Regulation of the ColV plasmid-determined iron (III)-aerobactin transport system in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1982 Oct;152(1):223–231. doi: 10.1128/jb.152.1.223-231.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Brauner A., Boeufgras J. M., Jacobson S. H., Kaijser B., Källenius G., Svenson S. B., Wretlind B. The use of biochemical markers, serotype and fimbriation in the detection of Escherichia coli clones. J Gen Microbiol. 1987 Oct;133(10):2825–2834. doi: 10.1099/00221287-133-10-2825. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Brauner A., Leissner M., Wretlind B., Julander I., Svenson S. B., Källenius G. Occurrence of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in patients with bacteremia. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Dec;4(6):566–569. doi: 10.1007/BF02013396. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Brauner A., Ostenson C. G. Bacteremia with P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in diabetic patients: correlation between proteinuria and non-P-fimbriated strains. Diabetes Res. 1987 Oct;6(2):61–65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Brinton C. C., Jr The structure, function, synthesis and genetic control of bacterial pili and a molecular model for DNA and RNA transport in gram negative bacteria. Trans N Y Acad Sci. 1965 Jun;27(8):1003–1054. doi: 10.1111/j.2164-0947.1965.tb02342.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Brocteur J., François-Gérard C., André A., Radermecker M., Bruwier M., Salmon J. Immunization against avian proteins. Haematologia (Budap) 1975;9(1-2):43–47. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Brooks H. J., Benseman B. A., Peck J., Bettelheim K. A. Correlation between uropathogenic properties of Escherichia coli from urinary tract infections and the antibody-coated bacteria test and comparison with faecal strains. J Hyg (Lond) 1981 Aug;87(1):53–61. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400069230. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Brooks H. J., O'Grady F., McSherry M. A., Cattell W. R. Uropathogenic properties of Escherichia coli in recurrent urinary-tract infection. J Med Microbiol. 1980 Feb;13(1):57–68. doi: 10.1099/00222615-13-1-57. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Bruce A. W., Chan R. C., Pinkerton D., Morales A., Chadwick P. Adherence of gram-negative uropathogens to human uroepithelial cells. J Urol. 1983 Aug;130(2):293–298. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)51115-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Buchanan K., Falkow S., Hull R. A., Hull S. I. Frequency among Enterobacteriaceae of the DNA sequences encoding type 1 pili. J Bacteriol. 1985 May;162(2):799–803. doi: 10.1128/jb.162.2.799-803.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Båga M., Normark S., Hardy J., O'Hanley P., Lark D., Olsson O., Schoolnik G., Falkow S. Nucleotide sequence of the papA gene encoding the Pap pilus subunit of human uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1984 Jan;157(1):330–333. doi: 10.1128/jb.157.1.330-333.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Caprioli A., Falbo V., Roda L. G., Ruggeri F. M., Zona C. Partial purification and characterization of an escherichia coli toxic factor that induces morphological cell alterations. Infect Immun. 1983 Mar;39(3):1300–1306. doi: 10.1128/iai.39.3.1300-1306.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Caprioli A., Falbo V., Ruggeri F. M., Baldassarri L., Bisicchia R., Ippolito G., Romoli E., Donelli G. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor production by hemolytic strains of Escherichia coli causing extraintestinal infections. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Jan;25(1):146–149. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.1.146-149.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Caprioli A., Falbo V., Ruggeri F. M., Minelli F., Orskov I., Donelli G. Relationship between cytotoxic necrotizing factor production and serotype in hemolytic Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Apr;27(4):758–761. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.4.758-761.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Carbonetti N. H., Boonchai S., Parry S. H., Väisänen-Rhen V., Korhonen T. K., Williams P. H. Aerobactin-mediated iron uptake by Escherichia coli isolates from human extraintestinal infections. Infect Immun. 1986 Mar;51(3):966–968. doi: 10.1128/iai.51.3.966-968.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Carbonetti N. H., Williams P. H. A cluster of five genes specifying the aerobactin iron uptake system of plasmid ColV-K30. Infect Immun. 1984 Oct;46(1):7–12. doi: 10.1128/iai.46.1.7-12.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Caugant D. A., Levin B. R., Orskov I., Orskov F., Svanborg Eden C., Selander R. K. Genetic diversity in relation to serotype in Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1985 Aug;49(2):407–413. doi: 10.1128/iai.49.2.407-413.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Cavalieri S. J., Bohach G. A., Snyder I. S. Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin: characteristics and probable role in pathogenicity. Microbiol Rev. 1984 Dec;48(4):326–343. doi: 10.1128/mr.48.4.326-343.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Cavalieri S. J., Snyder I. S. Effect of Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin on human peripheral leukocyte function in vitro. Infect Immun. 1982 Sep;37(3):966–974. doi: 10.1128/iai.37.3.966-974.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Cercenado E., Baquero F., Delgado-Iribarren A., Martínez J. L. Epidemiology of aerobactin production in Enterobacteriaceae. Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol. 1986 Nov-Dec;137B(3):297–303. doi: 10.1016/s0769-2609(86)80120-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Chabanon G., Hartley C. L., Richmond M. H. Adhesion to a human cell line by Escherichia coli strains isolated during urinary tract infections. J Clin Microbiol. 1979 Oct;10(4):563–566. doi: 10.1128/jcm.10.4.563-566.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Chaturvedi U. C., Mathur A., Khan A. M., Mehrotra R. M. Cytotoxicity of filtrates of haemolytic Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol. 1969 Aug;2(3):211–218. doi: 10.1099/00222615-2-3-211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Chick S., Harber M. J., Mackenzie R., Asscher A. W. Modified method for studying bacterial adhesion to isolated uroepithelial cells and uromucoid. Infect Immun. 1981 Oct;34(1):256–261. doi: 10.1128/iai.34.1.256-261.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Clancy J., Savage D. C. Another Colicin V phenotype: in vitro adhesion of Escherichia coli to mouse intestinal epithelium. Infect Immun. 1981 Apr;32(1):343–352. doi: 10.1128/iai.32.1.343-352.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Clegg S., Gerlach G. F. Enterobacterial fimbriae. J Bacteriol. 1987 Mar;169(3):934–938. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.3.934-938.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Clegg S., Hull S., Hull R., Pruckler J. Construction and comparison of recombinant plasmids encoding type 1 fimbriae of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Infect Immun. 1985 May;48(2):275–279. doi: 10.1128/iai.48.2.275-279.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Clegg S., Pierce J. K. Organization of genes responsible for the production of mannose-resistant fimbriae of a uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolate. Infect Immun. 1983 Dec;42(3):900–906. doi: 10.1128/iai.42.3.900-906.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Clegg S., Pruckler J., Purcell B. K. Complementation analyses of recombinant plasmids encoding type 1 fimbriae of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Infect Immun. 1985 Oct;50(1):338–340. doi: 10.1128/iai.50.1.338-340.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Colonna B., Nicoletti M., Visca P., Casalino M., Valenti P., Maimone F. Composite IS1 elements encoding hydroxamate-mediated iron uptake in FIme plasmids from epidemic Salmonella spp. J Bacteriol. 1985 Apr;162(1):307–316. doi: 10.1128/jb.162.1.307-316.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Cooke E. M., Ewins S. P. Properties of strains of Escherichia coli isolated from a variety of sources. J Med Microbiol. 1975 Feb;8(1):107–111. doi: 10.1099/00222615-8-1-107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Cooper G. E., Rowbury R. J. Virulence plasmid-associated sensitivity to acid in Escherichia coli and its possible significance in human infections. J Med Microbiol. 1986 Nov;22(3):231–236. doi: 10.1099/00222615-22-3-231. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Crosa L. M., Wolf M. K., Actis L. A., Sanders-Loehr J., Crosa J. H. New aerobactin-mediated iron uptake system in a septicemia-causing strain of Enterobacter cloacae. J Bacteriol. 1988 Dec;170(12):5539–5544. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.12.5539-5544.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Cross A. S., Gemski P., Sadoff J. C., Orskov F., Orskov I. The importance of the K1 capsule in invasive infections caused by Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis. 1984 Feb;149(2):184–193. doi: 10.1093/infdis/149.2.184. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Cross A. S., Kim K. S., Wright D. C., Sadoff J. C., Gemski P. Role of lipopolysaccharide and capsule in the serum resistance of bacteremic strains of Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis. 1986 Sep;154(3):497–503. doi: 10.1093/infdis/154.3.497. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Cross A., Orskov I., Orskov F., Sadoff J., Gemski P. Identification of Escherichia coli K1 antigen. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Aug;20(2):302–304. doi: 10.1128/jcm.20.2.302-304.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Czirók E., Milch H., Csiszár K., Csik M. Virulence factors of Escherichia coli. III. Correlation with Escherichia coli pathogenicity of haemolysin production, haemagglutinating capacity, antigens K1, K5, and colicinogenicity. Acta Microbiol Hung. 1986;33(1):69–83. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Davies D. L., Falkiner F. R., Hardy K. G. Colicin V production by clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1981 Feb;31(2):574–579. doi: 10.1128/iai.31.2.574-579.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Davis C. P., Avots-Avotins A. E., Fader R. C. Evidence for a bladder cell glycolipid receptor for Escherichia coli and the effect of neuraminic acid and colominic acid on adherence. Infect Immun. 1981 Dec;34(3):944–948. doi: 10.1128/iai.34.3.944-948.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. De Graaf F. K., Mooi F. R. The fimbrial adhesins of Escherichia coli. Adv Microb Physiol. 1986;28:65–143. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60237-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. DeBoy J. M., 2nd, Wachsmuth I. K., Davis B. R. Hemolytic activity in enterotoxigenic and non-enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1980 Aug;12(2):193–198. doi: 10.1128/jcm.12.2.193-198.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Dean E. A., Kessler R. E. Quantitation of effects of subinhibitory concentrations of trimethoprim on P fimbria expression and in vitro adhesiveness of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Jan;26(1):25–30. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.1.25-30.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Delgado-Iribarren A., Martinez-Suarez J., Baquero F., Perez-Diaz J. C., Martinez J. L. Aerobactin-producing multi-resistance plasmids. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1987 Apr;19(4):552–553. doi: 10.1093/jac/19.4.552. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Domingue G. J., Laucirica R., Baliga P., Covington S., Robledo J. A., Li S. C. Virulence of wild-type E. coli uroisolates in experimental pyelonephritis. Kidney Int. 1988 Dec;34(6):761–765. doi: 10.1038/ki.1988.246. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Domingue G. J., Roberts J. A., Laucirica R., Ratner M. H., Bell D. P., Suarez G. M., Kallenius G., Svenson S. Pathogenic significance of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in urinary tract infections. J Urol. 1985 Jun;133(6):983–989. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)49341-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Dowling K. J., Roberts J. A., Kaack M. B. P-fimbriated Escherichia coli urinary tract infection: a clinical correlation. South Med J. 1987 Dec;80(12):1533–1536. doi: 10.1097/00007611-198712000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Duguid J. P., Anderson E. S. Terminology of bacterial fimbriae, or pili, and their types. Nature. 1967 Jul 1;215(5096):89–90. doi: 10.1038/215089a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Duguid J. P., Clegg S., Wilson M. I. The fimbrial and non-fimbrial haemagglutinins of Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol. 1979 May;12(2):213–227. doi: 10.1099/00222615-12-2-213. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Duncan J. L. Differential effect of Tamm-Horsfall protein on adherence of Escherichia coli to transitional epithelial cells. J Infect Dis. 1988 Dec;158(6):1379–1382. doi: 10.1093/infdis/158.6.1379. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Echarti C., Hirschel B., Boulnois G. J., Varley J. M., Waldvogel F., Timmis K. N. Cloning and analysis of the K1 capsule biosynthesis genes of Escherichia coli: lack of homology with Neisseria meningitidis group B DNA sequences. Infect Immun. 1983 Jul;41(1):54–60. doi: 10.1128/iai.41.1.54-60.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Eden C. S., Eriksson B., Hanson L. A. Adhesion of Escherichia coli to human uroepithelial cells in vitro. Infect Immun. 1977 Dec;18(3):767–774. doi: 10.1128/iai.18.3.767-774.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Edén C. S., Eriksson B., Hanson L. A., Jodal U., Kaijser B., Janson G. L., Lindberg U., Olling S. Adhesion to normal human uroepithelial cells of Escherichia coli from children with various forms of urinary tract infection. J Pediatr. 1978 Sep;93(3):398–403. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(78)81145-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Edén C. S., Freter R., Hagberg L., Hull R., Hull S., Leffler H., Schoolnik G. Inhibition of experimental ascending urinary tract infection by an epithelial cell-surface receptor analogue. Nature. 1982 Aug 5;298(5874):560–562. doi: 10.1038/298560a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Edén C. S., Hanson L. A., Jodal U., Lindberg U., Akerlund A. S. Variable adherence to normal human urinary-tract epithelial cells of Escherichia coli strains associated with various forms of urinary-tract infection. Lancet. 1976 Sep 4;1(7984):490–492. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Edén C. S., Hansson H. A. Escherichia coli pili as possible mediators of attachment to human urinary tract epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1978 Jul;21(1):229–237. doi: 10.1128/iai.21.1.229-237.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Edén C. S., Larsson P., Lomberg H. Attachment of Proteus mirabilis to human urinary sediment epithelial cells in vitro is different from that of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1980 Mar;27(3):804–807. doi: 10.1128/iai.27.3.804-807.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Edén C. S., Leffler H. Glycosphingolipids of human urinary tract epithelial cells as possible receptors for adhering Escherichia coli bacteria. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1980;Suppl 24:144–147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Eisenstein B. I., Beachey E. H., Ofek I. Differential effects of antibiotics on adhesins of antibiotic resistant strains of Escherichia coli. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1982;33:108–114. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Eisenstein B. I., Jones G. W. The spectrum of infections and pathogenic mechanisms of Escherichia coli. Adv Intern Med. 1988;33:231–252. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Eisenstein B. I. Phase variation of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli is under transcriptional control. Science. 1981 Oct 16;214(4518):337–339. doi: 10.1126/science.6116279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Eisenstein B. I., Sweet D. S., Vaughn V., Friedman D. I. Integration host factor is required for the DNA inversion that controls phase variation in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Sep;84(18):6506–6510. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.18.6506. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Elo J., Tallgren L. G., Väisänen V., Korhonen T. K., Svenson S. B., Mäkelä P. H. Association of P and other fimbriae with clinical pyelonephritis in children. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1985;19(4):281–284. doi: 10.3109/00365598509180270. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Emödy L., Batai I., Jr, Kerényi M., Székely J., Jr, Polyak L. Anti-Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin in control and patient sera. Lancet. 1982 Oct 30;2(8305):986–986. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)90183-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Emödy L., Pál T., Safonova N. V., Kuch B., Golutva N. K. alpha-Haemolysin: an additive virulence factor in Escherichia coli. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1980;27(4):333–342. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Enerbäck S., Larsson A. C., Leffler H., Lundell A., de Man P., Nilsson B., Svanborg-Edén C. Binding to galactose alpha 1----4galactose beta-containing receptors as potential diagnostic tool in urinary tract infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Feb;25(2):407–411. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.2.407-411.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Eshdat Y., Ofek I., Yashouv-Gan Y., Sharon N., Mirelman D. Isolation of a mannose-specific lectin from Escherichia coli and its role in the adherence of the bacteria to epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1978 Dec 29;85(4):1551–1559. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91179-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Eshdat Y., Silverblatt F. J., Sharon N. Dissociation and reassembly of Escherichia coli type 1 pili. J Bacteriol. 1981 Oct;148(1):308–314. doi: 10.1128/jb.148.1.308-314.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Evans D. J., Jr, Evans D. G., Höhne C., Noble M. A., Haldane E. V., Lior H., Young L. S. Hemolysin and K antigens in relation to serotype and hemagglutination type of Escherichia coli isolated from extraintestinal infections. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Jan;13(1):171–178. doi: 10.1128/jcm.13.1.171-178.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Evans D. J., Jr, Evans D. G., Young L. S., Pitt J. Hemagglutination typing of Escherichia coli: definition of seven hemagglutination types. J Clin Microbiol. 1980 Aug;12(2):235–242. doi: 10.1128/jcm.12.2.235-242.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Falkowski W., Edwards M., Schaeffer A. J. Inhibitory effect of substituted aromatic hydrocarbons on adherence of Escherichia coli to human epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1986 Jun;52(3):863–866. doi: 10.1128/iai.52.3.863-866.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Felmlee T., Pellett S., Lee E. Y., Welch R. A. Escherichia coli hemolysin is released extracellularly without cleavage of a signal peptide. J Bacteriol. 1985 Jul;163(1):88–93. doi: 10.1128/jb.163.1.88-93.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Felmlee T., Pellett S., Welch R. A. Nucleotide sequence of an Escherichia coli chromosomal hemolysin. J Bacteriol. 1985 Jul;163(1):94–105. doi: 10.1128/jb.163.1.94-105.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Felmlee T., Welch R. A. Alterations of amino acid repeats in the Escherichia coli hemolysin affect cytolytic activity and secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jul;85(14):5269–5273. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.14.5269. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Fietta A., Romero E., Siccardi A. G. Effect of some R factors on the sensitivity of rough Enterobacteriaceae to human serum. Infect Immun. 1977 Nov;18(2):278–282. doi: 10.1128/iai.18.2.278-282.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Fiorentini C., Arancia G., Caprioli A., Falbo V., Ruggeri F. M., Donelli G. Cytoskeletal changes induced in HEp-2 cells by the cytotoxic necrotizing factor of Escherichia coli. Toxicon. 1988;26(11):1047–1056. doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(88)90203-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Firon N., Ofek I., Sharon N. Carbohydrate-binding sites of the mannose-specific fimbrial lectins of enterobacteria. Infect Immun. 1984 Mar;43(3):1088–1090. doi: 10.1128/iai.43.3.1088-1090.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Fletcher K. S., Bremer E. G., Schwarting G. A. P blood group regulation of glycosphingolipid levels in human erythrocytes. J Biol Chem. 1979 Nov 25;254(22):11196–11198. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Forslin L., Danielsson D., Falk V. Adherence in vitro of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Escherichia coli and group B streptococci to vaginal epithelial cells of post-menopausal women. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1980;11(6):341–349. doi: 10.1159/000299855. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Fowler J. E., Jr, Stamey T. A. Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections. VII. The role of bacterial adherence. J Urol. 1977 Apr;117(4):472–476. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)58501-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Fowler J. E., Jr, Stamey T. A. Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections. X. Adhesive properties of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis: lack of correlation with urinary pathogenicity. J Urol. 1978 Sep;120(3):315–318. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)57152-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. François-Gérard C., Brocteur J., André A. Turtledove: a new source of P1-like material cross-reacting with the human erythrocyte antigen. Vox Sang. 1980 Sep;39(3):141–148. doi: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1980.tb01849.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Fried F. A., Vermeulen C. W., Ginsburg M. J., Cone C. M. Etiology of pyelonephritis: further evidence associating the production of experimental pyelonephritis with hemolysis in Escherichia coli. J Urol. 1971 Sep;106(3):351–354. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)61286-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Fried F. A., Wong R. J. Etiology of pyelonephritis: significance of hemolytic Escherichia coli. J Urol. 1970 Jun;103(6):718–721. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)62033-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Fujita K., Yamamoto T., Yokota T., Kitagawa R. In vitro adherence of type 1-fimbriated uropathogenic Escherichia coli to human ureteral mucosa. Infect Immun. 1989 Aug;57(8):2574–2579. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.8.2574-2579.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Fussell E. N., Kaack M. B., Cherry R., Roberts J. A. Adherence of bacteria to human foreskins. J Urol. 1988 Nov;140(5):997–1001. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)41909-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Fünfstück R., Tschäpe H., Stein G., Kunath H., Bergner M., Wessel G. Virulence properties of Escherichia coli strains in patients with chronic pyelonephritis. Infection. 1986 May-Jun;14(3):145–150. doi: 10.1007/BF01643482. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Gadeberg O. V., Larsen S. O. In vitro cytotoxic effect of alpha-hemolytic Escherichia coli on human blood granulocytes. Correlation with size of alpha-hemolysin production. APMIS. 1988 Apr;96(4):337–341. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Gadeberg O. V., Orskov I. In vitro cytotoxic effect of alpha-hemolytic Escherichia coli on human blood granulocytes. Infect Immun. 1984 Jul;45(1):255–260. doi: 10.1128/iai.45.1.255-260.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Gadeberg O. V., Orskov I., Rhodes J. M. Cytotoxic effect of an alpha-hemolytic Escherichia coli strain on human blood monocytes and granulocytes in vitro. Infect Immun. 1983 Jul;41(1):358–364. doi: 10.1128/iai.41.1.358-364.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Gander R. M., Thomas V. L. Distribution of type 1 and P pili on uropathogenic Escherichia coli O6. Infect Immun. 1987 Feb;55(2):293–297. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.2.293-297.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Gander R. M., Thomas V. L., Forland M. Mannose-resistant hemagglutination and P receptor recognition of uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from adult patients. J Infect Dis. 1985 Mar;151(3):508–513. doi: 10.1093/infdis/151.3.508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Gander R. M., Thomas V. L. Utilization of anion-exchange chromatography and monoclonal antibodies to characterize multiple pilus types on a uropathogenic Escherichia coli O6 isolate. Infect Immun. 1986 Feb;51(2):385–393. doi: 10.1128/iai.51.2.385-393.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Gerlach J. H., Endicott J. A., Juranka P. F., Henderson G., Sarangi F., Deuchars K. L., Ling V. Homology between P-glycoprotein and a bacterial haemolysin transport protein suggests a model for multidrug resistance. Nature. 1986 Dec 4;324(6096):485–489. doi: 10.1038/324485a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Gleckman R., Blagg N., Hibert D., Hall A., Crowley M., Pritchard A., Warren W. Acute pyelonephritis in the elderly. South Med J. 1982 May;75(5):551–554. doi: 10.1097/00007611-198205000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Glynn A. A., Brumfitt W., Howard C. J. K antigens of Escherichia coli and renal involvement in urinary-tract infections. Lancet. 1971 Mar 13;1(7698):514–516. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Glynn A. A., Howard C. J. The sensitivity to complement of strains of Escherichia coli related to their K antigens. Immunology. 1970 Mar;18(3):331–346. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Goebel W., Hedgpeth J. Cloning and functional characterization of the plasmid-encoded hemolysin determinant of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1982 Sep;151(3):1290–1298. doi: 10.1128/jb.151.3.1290-1298.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Goetz M. B., Kuriyama S. M., Silverblatt F. J. Phagolysosome formation by polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes after ingestion of Escherichia coli that express type 1 pili. J Infect Dis. 1987 Jul;156(1):229–233. doi: 10.1093/infdis/156.1.229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Goetz M. B. Priming of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte oxidative activity by type 1 pili from Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis. 1989 Mar;159(3):533–542. doi: 10.1093/infdis/159.3.533. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Goetz M. B., Silverblatt F. J. Stimulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte oxidative metabolism by type 1 pili from Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1987 Mar;55(3):534–540. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.3.534-540.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Goldhar J., Perry R., Golecki J. R., Hoschutzky H., Jann B., Jann K. Nonfimbrial, mannose-resistant adhesins from uropathogenic Escherichia coli O83:K1:H4 and O14:K?:H11. Infect Immun. 1987 Aug;55(8):1837–1842. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.8.1837-1842.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Goldman R. C., Joiner K., Leive L. Serum-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli O111 contain increased lipopolysaccharide, lack an O antigen-containing capsule, and cover more of their lipid A core with O antigen. J Bacteriol. 1984 Sep;159(3):877–882. doi: 10.1128/jb.159.3.877-882.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Goullet P., Picard B. Comparative esterase electrophoretic polymorphism of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from animal and human sources. J Gen Microbiol. 1986 Jul;132(7):1843–1851. doi: 10.1099/00221287-132-7-1843. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Goullet P., Picard B. Highly pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli revealed by the distinct electrophoretic patterns of carboxylesterase B. J Gen Microbiol. 1986 Jul;132(7):1853–1858. doi: 10.1099/00221287-132-7-1853. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Gower P. E., Taylor P. W., Koutsaimanis K. G., Roberts A. P. Serum bactericidal activity in patients with upper and lower urinary tract infections. Clin Sci. 1972 Jul;43(1):13–22. doi: 10.1042/cs0430013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Green C. P., Thomas V. L. Hemagglutination of human type O erythrocytes, hemolysin production, and serogrouping of Escherichia coli isolates from patients with acute pyelonephritis, cystitis, and asymptomatic bacteriuria. Infect Immun. 1981 Jan;31(1):309–315. doi: 10.1128/iai.31.1.309-315.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Griffiths E., Stevenson P., Hale T. L., Formal S. B. Synthesis of aerobactin and a 76,000-dalton iron-regulated outer membrane protein by Escherichia coli K-12-Shigella flexneri hybrids and by enteroinvasive strains of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1985 Jul;49(1):67–71. doi: 10.1128/iai.49.1.67-71.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Gros P., Croop J., Housman D. Mammalian multidrug resistance gene: complete cDNA sequence indicates strong homology to bacterial transport proteins. Cell. 1986 Nov 7;47(3):371–380. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90594-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Gross-Weege W., König W., Scheffer J., Nimmich W. Induction of histamine release from rat mast cells and human basophilic granulocytes by clinical Escherichia coli isolates and relation to hemolysin production and adhesin expression. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Sep;26(9):1831–1837. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.9.1831-1837.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Gross R. J., Cheasty T., Rowe B. Isolation of bacteriophages specific for the K1 polysaccharide antigen of Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1977 Dec;6(6):548–550. doi: 10.1128/jcm.6.6.548-550.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Gross R., Engelbrecht F., Braun V. Genetic and biochemical characterization of the aerobactin synthesis operon on pColV. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;196(1):74–80. doi: 10.1007/BF00334095. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Gross R., Engelbrecht F., Braun V. Identification of the genes and their polypeptide products responsible for aerobactin synthesis by pColV plasmids. Mol Gen Genet. 1985;201(2):204–212. doi: 10.1007/BF00425661. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Grüneberg R. N., Bettelheim K. A. Geographical variation in serological types of urinary Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol. 1969 Aug;2(3):219–224. doi: 10.1099/00222615-2-3-219. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Guerina N. G., Kessler T. W., Guerina V. J., Neutra M. R., Clegg H. W., Langermann S., Scannapieco F. A., Goldmann D. A. The role of pili and capsule in the pathogenesis of neonatal infection with Escherichia coli K1. J Infect Dis. 1983 Sep;148(3):395–405. doi: 10.1093/infdis/148.3.395. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Guerina N. G., Langermann S., Schoolnik G. K., Kessler T. W., Goldmann D. A. Purification and characterization of Haemophilus influenzae pili, and their structural and serological relatedness to Escherichia coli P and mannose-sensitive pili. J Exp Med. 1985 Jan 1;161(1):145–159. doi: 10.1084/jem.161.1.145. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Guze L. B., Montgomerie J. Z., Potter C. S., Kalmanson G. M. Pyelonephritis XVI. correlates of parasite virulence in acute ascending Escherichia coli pyelonephritis in mice undergoing diuresis. Yale J Biol Med. 1973 Jun;46(3):203–211. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Göransson M., Uhlin B. E. Environmental temperature regulates transcription of a virulence pili operon in E. coli. EMBO J. 1984 Dec 1;3(12):2885–2888. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02225.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Hacker J. Genetic determinants coding for fimbriae and adhesins of extraintestinal Escherichia coli. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1990;151:1–27. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-74703-8_1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Hacker J., Hof H., Emödy L., Goebel W. Influence of cloned Escherichia coli hemolysin genes, S-fimbriae and serum resistance on pathogenicity in different animal models. Microb Pathog. 1986 Dec;1(6):533–547. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(86)90039-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Hacker J., Hughes C. Genetics of Escherichia coli hemolysin. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1985;118:139–162. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-70586-1_8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Hacker J., Hughes C., Hof H., Goebel W. Cloned hemolysin genes from Escherichia coli that cause urinary tract infection determine different levels of toxicity in mice. Infect Immun. 1983 Oct;42(1):57–63. doi: 10.1128/iai.42.1.57-63.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Hacker J., Schmidt G., Hughes C., Knapp S., Marget M., Goebel W. Cloning and characterization of genes involved in production of mannose-resistant, neuraminidase-susceptible (X) fimbriae from a uropathogenic O6:K15:H31 Escherichia coli strain. Infect Immun. 1985 Feb;47(2):434–440. doi: 10.1128/iai.47.2.434-440.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Hacker J., Schrettenbrunner A., Schröter G., Düvel H., Schmidt G., Goebel W. Characterization of Escherichia coli wild-type strains by means of agglutination with antisera raised against cloned P-, S-, and MS-fimbriae antigens, hemagglutination, serotyping and hemolysin production. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1986 Apr;261(2):219–231. doi: 10.1016/s0176-6724(86)80039-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Hacker J., Schröter G., Schrettenbrunner A., Hughes C., Goebel W. Hemolytic Escherichia coli strains in the human fecal flora as potential urinary pathogens. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1983 May;254(3):370–378. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Hagberg L., Engberg I., Freter R., Lam J., Olling S., Svanborg Edén C. Ascending, unobstructed urinary tract infection in mice caused by pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli of human origin. Infect Immun. 1983 Apr;40(1):273–283. doi: 10.1128/iai.40.1.273-283.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Hagberg L., Hull R., Hull S., Falkow S., Freter R., Svanborg Edén C. Contribution of adhesion to bacterial persistence in the mouse urinary tract. Infect Immun. 1983 Apr;40(1):265–272. doi: 10.1128/iai.40.1.265-272.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Hagberg L., Jodal U., Korhonen T. K., Lidin-Janson G., Lindberg U., Svanborg Edén C. Adhesion, hemagglutination, and virulence of Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infections. Infect Immun. 1981 Feb;31(2):564–570. doi: 10.1128/iai.31.2.564-570.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Hagberg L., Leffler H., Svanborg Edén C. Non-antibiotic prevention of urinary tract infection. Infection. 1985;13 (Suppl 2):S196–S201. doi: 10.1007/BF01644430. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Hales B. A., Beverley-Clarke H., High N. J., Jann K., Perry R., Goldhar J., Boulnois G. J. Molecular cloning and characterisation of the genes for a non-fimbrial adhesin from Escherichia coli. Microb Pathog. 1988 Jul;5(1):9–17. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(88)90076-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Hanley J., Salit I. E., Hofmann T. Immunochemical characterization of P pili from invasive Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1985 Sep;49(3):581–586. doi: 10.1128/iai.49.3.581-586.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Hanson L. A., Ahlstedt S., Fasth A., Jodal U., Kaijser B., Larsson P., Lindberg U., Olling S., Sohl-Akerlund A., Svanborg-Edén C. Antigens of Escherichia coli, human immune response, and the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections. J Infect Dis. 1977 Aug;136 (Suppl):S144–S149. doi: 10.1093/infdis/136.supplement.s144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Hanson L. A. Host-parasite relationships in urinary tract infections. J Infect Dis. 1973 Jun;127(6):726–730. doi: 10.1093/infdis/127.6.726. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Hanson M. S., Brinton C. C., Jr Identification and characterization of E. coli type-1 pilus tip adhesion protein. Nature. 1988 Mar 17;332(6161):265–268. doi: 10.1038/332265a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Hanson M. S., Hempel J., Brinton C. C., Jr Purification of the Escherichia coli type 1 pilin and minor pilus proteins and partial characterization of the adhesin protein. J Bacteriol. 1988 Aug;170(8):3350–3358. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.8.3350-3358.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Harber M. J., Chick S., Mackenzie R., Asscher A. W. Lack of adherence to epithelial cells by freshly isolated urinary pathogens. Lancet. 1982 Mar 13;1(8272):586–588. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)91749-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Harber M. J., Topley N., Asscher A. W. Virulence factors of urinary pathogens. Clin Sci (Lond) 1986 Jun;70(6):531–538. doi: 10.1042/cs0700531. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Herrmann B., Burman L. G. Pathogenesis of Escherichia coli cystitis and pyelonephritis: apparent lack of significance of bacterial motility and chemotaxis towards human urine. Infection. 1985 Jan-Feb;13(1):4–7. doi: 10.1007/BF01643612. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. High N. J., Hales B. A., Jann K., Boulnois G. J. A block of urovirulence genes encoding multiple fimbriae and hemolysin in Escherichia coli O4:K12:H-. Infect Immun. 1988 Feb;56(2):513–517. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.2.513-517.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Holmgren J., Hanson L. A., Holm S. E., Kauser B. An antigenic relationship between kidney and certain Escherichia coli strains. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1971;41(2):463–474. doi: 10.1159/000230540. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Hoschützky H., Lottspeich F., Jann K. Isolation and characterization of the alpha-galactosyl-1,4-beta-galactosyl-specific adhesin (P adhesin) from fimbriated Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1989 Jan;57(1):76–81. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.1.76-81.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Howard C. J., Glynn A. A. The virulence for mice of strains of Escherichia coli related to the effects of K antigens on their resistance to phagocytosis and killing by complement. Immunology. 1971 May;20(5):767–777. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Hughes C., Hacker J., Düvel H., Goebel W. Chromosomal deletions and rearrangements cause coordinate loss of haemolysis, fimbriation and serum resistance in a uropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli. Microb Pathog. 1987 Mar;2(3):227–230. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(87)90024-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Hughes C., Hacker J., Roberts A., Goebel W. Hemolysin production as a virulence marker in symptomatic and asymptomatic urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1983 Feb;39(2):546–551. doi: 10.1128/iai.39.2.546-551.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Hughes C., Phillips R., Roberts A. P. Serum resistance among Escherichia coli strains causing urinary tract infection in relation to O type and the carriage of hemolysin, colicin, and antibiotic resistance determinants. Infect Immun. 1982 Jan;35(1):270–275. doi: 10.1128/iai.35.1.270-275.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Hugo F., Arvand M., Reichwein J., Mackman N., Holland I. B., Bhakdi S. Identification with monoclonal antibodies of hemolysin produced by clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Jan;25(1):26–30. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.1.26-30.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Hull R. A., Gill R. E., Hsu P., Minshew B. H., Falkow S. Construction and expression of recombinant plasmids encoding type 1 or D-mannose-resistant pili from a urinary tract infection Escherichia coli isolate. Infect Immun. 1981 Sep;33(3):933–938. doi: 10.1128/iai.33.3.933-938.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Hull R. A., Hull S. I., Falkow S. Frequency of gene sequences necessary for pyelonephritis-associated pili expression among isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from human extraintestinal infections. Infect Immun. 1984 Mar;43(3):1064–1067. doi: 10.1128/iai.43.3.1064-1067.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Hull R., Bieler S., Falkow S., Hull S. Chromosomal map position of genes encoding P adhesins in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1986 Feb;51(2):693–695. doi: 10.1128/iai.51.2.693-695.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Hull S. I., Bieler S., Hull R. A. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and multiple copies of DNA sequences homologous with probes for P-fimbriae and hemolysin genes among uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Can J Microbiol. 1988 Mar;34(3):307–311. doi: 10.1139/m88-056. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Hull S. I., Hull R. A., Minshew B. H., Falkow S. Genetics of hemolysin of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1982 Aug;151(2):1006–1012. doi: 10.1128/jb.151.2.1006-1012.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Hull S., Clegg S., Sanborg Eden C., Hull R. Multiple forms of genes in pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli encoding adhesins binding globoseries glycolipid receptors. Infect Immun. 1985 Jan;47(1):80–83. doi: 10.1128/iai.47.1.80-83.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Hultgren S. J., Porter T. N., Schaeffer A. J., Duncan J. L. Role of type 1 pili and effects of phase variation on lower urinary tract infections produced by Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1985 Nov;50(2):370–377. doi: 10.1128/iai.50.2.370-377.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Hultgren S. J., Schwan W. R., Schaeffer A. J., Duncan J. L. Regulation of production of type 1 pili among urinary tract isolates of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1986 Dec;54(3):613–620. doi: 10.1128/iai.54.3.613-620.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Israele V., Darabi A., McCracken G. H., Jr The role of bacterial virulence factors and Tamm-Horsfall protein in the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli urinary tract infection in infants. Am J Dis Child. 1987 Nov;141(11):1230–1234. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1987.04460110100034. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Iwahi T., Abe Y., Nakao M., Imada A., Tsuchiya K. Role of type 1 fimbriae in the pathogenesis of ascending urinary tract infection induced by escherichia coli in mice. Infect Immun. 1983 Mar;39(3):1307–1315. doi: 10.1128/iai.39.3.1307-1315.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Iwahi T., Abe Y., Tsuchiya K. Virulence of Escherichia coli in ascending urinary-tract infection in mice. J Med Microbiol. 1982 Aug;15(3):303–316. doi: 10.1099/00222615-15-3-303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Iwahi T., Imada A. Interaction of Escherichia coli with polymorphonuclear leukocytes in pathogenesis of urinary tract infection in mice. Infect Immun. 1988 Apr;56(4):947–953. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.4.947-953.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Jacewicz M., Clausen H., Nudelman E., Donohue-Rolfe A., Keusch G. T. Pathogenesis of shigella diarrhea. XI. Isolation of a shigella toxin-binding glycolipid from rabbit jejunum and HeLa cells and its identification as globotriaosylceramide. J Exp Med. 1986 Jun 1;163(6):1391–1404. doi: 10.1084/jem.163.6.1391. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Jacobsen S. H., Lins L. E., Svenson S. B., Källenius G. P fimbriated Escherichia coli in adults with acute pyelonephritis. J Infect Dis. 1985 Aug;152(2):426–427. doi: 10.1093/infdis/152.2.426. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Jacobson S. H., Hammarlind M., Lidefeldt K. J., Osterberg E., Tullus K., Brauner A. Incidence of aerobactin-positive Escherichia coli strains in patients with symptomatic urinary tract infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1988 Oct;7(5):630–634. doi: 10.1007/BF01964240. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Jacobson S. H., Källenius G., Lins L. E., Svenson S. B. P-fimbriae receptors in patients with chronic pyelonephritis. J Urol. 1988 May;139(5):900–903. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)42710-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Jacobson S. H., Källenius G., Lins L. E., Svenson S. B. Symptomatic recurrent urinary tract infections in patients with renal scarring in relation to fecal colonization with P-fimbriated Escherichia coli. J Urol. 1987 Apr;137(4):693–696. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)44177-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Jacobson S. H., Lins L. E., Svenson S. B., Källenius G. Lack of correlation of P blood group phenotype and renal scarring. Kidney Int. 1985 Nov;28(5):797–800. doi: 10.1038/ki.1985.200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Jacobson S. H. P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in adults with renal scarring and pyelonephritis. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1986;713:1–64. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1986.tb13963.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Jacobson S. H., Tullus K., Wretlind B., Brauner A. Aerobactin-mediated uptake of iron by strains of Escherichia coli causing acute pyelonephritis and bacteraemia. J Infect. 1988 Mar;16(2):147–152. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(88)93947-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Jacobson S., Carstensen A., Källenius G., Svenson S. Fluorescence-activated cell analysis of P-fimbriae receptor accessibility on uroepithelial cells of patients with renal scarring. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Dec;5(6):649–654. doi: 10.1007/BF02013290. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Jann K., Jann B. The K antigens of Escherichia coli. Prog Allergy. 1983;33:53–79. doi: 10.1159/000407421. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Jann K., Schmidt G., Blumenstock E., Vosbeck K. Escherichia coli adhesion to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian cells: role of piliation and surface hydrophobicity. Infect Immun. 1981 May;32(2):484–489. doi: 10.1128/iai.32.2.484-489.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Johnson J. R. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly women. J Infect Dis. 1988 Aug;158(2):493–494. doi: 10.1093/infdis/158.2.493. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Johnson J. R. Expression of P fimbriae in urine. J Infect Dis. 1988 Aug;158(2):495–496. doi: 10.1093/infdis/158.2.495. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Johnson J. R., Moseley S. L., Roberts P. L., Stamm W. E. Aerobactin and other virulence factor genes among strains of Escherichia coli causing urosepsis: association with patient characteristics. Infect Immun. 1988 Feb;56(2):405–412. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.2.405-412.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Johnson J. R. P-fimbriated E coli urinary tract infection. South Med J. 1988 Aug;81(8):1070–1071. doi: 10.1097/00007611-198808000-00035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. Johnson J. R., Roberts P. L., Stamm W. E. P fimbriae and other virulence factors in Escherichia coli urosepsis: association with patients' characteristics. J Infect Dis. 1987 Jul;156(1):225–229. doi: 10.1093/infdis/156.1.225. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. Johnson J. R., Stamm W. E. Urinary tract infections in women: diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Dec 1;111(11):906–917. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-111-11-906. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. Jorgensen S. E., Mulcahy P. F., Louis C. F. Effect of Escherichia coli hemolysin on permeability of erythrocyte membranes to calcium. Toxicon. 1986;24(6):559–566. doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(86)90176-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  212. Jorgensen S. E., Short E. C., Jr, kurtz H. J., Mussen H. K., Wu G. K. Studies on the origin of the alpha-haemolysin produced by Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol. 1976 May;9(2):173–189. doi: 10.1099/00222615-9-2-173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  213. Juarez A., Hughes C., Vogel M., Goebel W. Expression and regulation of the plasmid-encoded hemolysin determinant of Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;197(2):196–203. doi: 10.1007/BF00330963. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  214. KALMANSON G. M., HUBERT E., GUZE L. B. SERUM BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH PYELONEPHRITIS. Am J Med Sci. 1964 Sep;248:285–289. doi: 10.1097/00000441-196409000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. Kaack M. B., Roberts J. A., Baskin G., Patterson G. M. Maternal immunization with P fimbriae for the prevention of neonatal pyelonephritis. Infect Immun. 1988 Jan;56(1):1–6. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.1.1-6.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  216. Kaijser B., Ahlstedt S. Protective capacity of antibodies against Escherichia coli and K antigens. Infect Immun. 1977 Aug;17(2):286–289. doi: 10.1128/iai.17.2.286-289.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. Kaijser B., Hanson L. A., Jodal U., Lidin-Janson G., Robbins J. B. Frequency of E. coli K antigens in urinary-tract infections in children. Lancet. 1977 Mar 26;1(8013):663–666. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92111-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  218. Kaijser B. Immunology of Escherichia coli: K antigen and its relation to urinary-tract infection. J Infect Dis. 1973 Jun;127(6):670–677. doi: 10.1093/infdis/127.6.670. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. Kaijser B., Larsson P. Experimental acute pyelonephritis caused by enterobacteria in animals. A review. J Urol. 1982 Apr;127(4):786–790. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)54049-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  220. Kaijser B., Larsson P., Nimmich W., Söderström T. Antibodies to Escherichia coli K and O antigens in protection against acute pyelonephritis. Prog Allergy. 1983;33:275–288. doi: 10.1159/000318336. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  221. Kaijser B., Larsson P., Olling S. Protection against ascending Escherichia coli pyelonephritis in rats and significance of local immunity. Infect Immun. 1978 Apr;20(1):78–81. doi: 10.1128/iai.20.1.78-81.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. Kaijser B., Larsson P., Olling S., Schneerson R. Protection against acute, ascending pyelonephritis caused by Escherichia coli in rats, using isolated capsular antigen conjugated to bovine serum albumin. Infect Immun. 1983 Jan;39(1):142–146. doi: 10.1128/iai.39.1.142-146.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. Kaijser B., Olling S. Experimental hematogenous pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli in rabbits: the antibody response and its protective capacity. J Infect Dis. 1973 Jul;128(1):41–49. doi: 10.1093/infdis/128.1.41. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  224. Kaijser B. Peroral immunization of healthy adults with live Escherichia coli O4K12 bacteria. Antibody response as measured in serum and secretions. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1983;70(2):164–168. doi: 10.1159/000233316. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  225. Kaijser B. Studies on the K antibody response in rabbits immunized with a pool of five different K antigen-containing Escherichia coli. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1981;65(3):300–303. doi: 10.1159/000232769. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. Kalmanson G. M., Harwick H. J., Turck M., Guze L. B. Urinary-tract infection: localisation and virulence of Escherichia coli. Lancet. 1975 Jan 18;1(7899):134–136. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)91430-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  227. Kanukollu U., Bieler S., Hull S., Hull R. Contribution of the traT gene to serum resistance among clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae. J Med Microbiol. 1985 Feb;19(1):61–67. doi: 10.1099/00222615-19-1-61. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  228. Karr J. F., Nowicki B., Truong L. D., Hull R. A., Hull S. I. Purified P fimbriae from two cloned gene clusters of a single pyelonephritogenic strain adhere to unique structures in the human kidney. Infect Immun. 1989 Nov;57(11):3594–3600. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.11.3594-3600.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Keane W. F., Welch R., Gekker G., Peterson P. K. Mechanism of Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin-induced injury to isolated renal tubular cells. Am J Pathol. 1987 Feb;126(2):350–357. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. Keith B. R., Maurer L., Spears P. A., Orndorff P. E. Receptor-binding function of type 1 pili effects bladder colonization by a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1986 Sep;53(3):693–696. doi: 10.1128/iai.53.3.693-696.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  231. Kern W. H. Epithelial cells in urine sediments. Am J Clin Pathol. 1971 Jul;56(1):67–72. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/56.1.67. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  232. Kinane D. F., Blackwell C. C., Brettle R. P., Weir D. M., Winstanley F. P., Elton R. A. ABO blood group, secretor state, and susceptibility to recurrent urinary tract infection in women. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982 Jul 3;285(6334):7–9. doi: 10.1136/bmj.285.6334.7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  233. Kisielius P. V., Schwan W. R., Amundsen S. K., Duncan J. L., Schaeffer A. J. In vivo expression and variation of Escherichia coli type 1 and P pili in the urine of adults with acute urinary tract infections. Infect Immun. 1989 Jun;57(6):1656–1662. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.6.1656-1662.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. Klein U., Pawelzik M., Opferkuch W. Influence of beta-lactam antibiotics, fosfomycin and vancomycin on the adherence (hemagglutination) of Escherichia coli-containing different adhesins. Chemotherapy. 1985;31(2):138–145. doi: 10.1159/000238326. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  235. Klemm P., Christiansen G. Three fim genes required for the regulation of length and mediation of adhesion of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae. Mol Gen Genet. 1987 Jul;208(3):439–445. doi: 10.1007/BF00328136. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  236. Klemm P. Fimbrial adhesions of Escherichia coli. Rev Infect Dis. 1985 May-Jun;7(3):321–340. doi: 10.1093/clinids/7.3.321. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  237. Klemm P., Jørgensen B. J., van Die I., de Ree H., Bergmans H. The fim genes responsible for synthesis of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli, cloning and genetic organization. Mol Gen Genet. 1985;199(3):410–414. doi: 10.1007/BF00330751. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  238. Klemm P., Orskov I., Orskov F. F7 and type 1-like fimbriae from three Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections: protein chemical and immunological aspects. Infect Immun. 1982 May;36(2):462–468. doi: 10.1128/iai.36.2.462-468.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  239. Klemm P., Orskov I., Orskov F. Isolation and characterization of F12 adhesive fimbrial antigen from uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Infect Immun. 1983 Apr;40(1):91–96. doi: 10.1128/iai.40.1.91-96.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  240. Klemm P. Two regulatory fim genes, fimB and fimE, control the phase variation of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 1986 Jun;5(6):1389–1393. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04372.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  241. Knapp S., Hacker J., Jarchau T., Goebel W. Large, unstable inserts in the chromosome affect virulence properties of uropathogenic Escherichia coli O6 strain 536. J Bacteriol. 1986 Oct;168(1):22–30. doi: 10.1128/jb.168.1.22-30.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  242. Knapp S., Hacker J., Then I., Müller D., Goebel W. Multiple copies of hemolysin genes and associated sequences in the chromosomes of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. J Bacteriol. 1984 Sep;159(3):1027–1033. doi: 10.1128/jb.159.3.1027-1033.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  243. Korhonen T. K., Leffler H., Svanborg Edén C. Binding specificity of piliated strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium to epithelial cells, saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, and erythrocytes. Infect Immun. 1981 May;32(2):796–804. doi: 10.1128/iai.32.2.796-804.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  244. Korhonen T. K., Parkkinen J., Hacker J., Finne J., Pere A., Rhen M., Holthöfer H. Binding of Escherichia coli S fimbriae to human kidney epithelium. Infect Immun. 1986 Nov;54(2):322–327. doi: 10.1128/iai.54.2.322-327.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  245. Korhonen T. K., Virkola R., Holthöfer H. Localization of binding sites for purified Escherichia coli P fimbriae in the human kidney. Infect Immun. 1986 Nov;54(2):328–332. doi: 10.1128/iai.54.2.328-332.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  246. Korhonen T. K., Väisänen V., Saxén H., Hultberg H., Svenson S. B. P-antigen-recognizing fimbriae from human uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Infect Immun. 1982 Jul;37(1):286–291. doi: 10.1128/iai.37.1.286-291.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  247. Koronakis V., Cross M., Hughes C. Expression of the E.coli hemolysin secretion gene hlyB involves transcript anti-termination within the hly operon. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Jun 10;16(11):4789–4800. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.11.4789. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  248. Koronakis V., Cross M., Senior B., Koronakis E., Hughes C. The secreted hemolysins of Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Morganella morganii are genetically related to each other and to the alpha-hemolysin of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1987 Apr;169(4):1509–1515. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.4.1509-1515.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  249. Koronakis V., Hughes C. Identification of the promoters directing in vivo expression of hemolysin genes in Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet. 1988 Jul;213(1):99–104. doi: 10.1007/BF00333404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  250. Krone W. J., Luirink J., Koningstein G., Oudega B., de Graaf F. K. Subcloning of the cloacin DF13/aerobactin receptor protein and identification of a pColV-K30-determined polypeptide involved in ferric-aerobactin uptake. J Bacteriol. 1983 Nov;156(2):945–948. doi: 10.1128/jb.156.2.945-948.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  251. Kröncke K. D., Boulnois G., Roberts I., Bitter-Suermann D., Golecki J. R., Jann B., Jann K. Expression of the Escherichia coli K5 capsular antigen: immunoelectron microscopic and biochemical studies with recombinant E. coli. J Bacteriol. 1990 Feb;172(2):1085–1091. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.2.1085-1091.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  252. Kunin C. M. The prospects for a vaccine to prevent pyelonephritis. N Engl J Med. 1986 Feb 20;314(8):514–515. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198602203140810. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  253. Kusecek B., Wloch H., Mercer A., Vaisänen V., Pluschke G., Korhonen T., Achtman M. Lipopolysaccharide, capsule, and fimbriae as virulence factors among O1, O7, O16, O18, or O75 and K1, K5, or K100 Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1984 Jan;43(1):368–379. doi: 10.1128/iai.43.1.368-379.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  254. Källenius G., Jacobson S. H., Tullus K., Svenson S. B. P-fimbriae studies on the diagnosis and prevention of acute pyelonephritis. Infection. 1985 May-Jun;13(3):159–162. doi: 10.1007/BF01642881. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  255. Källenius G., Möllby R., Svenson S. B., Helin I., Hultberg H., Cedergren B., Winberg J. Occurrence of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in urinary tract infections. Lancet. 1981 Dec 19;2(8260-61):1369–1372. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92797-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  256. Källenius G., Möllby R., Winberg J. In vitro adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to human periurethral cells. Infect Immun. 1980 Jun;28(3):972–980. doi: 10.1128/iai.28.3.972-980.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  257. Källenius G., Svenson S. B., Hultberg H., Möllby R., Winberg J., Roberts J. A. P-fimbriae of pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli: significance for reflux and renal scarring-a hypothesis. Infection. 1983 Jan-Feb;11(1):73–76. doi: 10.1007/BF01651364. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  258. Källenius G., Svenson S. B., Möllby R., Korhonen T., Winberg J., Cedergren B., Helin I., Hultberg H. Carbohydrate receptor structures recognized by uropathogenic E. coli. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1982;33:52–60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  259. Källenius G., Svenson S., Möllby R., Cedergren B., Hultberg H., Winberg J. Structure of carbohydrate part of receptor on human uroepithelial cells for pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli. Lancet. 1981 Sep 19;2(8247):604–606. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92743-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  260. Källenius G., Winberg J. Bacterial adherence to periurethral epithelial cells in girls prone to urinary-tract infections. Lancet. 1978 Sep 9;2(8089):540–543. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92880-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  261. Kétyi I., Naumann G., Nimmich W. Urinary tract infectivity or R strains of Escherichia coli carrying various virulence factors. Acta Microbiol Hung. 1983;30(2):155–161. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  262. Kétyi I. Suckling mouse model of urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1981;28(4):393–399. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  263. König B., König W., Scheffer J., Hacker J., Goebel W. Role of Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin and bacterial adherence in infection: requirement for release of inflammatory mediators from granulocytes and mast cells. Infect Immun. 1986 Dec;54(3):886–892. doi: 10.1128/iai.54.3.886-892.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  264. Labigne-Roussel A. F., Lark D., Schoolnik G., Falkow S. Cloning and expression of an afimbrial adhesin (AFA-I) responsible for P blood group-independent, mannose-resistant hemagglutination from a pyelonephritic Escherichia coli strain. Infect Immun. 1984 Oct;46(1):251–259. doi: 10.1128/iai.46.1.251-259.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  265. Labigne-Roussel A., Falkow S. Distribution and degree of heterogeneity of the afimbrial-adhesin-encoding operon (afa) among uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. Infect Immun. 1988 Mar;56(3):640–648. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.3.640-648.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  266. Labigne-Roussel A., Schmidt M. A., Walz W., Falkow S. Genetic organization of the afimbrial adhesin operon and nucleotide sequence from a uropathogenic Escherichia coli gene encoding an afimbrial adhesin. J Bacteriol. 1985 Jun;162(3):1285–1292. doi: 10.1128/jb.162.3.1285-1292.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  267. Lafont J. P., Dho M., D'Hauteville H. M., Bree A., Sansonetti P. J. Presence and expression of aerobactin genes in virulent avian strains of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1987 Jan;55(1):193–197. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.1.193-197.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  268. Latham R. H., Stamm W. E. Role of fimbriated Escherichia coli in urinary tract infections in adult women: correlation with localization studies. J Infect Dis. 1984 Jun;149(6):835–840. doi: 10.1093/infdis/149.6.835. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  269. Lebek G., Gruenig H. M. Relation between the hemolytic property and iron metabolism in Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1985 Dec;50(3):682–686. doi: 10.1128/iai.50.3.682-686.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  270. Leffler H., Lomberg H., Gotschlich E., Hagberg L., Jodal U., Korhonen T., Samuelsson B. E., Schoolnik G., Svanborg-Edén C. Chemical and clinical studies on the interaction of Escherichia coli with host glycolipid receptors in urinary tract infection. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1982;33:46–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  271. Leffler H., Svanborg-Edén C. Glycolipid receptors for uropathogenic Escherichia coli on human erythrocytes and uroepithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1981 Dec;34(3):920–929. doi: 10.1128/iai.34.3.920-929.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  272. Leying H., Suerbaum S., Kroll H. P., Stahl D., Opferkuch W. The capsular polysaccharide is a major determinant of serum resistance in K-1-positive blood culture isolates of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1990 Jan;58(1):222–227. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.1.222-227.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  273. Lidefelt K. J., Bollgren I., Källenius G., Svenson S. B. P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in children with acute cystitis. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1987 Sep;76(5):775–780. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1987.tb10564.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  274. Lidin-Janson G., Hanson L. A., Kaijser B., Lincoln K., Lindberg U., Olling S., Wedel H. Comparison of Escherichia coli from bacteriuric patients with those from feces of healthy schoolchildren. J Infect Dis. 1977 Sep;136(3):346–353. doi: 10.1093/infdis/136.3.346. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  275. Lindberg A. A., Brown J. E., Strömberg N., Westling-Ryd M., Schultz J. E., Karlsson K. A. Identification of the carbohydrate receptor for Shiga toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae type 1. J Biol Chem. 1987 Feb 5;262(4):1779–1785. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  276. Lindberg F. P., Lund B., Normark S. Genes of pyelonephritogenic E. coli required for digalactoside-specific agglutination of human cells. EMBO J. 1984 May;3(5):1167–1173. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01946.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  277. Lindberg F., Lund B., Johansson L., Normark S. Localization of the receptor-binding protein adhesin at the tip of the bacterial pilus. Nature. 1987 Jul 2;328(6125):84–87. doi: 10.1038/328084a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  278. Lindberg F., Lund B., Normark S. Gene products specifying adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli are minor components of pili. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Mar;83(6):1891–1895. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.6.1891. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  279. Lindberg U., Hanson L. A., Jodal U., Lidin-Janson G., Lincoln K., Olling S. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in schoolgirls. II. Differences in escherichia coli causing asymptomatic bacteriuria. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1975 May;64(3):432–436. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1975.tb03860.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  280. Linder H., Engberg I., Baltzer I. M., Jann K., Svanborg-Edén C. Induction of inflammation by Escherichia coli on the mucosal level: requirement for adherence and endotoxin. Infect Immun. 1988 May;56(5):1309–1313. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.5.1309-1313.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  281. Lindstedt R., Baker N., Falk P., Hull R., Hull S., Karr J., Leffler H., Svanborg Edén C., Larson G. Binding specificities of wild-type and cloned Escherichia coli strains that recognize globo-A. Infect Immun. 1989 Nov;57(11):3389–3394. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.11.3389-3394.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  282. Linggood M. A., Ingram P. L. The role of alpha haemolysin in the virulence of Escherichia coli for mice. J Med Microbiol. 1982 Feb;15(1):23–30. doi: 10.1099/00222615-15-1-23. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  283. Linggood M. A., Roberts M., Ford S., Parry S. H., Williams P. H. Incidence of the aerobactin iron uptake system among Escherichia coli isolates from infections of farm animals. J Gen Microbiol. 1987 Apr;133(4):835–842. doi: 10.1099/00221287-133-4-835. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  284. Lipsky B. A. Urinary tract infections in men. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Jan 15;110(2):138–150. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-110-2-138. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  285. Lomberg H., Cedergren B., Leffler H., Nilsson B., Carlström A. S., Svanborg-Edén C. Influence of blood group on the availability of receptors for attachment of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1986 Mar;51(3):919–926. doi: 10.1128/iai.51.3.919-926.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  286. Lomberg H., Hanson L. A., Jacobsson B., Jodal U., Leffler H., Edén C. S. Correlation of P blood group, vesicoureteral reflux, and bacterial attachment in patients with recurrent pyelonephritis. N Engl J Med. 1983 May 19;308(20):1189–1192. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198305193082003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  287. Lomberg H., Hellström M., Jodal U., Leffler H., Lincoln K., Svanborg Edén C. Virulence-associated traits in Escherichia coli causing first and recurrent episodes of urinary tract infection in children with or without vesicoureteral reflux. J Infect Dis. 1984 Oct;150(4):561–569. doi: 10.1093/infdis/150.4.561. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  288. Lomberg H., Hellström M., Jodal U., Orskov I., Svanborg Edén C. Properties of Escherichia coli in patients with renal scarring. J Infect Dis. 1989 Mar;159(3):579–582. doi: 10.1093/infdis/159.3.579. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  289. Lomberg H., Hellström M., Jodal U., Svanborg-Edén C. Renal scarring and non-attaching Escherichia coli. Lancet. 1986 Dec 6;2(8519):1341–1341. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91477-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  290. Lomberg H., Jodal U., Eden C. S., Leffler H., Samuelsson B. P1 blood group and urinary tract infection. Lancet. 1981 Mar 7;1(8219):551–552. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92878-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  291. Low D., David V., Lark D., Schoolnik G., Falkow S. Gene clusters governing the production of hemolysin and mannose-resistant hemagglutination are closely linked in Escherichia coli serotype O4 and O6 isolates from urinary tract infections. Infect Immun. 1984 Jan;43(1):353–358. doi: 10.1128/iai.43.1.353-358.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  292. Lund B., Lindberg F. P., Båga M., Normark S. Globoside-specific adhesins of uropathogenic Escherichia coli are encoded by similar trans-complementable gene clusters. J Bacteriol. 1985 Jun;162(3):1293–1301. doi: 10.1128/jb.162.3.1293-1301.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  293. Lund B., Lindberg F., Marklund B. I., Normark S. The PapG protein is the alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-beta-D-galactopyranose-binding adhesin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Aug;84(16):5898–5902. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.16.5898. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  294. Lund B., Lindberg F., Marklund B. I., Normark S. Tip proteins of pili associated with pyelonephritis: new candidates for vaccine development. Vaccine. 1988 Apr;6(2):110–112. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(88)80010-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  295. Lund B., Lindberg F., Normark S. Structure and antigenic properties of the tip-located P pilus proteins of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1988 Apr;170(4):1887–1894. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.4.1887-1894.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  296. Lund B., Marklund B. I., Strömberg N., Lindberg F., Karlsson K. A., Normark S. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli can express serologically identical pili of different receptor binding specificities. Mol Microbiol. 1988 Mar;2(2):255–263. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1988.tb00027.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  297. Lyerla T. A., Gross S. K., McCluer R. H. Glycosphingolipid patterns in primary mouse kidney cultures. J Cell Physiol. 1986 Dec;129(3):390–394. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041290318. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  298. MAKITA A., YAMAKAWA T. BIOCHEMISTRY OF ORGAN GLYCOLIPIDS. III. THE STRUCTURES OF HUMAN KIDNEY CEREBROSIDE SULFURIC ESTER, CERAMIDE DIHEXOSIDE AND CERAMIDE TRIHEXOSIDE. J Biochem. 1964 Apr;55:365–370. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a127896. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  299. Mabeck C. E., Orskov F., Orskov I. Escherichia coli serotypes and renal involvement in urinary-tract infection. Lancet. 1971 Jun 26;1(7713):1312–1314. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)91884-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  300. Macher B. A., Klock J. C. Isolation and chemical characterization of neutral glycosphingolipids of human neutrophils. J Biol Chem. 1980 Mar 10;255(5):2092–2096. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  301. Mackman N., Nicaud J. M., Gray L., Holland I. B. Secretion of haemolysin by Escherichia coli. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1986;125:159–181. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-71251-7_10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  302. Magnusson K. E. Hydrophobic interaction--a mechanism of bacterial binding. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1982;33:32–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  303. Mangan D. F., Snyder I. S. Mannose-sensitive interaction of Escherichia coli with human peripheral leukocytes in vitro. Infect Immun. 1979 Nov;26(2):520–527. doi: 10.1128/iai.26.2.520-527.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  304. Mangan D. F., Snyder I. S. Mannose-sensitive stimulation of human leukocyte chemiluminescence by Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1979 Dec;26(3):1014–1019. doi: 10.1128/iai.26.3.1014-1019.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  305. Marcus D. M., Janis R. Localization of glycosphingolipids in human tissues by immunofluorescence. J Immunol. 1970 Jun;104(6):1530–1539. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  306. Marcus D. M., Kundu S. K., Suzuki A. The P blood group system: recent progress in immunochemistry and genetics. Semin Hematol. 1981 Jan;18(1):63–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  307. Marre R., Hacker J., Henkel W., Goebel W. Contribution of cloned virulence factors from uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains to nephropathogenicity in an experimental rat pyelonephritis model. Infect Immun. 1986 Dec;54(3):761–767. doi: 10.1128/iai.54.3.761-767.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  308. Marre R., Hacker J. Role of S- and common-type I-fimbriae of Escherichia coli in experimental upper and lower urinary tract infection. Microb Pathog. 1987 Mar;2(3):223–226. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(87)90023-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  309. Mason E. O., Jr, Kaplan S. L., Wiedermann B. L., Norrod E. P., Stenback W. A. Frequency and properties of naturally occurring adherent piliated strains of Haemophilus influenzae type b. Infect Immun. 1985 Jul;49(1):98–103. doi: 10.1128/iai.49.1.98-103.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  310. McCabe W. R., Kaijser B., Olling S., Uwaydah M., Hanson L. A. Escherichia coli in bacteremia: K and O antigens and serum sensitivity of strains from adults and neonates. J Infect Dis. 1978 Jul;138(1):33–41. doi: 10.1093/infdis/138.1.33. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  311. Menestrina G. Escherichia coli hemolysin permeabilizes small unilamellar vesicles loaded with calcein by a single-hit mechanism. FEBS Lett. 1988 May 9;232(1):217–220. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80420-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  312. Menestrina G., Mackman N., Holland I. B., Bhakdi S. Escherichia coli haemolysin forms voltage-dependent ion channels in lipid membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987 Nov 27;905(1):109–117. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(87)90014-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  313. Milazzo F. H., Delisle G. J. Immunoglobulin A proteases in gram-negative bacteria isolated from human urinary tract infections. Infect Immun. 1984 Jan;43(1):11–13. doi: 10.1128/iai.43.1.11-13.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  314. Miller T. E., Phillips S., Simpson I. J. Complement-mediated immune mechanisms in renal infection. II. Effect of decomplementation. Clin Exp Immunol. 1978 Jul;33(1):115–121. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  315. Minion F. C., Abraham S. N., Beachey E. H., Goguen J. D. The genetic determinant of adhesive function in type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli is distinct from the gene encoding the fimbrial subunit. J Bacteriol. 1986 Mar;165(3):1033–1036. doi: 10.1128/jb.165.3.1033-1036.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  316. Minshew B. H., Jorgensen J., Counts G. W., Falkow S. Association of hemolysin production, hemagglutination of human erythrocytes, and virulence for chicken embryos of extraintestinal Escherichia coli isolates. Infect Immun. 1978 Apr;20(1):50–54. doi: 10.1128/iai.20.1.50-54.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  317. Minshew B. H., Jorgensen J., Swanstrum M., Grootes-Reuvecamp G. A., Falkow S. Some characteristics of Escherichia coli strains isolated from extraintestinal infections of humans. J Infect Dis. 1978 May;137(5):648–654. doi: 10.1093/infdis/137.5.648. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  318. Mobley H. L., Chippendale G. R., Tenney J. H., Hull R. A., Warren J. W. Expression of type 1 fimbriae may be required for persistence of Escherichia coli in the catheterized urinary tract. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Dec;25(12):2253–2257. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.12.2253-2257.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  319. Moch T., Hoschützky H., Hacker J., Kröncke K. D., Jann K. Isolation and characterization of the alpha-sialyl-beta-2,3-galactosyl-specific adhesin from fimbriated Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 May;84(10):3462–3466. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.10.3462. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  320. Moll A., Manning P. A., Timmis K. N. Plasmid-determined resistance to serum bactericidal activity: a major outer membrane protein, the traT gene product, is responsible for plasmid-specified serum resistance in Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1980 May;28(2):359–367. doi: 10.1128/iai.28.2.359-367.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  321. Montenegro M. A., Bitter-Suermann D., Timmis J. K., Agüero M. E., Cabello F. C., Sanyal S. C., Timmis K. N. traT gene sequences, serum resistance and pathogenicity-related factors in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria. J Gen Microbiol. 1985 Jun;131(6):1511–1521. doi: 10.1099/00221287-131-6-1511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  322. Montgomerie J. Z., Bindereif A., Neilands J. B., Kalmanson G. M., Guze L. B. Association of hydroxamate siderophore (aerobactin) with Escherichia coli isolated from patients with bacteremia. Infect Immun. 1984 Dec;46(3):835–838. doi: 10.1128/iai.46.3.835-838.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  323. Montgomerie J. Z. Factors affecting virulence in Escherichia coli urinary tract infections. J Infect Dis. 1978 May;137(5):645–647. doi: 10.1093/infdis/137.5.645. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  324. Montgomerie J. Z., Kalmanson G. M., Guze L. B. Enterobactin and virulence of Escherichia coli in pyelonephritis. J Infect Dis. 1979 Dec;140(6):1013–1013. doi: 10.1093/infdis/140.6.1013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  325. Mulholland S. G., Mooreville M., Parsons C. L. Urinary tract infections and P blood group antigens. Urology. 1984 Sep;24(3):232–235. doi: 10.1016/0090-4295(84)90348-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  326. Mårild S., Wettergren B., Hellström M., Jodal U., Lincoln K., Orskov I., Orskov F., Svanborg Edén C. Bacterial virulence and inflammatory response in infants with febrile urinary tract infection or screening bacteriuria. J Pediatr. 1988 Mar;112(3):348–354. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80311-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  327. Mårtensson E. Neutral glycolipids of human kidney isolation, identification, and fatty acid composition. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1966 Apr 4;116(2):296–308. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(66)90012-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  328. Müller D., Hughes C., Goebel W. Relationship between plasmid and chromosomal hemolysin determinants of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1983 Feb;153(2):846–851. doi: 10.1128/jb.153.2.846-851.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  329. Naiki M., Marcus D. M. An immunochemical study of the human blood group P1, P, and PK glycosphingolipid antigens. Biochemistry. 1975 Nov 4;14(22):4837–4841. doi: 10.1021/bi00693a010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  330. Neeser J. R., Koellreutter B., Wuersch P. Oligomannoside-type glycopeptides inhibiting adhesion of Escherichia coli strains mediated by type 1 pili: preparation of potent inhibitors from plant glycoproteins. Infect Immun. 1986 May;52(2):428–436. doi: 10.1128/iai.52.2.428-436.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  331. Neilands J. B., Bindereif A., Montgomerie J. Z. Genetic basis of iron assimilation in pathogenic Escherichia coli. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1985;118:179–195. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-70586-1_10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  332. Nergårdh A., Boréus L. O., Holme T. The inhibitory effect of coli-endotoxin on alpha-adrenergic receptor functions in the lower urinary tract. An in vitro study in cats. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1977;11(3):219–224. doi: 10.3109/00365597709179955. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  333. Nicaud J. M., Mackman N., Gray L., Holland I. B. Characterisation of HlyC and mechanism of activation and secretion of haemolysin from E. coli 2001. FEBS Lett. 1985 Aug 5;187(2):339–344. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)81272-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  334. Nicaud J. M., Mackman N., Gray L., Holland I. B. Regulation of haemolysin synthesis in E. coli determined by HLY genes of human origin. Mol Gen Genet. 1985;199(1):111–116. doi: 10.1007/BF00327519. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  335. Nicholson A. M., Glynn A. A. Investigation of the effect of K antigen in Escherichia coli urinary tract infections by use of a mouse model. Br J Exp Pathol. 1975 Dec;56(6):549–553. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  336. Nicolle L. E., Muir P., Harding G. K., Norris M. Localization of urinary tract infection in elderly, institutionalized women with asymptomatic bacteriuria. J Infect Dis. 1988 Jan;157(1):65–70. doi: 10.1093/infdis/157.1.65. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  337. Nilius A. M., Savage D. C. Serum resistance encoded by colicin V plasmids in Escherichia coli and its relationship to the plasmid transfer system. Infect Immun. 1984 Mar;43(3):947–953. doi: 10.1128/iai.43.3.947-953.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  338. Nimmich W., Zingler G., Orskov I. Fimbrial antigens of Escherichia coli 01:K1:H7 and 01:K1:H- strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1984 Oct;258(1):104–111. doi: 10.1016/s0176-6724(84)80014-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  339. Norgren M., Normark S., Lark D., O'Hanley P., Schoolnik G., Falkow S., Svanborg-Edén C., Båga M., Uhlin B. E. Mutations in E coli cistrons affecting adhesion to human cells do not abolish Pap pili fiber formation. EMBO J. 1984 May;3(5):1159–1165. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01945.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  340. Normark S., Lark D., Hull R., Norgren M., Båga M., O'Hanley P., Schoolnik G., Falkow S. Genetics of digalactoside-binding adhesin from a uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain. Infect Immun. 1983 Sep;41(3):942–949. doi: 10.1128/iai.41.3.942-949.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  341. Nowicki B., Barrish J. P., Korhonen T., Hull R. A., Hull S. I. Molecular cloning of the Escherichia coli O75X adhesin. Infect Immun. 1987 Dec;55(12):3168–3173. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.12.3168-3173.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  342. Nowicki B., Holthöfer H., Saraneva T., Rhen M., Väisänen-Rhen V., Korhonen T. K. Location of adhesion sites for P-fimbriated and for 075X-positive Escherichia coli in the human kidney. Microb Pathog. 1986 Apr;1(2):169–180. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(86)90019-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  343. Nowicki B., Labigne A., Moseley S., Hull R., Hull S., Moulds J. The Dr hemagglutinin, afimbrial adhesins AFA-I and AFA-III, and F1845 fimbriae of uropathogenic and diarrhea-associated Escherichia coli belong to a family of hemagglutinins with Dr receptor recognition. Infect Immun. 1990 Jan;58(1):279–281. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.1.279-281.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  344. Nowicki B., Moulds J., Hull R., Hull S. A hemagglutinin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli recognizes the Dr blood group antigen. Infect Immun. 1988 May;56(5):1057–1060. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.5.1057-1060.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  345. Nowicki B., Rhen M., Väisänen-Rhen V., Pere A., Korhonen T. K. Immunofluorescence study of fimbrial phase variation in Escherichia coli KS71. J Bacteriol. 1984 Nov;160(2):691–695. doi: 10.1128/jb.160.2.691-695.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  346. Nowicki B., Svanborg-Edén C., Hull R., Hull S. Molecular analysis and epidemiology of the Dr hemagglutinin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1989 Feb;57(2):446–451. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.2.446-451.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  347. Nowicki B., Truong L., Moulds J., Hull R. Presence of the Dr receptor in normal human tissues and its possible role in the pathogenesis of ascending urinary tract infection. Am J Pathol. 1988 Oct;133(1):1–4. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  348. Nowicki B., Vuopio-Varkila J., Viljanen P., Korhonen T. K., Mäkelä P. H. Fimbrial phase variation and systemic E. coli infection studied in the mouse peritonitis model. Microb Pathog. 1986 Aug;1(4):335–347. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(86)90066-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  349. O'Hanley P., Lark D., Falkow S., Schoolnik G. Molecular basis of Escherichia coli colonization of the upper urinary tract in BALB/c mice. Gal-Gal pili immunization prevents Escherichia coli pyelonephritis in the BALB/c mouse model of human pyelonephritis. J Clin Invest. 1985 Feb;75(2):347–360. doi: 10.1172/JCI111707. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  350. O'Hanley P., Lark D., Normark S., Falkow S., Schoolnik G. K. Mannose-sensitive and Gal-Gal binding Escherichia coli pili from recombinant strains. Chemical, functional, and serological properties. J Exp Med. 1983 Nov 1;158(5):1713–1719. doi: 10.1084/jem.158.5.1713. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  351. O'Hanley P., Low D., Romero I., Lark D., Vosti K., Falkow S., Schoolnik G. Gal-Gal binding and hemolysin phenotypes and genotypes associated with uropathogenic Escherichia coli. N Engl J Med. 1985 Aug 15;313(7):414–420. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198508153130704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  352. Ofek I., Beachey E. H., Eisenstein B. I., Alkan M. L., Sharon N. Suppression of bacterial adherence by subminimal inhibitory concentrations of beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics. Rev Infect Dis. 1979 Sep-Oct;1(5):832–837. doi: 10.1093/clinids/1.5.832. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  353. Ofek I., Goldhar J., Eshdat Y., Sharon N. The importance of mannose specific adhesins (lectins) in infections caused by Escherichia coli. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1982;33:61–67. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  354. Ofek I., Mirelman D., Sharon N. Adherence of Escherichia coli to human mucosal cells mediated by mannose receptors. Nature. 1977 Feb 17;265(5595):623–625. doi: 10.1038/265623a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  355. Ofek I., Mosek A., Sharon N. Mannose-specific adherence of Escherichia coli freshly excreted in the urine of patients with urinary tract infections, and of isolates subcultured from the infected urine. Infect Immun. 1981 Dec;34(3):708–711. doi: 10.1128/iai.34.3.708-711.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  356. Ohman L., Hed J., Stendahl O. Interaction between human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and two different strains of type 1 fimbriae-bearing Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis. 1982 Dec;146(6):751–757. doi: 10.1093/infdis/146.6.751. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  357. Old D. C., Yakubu D. E., Crichton P. B. Demonstration by immuno-electronmicroscopy of antigenic heterogeneity among P fimbriae of strains of Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol. 1987 May;23(3):247–253. doi: 10.1099/00222615-23-3-247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  358. Olling S., Hanson L. A., Holmgren J., Jodal U., Lincoln K., Lindberg U. The bactericidal effect of normal human serum on E. coli strains from normals and from patients with urinary tract infections. Infection. 1973;1(1):24–28. doi: 10.1007/BF01638251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  359. Opal S. M., Cross A., Gemski P., Lyhte L. W. Survey of purported virulence factors of Escherichia coli isolated from blood, urine and stool. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1988 Jun;7(3):425–427. doi: 10.1007/BF01962356. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  360. Opal S., Cross A., Gemski P. K antigen and serum sensitivity of rough Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1982 Sep;37(3):956–960. doi: 10.1128/iai.37.3.956-960.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  361. Orikasa S., Hinman F., Jr Reaction of the vesical wall to bacterial penetration: resistance to attachment, desquamation, and leukocytic activity. Invest Urol. 1977 Nov;15(3):185–193. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  362. Orndorff P. E., Falkow S. Identification and characterization of a gene product that regulates type 1 piliation in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1984 Oct;160(1):61–66. doi: 10.1128/jb.160.1.61-66.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  363. Orndorff P. E., Falkow S. Nucleotide sequence of pilA, the gene encoding the structural component of type 1 pili in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1985 Apr;162(1):454–457. doi: 10.1128/jb.162.1.454-457.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  364. Orndorff P. E., Falkow S. Organization and expression of genes responsible for type 1 piliation in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1984 Aug;159(2):736–744. doi: 10.1128/jb.159.2.736-744.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  365. Orndorff P. E., Spears P. A., Schauer D., Falkow S. Two modes of control of pilA, the gene encoding type 1 pilin in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1985 Oct;164(1):321–330. doi: 10.1128/jb.164.1.321-330.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  366. Oropeza-Wekerle R. L., Müller E., Kern P., Meyermann R., Goebel W. Synthesis, inactivation, and localization of extracellular and intracellular Escherichia coli hemolysins. J Bacteriol. 1989 May;171(5):2783–2788. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.5.2783-2788.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  367. Orskov F., Orskov I. From the national institutes of health. Summary of a workshop on the clone concept in the epidemiology, taxonomy, and evolution of the enterobacteriaceae and other bacteria. J Infect Dis. 1983 Aug;148(2):346–357. doi: 10.1093/infdis/148.2.346. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  368. Orskov F., Orskov I., Jann B., Jann K. Immunoelectrophoretic patterns of extracts from all Escherichia coli O and K antigen test strains: correlation with pathogenicity. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B Microbiol Immunol. 1971;79(2):142–152. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1971.tb02141.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  369. Orskov F. Virulence factors of the bacterial cell surface. J Infect Dis. 1978 May;137(5):630–633. doi: 10.1093/infdis/137.5.630. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  370. Orskov I., Birch-Andersen A., Duguid J. P., Stenderup J., Orskov F. An adhesive protein capsule of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1985 Jan;47(1):191–200. doi: 10.1128/iai.47.1.191-200.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  371. Orskov I., Orskov F., Birch-Andersen A. Comparison of Escherichia coli fimbrial antigen F7 with type 1 fimbriae. Infect Immun. 1980 Feb;27(2):657–666. doi: 10.1128/iai.27.2.657-666.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  372. Orskov I., Orskov F., Birch-Andersen A., Kanamori M., Svanborg-Edén C. O, K, H and fimbrial antigens in Escherichia coli serotypes associated with pyelonephritis and cystitis. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1982;33:18–25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  373. Orskov I., Orskov F. Escherichia coli in extra-intestinal infections. J Hyg (Lond) 1985 Dec;95(3):551–575. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400060678. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  374. Orskov I., Orskov F. Serology of Escherichia coli fimbriae. Prog Allergy. 1983;33:80–105. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  375. Orskov I., Svanborg Edén C., Orskov F. Aerobactin production of serotyped Escherichia coli from urinary tract infections. Med Microbiol Immunol. 1988;177(1):9–14. doi: 10.1007/BF00190306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  376. Orskov I., Williams P. H., Svanborg Edén C., Orskov F. Assessment of biological and colony hybridization assays for detection of the aerobactin system in Escherichia coli from urinary tract infections. Med Microbiol Immunol. 1989;178(3):143–148. doi: 10.1007/BF00198013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  377. Ott M., Hacker J., Schmoll T., Jarchau T., Korhonen T. K., Goebel W. Analysis of the genetic determinants coding for the S-fimbrial adhesin (sfa) in different Escherichia coli strains causing meningitis or urinary tract infections. Infect Immun. 1986 Dec;54(3):646–653. doi: 10.1128/iai.54.3.646-653.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  378. Ott M., Hoschützky H., Jann K., Van Die I., Hacker J. Gene clusters for S fimbrial adhesin (sfa) and F1C fimbriae (foc) of Escherichia coli: comparative aspects of structure and function. J Bacteriol. 1988 Sep;170(9):3983–3990. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.9.3983-3990.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  379. Ozanne G., Mathieu L. G., Baril J. P. Production de colicines V et V2 in vitro et in vivo. étude de leur action inhibitrice sur la phagocytose par des macrophages péritonéaux. Rev Can Biol. 1977 Dec;36(4):307–316. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  380. Parkkinen J., Finne J., Achtman M., Väisänen V., Korhonen T. K. Escherichia coli strains binding neuraminyl alpha 2-3 galactosides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Mar 16;111(2):456–461. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)90328-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  381. Parkkinen J., Ristimäki A., Westerlund B. Binding of Escherichia coli S fimbriae to cultured human endothelial cells. Infect Immun. 1989 Jul;57(7):2256–2259. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.7.2256-2259.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  382. Parkkinen J., Virkola R., Korhonen T. K. Identification of factors in human urine that inhibit the binding of Escherichia coli adhesins. Infect Immun. 1988 Oct;56(10):2623–2630. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.10.2623-2630.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  383. Parry S. H., Boonchai S., Abraham S. N., Salter J. M., Rooke D. M., Simpson J. M., Bint A. J., Sussman M. A comparative study of the mannose-resistant and mannose-sensitive haemagglutinins of Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections. Infection. 1983 Mar-Apr;11(2):123–128. doi: 10.1007/BF01641080. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  384. Parsons C. L., Anwar H., Stauffer C., Schmidt J. D. In vitro adherence of radioactively labeled Escherichia coli in normal and cystitis-prone females. Infect Immun. 1979 Nov;26(2):453–457. doi: 10.1128/iai.26.2.453-457.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  385. Pere A., Nowicki B., Saxén H., Siitonen A., Korhonen T. K. Expression of P, type-1, and type-1C fimbriae of Escherichia coli in the urine of patients with acute urinary tract infection. J Infect Dis. 1987 Oct;156(4):567–574. doi: 10.1093/infdis/156.4.567. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  386. Pere A., Selander R. K., Korhonen T. K. Characterization of P fimbriae on O1, O7, O75, rough, and nontypable strains of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1988 May;56(5):1288–1294. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.5.1288-1294.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  387. Pere A., Väisänen-Rhen V., Rhen M., Tenhunen J., Korhonen T. K. Analysis of P fimbriae on Escherichia coli O2, O4, and O6 strains by immunoprecipitation. Infect Immun. 1986 Feb;51(2):618–625. doi: 10.1128/iai.51.2.618-625.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  388. Perez-Casal J. F., Crosa J. H. Aerobactin iron uptake sequences in plasmid ColV-K30 are flanked by inverted IS1-like elements and replication regions. J Bacteriol. 1984 Oct;160(1):256–265. doi: 10.1128/jb.160.1.256-265.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  389. Phillips I., Eykyn S., King A., Gransden W. R., Rowe B., Frost J. A., Gross R. J. Epidemic multiresistant Escherichia coli infection in West Lambeth Health District. Lancet. 1988 May 7;1(8593):1038–1041. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91853-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  390. Plos K., Hull S. I., Hull R. A., Levin B. R., Orskov I., Orskov F., Svanborg-Edén C. Distribution of the P-associated-pilus (pap) region among Escherichia coli from natural sources: evidence for horizontal gene transfer. Infect Immun. 1989 May;57(5):1604–1611. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.5.1604-1611.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  391. Pluschke G., Achtman M. Degree of antibody-independent activation of the classical complement pathway by K1 Escherichia coli differs with O antigen type and correlates with virulence of meningitis in newborns. Infect Immun. 1984 Feb;43(2):684–692. doi: 10.1128/iai.43.2.684-692.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  392. Pluschke G., Mayden J., Achtman M., Levine R. P. Role of the capsule and the O antigen in resistance of O18:K1 Escherichia coli to complement-mediated killing. Infect Immun. 1983 Dec;42(3):907–913. doi: 10.1128/iai.42.3.907-913.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  393. Pruett T. L., Chenoweth D. E., Fiegel V. D., Nelson R. D., Simmons R. L. Escherichia coli and human neutrophils. Effect of bacterial supernatant with hemolysin activity upon chemotaxin receptors. Arch Surg. 1985 Feb;120(2):212–216. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1985.01390260072010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  394. Quackenbush R. L., Falkow S. Relationship between colicin V activity and virulence in Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1979 May;24(2):562–564. doi: 10.1128/iai.24.2.562-564.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  395. Reid G., Brooks H. J., Bacon D. F. In vitro attachment of Escherichia coli to human uroepithelial cells: variation in receptivity during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. J Infect Dis. 1983 Sep;148(3):412–421. doi: 10.1093/infdis/148.3.412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  396. Reid G., Sobel J. D. Bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection: a review. Rev Infect Dis. 1987 May-Jun;9(3):470–487. doi: 10.1093/clinids/9.3.470. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  397. Reissbrodt R., Rabsch W. Further differentiation of Enterobacteriaceae by means of siderophore-pattern analysis. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1988 May;268(3):306–317. doi: 10.1016/s0176-6724(88)80015-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  398. Rennie R. P., Arbuthnott J. P. Partial characterisation of Escherichia coli haemolysin. J Med Microbiol. 1974 May;7(2):179–188. doi: 10.1099/00222615-7-2-179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  399. Rennie R. P., Freer J. H., Arbuthnott J. P. The kinetics of erythrocyte lysis by Escherichia coli haemolysin. J Med Microbiol. 1974 May;7(2):189–195. doi: 10.1099/00222615-7-2-189. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  400. Rhen M. Characterization of DNA fragments encoding fimbriae of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain KS71. J Gen Microbiol. 1985 Mar;131(3):571–580. doi: 10.1099/00221287-131-3-571. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  401. Rhen M., Klemm P., Korhonen T. K. Identification of two new hemagglutinins of Escherichia coli, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-specific fimbriae and a blood group M-specific agglutinin, by cloning the corresponding genes in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol. 1986 Dec;168(3):1234–1242. doi: 10.1128/jb.168.3.1234-1242.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  402. Rhen M., Väisänen-Rhen V. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a P fimbrial regulatory element of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain KS71 (04:K12). Microb Pathog. 1987 Nov;3(5):387–391. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(87)90008-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  403. Riegman N., Kusters R., Van Veggel H., Bergmans H., Van Bergen en Henegouwen P., Hacker J., Van Die I. F1C fimbriae of a uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain: genetic and functional organization of the foc gene cluster and identification of minor subunits. J Bacteriol. 1990 Feb;172(2):1114–1120. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.2.1114-1120.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  404. Riegman N., van Die I., Leunissen J., Hoekstra W., Bergmans H. Biogenesis of F7(1) and F7(2) fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli: influence of the FsoF and FstFG proteins and localization of the Fso/FstE protein. Mol Microbiol. 1988 Jan;2(1):73–80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  405. Robbins J. B., McCracken G. H., Jr, Gotschlich E. C., Orskov F., Orskov I., Hanson L. A. Escherichia coli K1 capsular polysaccharide associated with neonatal meningitis. N Engl J Med. 1974 May 30;290(22):1216–1220. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197405302902202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  406. Roberts I. S., Mountford R., Hodge R., Jann K. B., Boulnois G. J. Common organization of gene clusters for production of different capsular polysaccharides (K antigens) in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1988 Mar;170(3):1305–1310. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.3.1305-1310.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  407. Roberts I., Mountford R., High N., Bitter-Suermann D., Jann K., Timmis K., Boulnois G. Molecular cloning and analysis of genes for production of K5, K7, K12, and K92 capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1986 Dec;168(3):1228–1233. doi: 10.1128/jb.168.3.1228-1233.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  408. Roberts J. A. Experimental pyelonephritis in the monkey. III. Pathophysiology of ureteral malfunction induced by bacteria. Invest Urol. 1975 Sep;13(2):117–120. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  409. Roberts J. A., Hardaway K., Kaack B., Fussell E. N., Baskin G. Prevention of pyelonephritis by immunization with P-fimbriae. J Urol. 1984 Mar;131(3):602–607. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)50513-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  410. Roberts J. A., Kaack B., Källenius G., Möllby R., Winberg J., Svenson S. B. Receptors for pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli in primates. J Urol. 1984 Jan;131(1):163–168. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)50251-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  411. Roberts J. A. Pyelonephritis, cortical abscess, and perinephric abscess. Urol Clin North Am. 1986 Nov;13(4):637–645. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  412. Roberts M., Roberts I., Korhonen T. K., Jann K., Bitter-Suermann D., Boulnois G. J., Williams P. H. DNA probes for K-antigen (capsule) typing of Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Feb;26(2):385–387. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.2.385-387.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  413. Rodriguez-Ortega M., Ofek I., Sharon N. Membrane glycoproteins of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes that act as receptors for mannose-specific Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1987 Apr;55(4):968–973. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.4.968-973.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  414. Roland F. Presence of the human blood group substance P in gram negative bacilli. Ann Microbiol (Paris) 1973 Apr;124(3):375–380. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  415. Romano Carratelli C., Nuzzo I., Galdiero M. Surface properties of Escherichia coli strains responsible for urinary infections. Microbiologica. 1987 Jan;10(1):55–61. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  416. Rosenstein I. J., Grady D., Hamilton-Miller J. M., Brumfitt W. Relationship between adhesion of Escherichia coli to uro-epithelial cells and the pathogenesis of urinary infection: problems in methodology and analysis. J Med Microbiol. 1985 Dec;20(3):335–344. doi: 10.1099/00222615-20-3-335. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  417. Rowbury R. J., Deeney C. M., Reakes C., Rossouw F. T., Smith D. G., Tewari R. Envelope protein changes, autoagglutination, sensitivity to hydrophobic agents and a conditional division lesion in Escherichia coli strains carrying ColV virulence plasmids. Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol. 1985 Jan-Feb;136A(1):147–157. doi: 10.1016/s0769-2609(85)80035-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  418. SMITH H. W. The haemolysins of Escherichia coli. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1963 Jan;85:197–211. doi: 10.1002/path.1700850119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  419. Salit I. E., Gotschlich E. C. Hemagglutination by purified type I Escherichia coli pili. J Exp Med. 1977 Nov 1;146(5):1169–1181. doi: 10.1084/jem.146.5.1169. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  420. Salit I. E., Gotschlich E. C. Type I Escherichia coli pili: characterization of binding to monkey kidney cells. J Exp Med. 1977 Nov 1;146(5):1182–1194. doi: 10.1084/jem.146.5.1182. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  421. Salit I. E., Hanley J., Clubb L., Fanning S. Detection of pilus subunits (pilins) and filaments by using anti-P pilin antisera. Infect Immun. 1988 Sep;56(9):2330–2335. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.9.2330-2335.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  422. Salit I. E., Hanley J., Clubb L., Fanning S. The human antibody response to uropathogenic Escherichia coli: a review. Can J Microbiol. 1988 Mar;34(3):312–318. doi: 10.1139/m88-057. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  423. Salit I. E., Vavougios J., Hofmann T. Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli pili from diverse clinical sources. Infect Immun. 1983 Nov;42(2):755–762. doi: 10.1128/iai.42.2.755-762.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  424. Sandberg T., Kaijser B., Lidin-Janson G., Lincoln K., Orskov F., Orskov I., Stokland E., Svanborg-Edén C. Virulence of Escherichia coli in relation to host factors in women with symptomatic urinary tract infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Aug;26(8):1471–1476. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.8.1471-1476.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  425. Sandberg T., Stenqvist K., Svanborg Edén C., Lidin-Janson G. Host-parasite relationship in urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Prog Allergy. 1983;33:228–235. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  426. Sandberg T., Stenqvist K., Svanborg-Edén C. Effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and nitrofurantoin on the attachment of Escherichia coli to human uroepithelial cells in vitro. Rev Infect Dis. 1979 Sep-Oct;1(5):838–844. doi: 10.1093/clinids/1.5.838. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  427. Sarff L. D., McCracken G. H., Schiffer M. S., Glode M. P., Robbins J. B., Orskov I., Orskov F. Epidemiology of Escherichia coli K1 in healthy and diseased newborns. Lancet. 1975 May 17;1(7916):1099–1104. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)92496-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  428. Schaeffer A. J., Amundsen S. K., Schmidt L. N. Adherence of Escherichia coli to human urinary tract epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1979 Jun;24(3):753–759. doi: 10.1128/iai.24.3.753-759.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  429. Schaeffer A. J., Jones J. M., Dunn J. K. Association of vitro Escherichia coli adherence to vaginal and buccal epithelial cells with susceptibility of women to recurrent urinary-tract infections. N Engl J Med. 1981 Apr 30;304(18):1062–1066. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198104303041802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  430. Schaeffer A. J., Jones J. M., Falkowski W. S., Duncan J. L., Chmiel J. S., Plotkin B. J. Variable adherence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to epithelial cells from women with recurrent urinary tract infection. J Urol. 1982 Dec;128(6):1227–1230. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)53435-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  431. Schaeffer A. J., Schwan W. R., Hultgren S. J., Duncan J. L. Relationship of type 1 pilus expression in Escherichia coli to ascending urinary tract infections in mice. Infect Immun. 1987 Feb;55(2):373–380. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.2.373-380.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  432. Scheffer J., König W., Braun V., Goebel W. Comparison of four hemolysin-producing organisms (Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Listeria monocytogenes) for release of inflammatory mediators from various cells. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Mar;26(3):544–551. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.3.544-551.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  433. Scheffer J., König W., Hacker J., Goebel W. Bacterial adherence and hemolysin production from Escherichia coli induces histamine and leukotriene release from various cells. Infect Immun. 1985 Oct;50(1):271–278. doi: 10.1128/iai.50.1.271-278.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  434. Schiffer M. S., Oliveira E., Glode M. P., McCracken G. H., Jr, Sarff L. M., Robbins J. B. A review: relation between invasiveness and the K1 capsular polysaccharide of Escherichia coli. Pediatr Res. 1976 Feb;10(2):82–87. doi: 10.1203/00006450-197602000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  435. Schmidt M. A., O'Hanley P., Schoolnik G. K. Gal-Gal pyelonephritis Escherichia coli pili linear immunogenic and antigenic epitopes. J Exp Med. 1985 Apr 1;161(4):705–717. doi: 10.1084/jem.161.4.705. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  436. Schoolrik G. K. How Escherichia coli infects the urinary tract. N Engl J Med. 1989 Mar 23;320(12):804–805. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198903233201211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  437. Schulte-Wissermann H., Mannhardt W., Schwarz J., Zepp F., Bitter-Suermann D. Comparison of the antibacterial effect of uroepithelial cells from healthy donors and children with asymptomatic bacteriuria. Eur J Pediatr. 1985 Sep;144(3):230–233. doi: 10.1007/BF00451947. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  438. Seetharama S., Cavalieri S. J., Snyder I. S. Immune response to Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin in patients. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 May;26(5):850–856. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.5.850-856.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  439. Senior D., Baker N., Cedergren B., Falk P., Larson G., Lindstedt R., Edén C. S. Globo-A--a new receptor specificity for attaching Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett. 1988 Sep 12;237(1-2):123–127. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80184-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  440. Sheinfeld J., Schaeffer A. J., Cordon-Cardo C., Rogatko A., Fair W. R. Association of the Lewis blood-group phenotype with recurrent urinary tract infections in women. N Engl J Med. 1989 Mar 23;320(12):773–777. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198903233201205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  441. Short E. C., Kurtz H. J. Properties of the Hemolytic Activities of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1971 May;3(5):678–687. doi: 10.1128/iai.3.5.678-687.1971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  442. Silver R. P., Finn C. W., Vann W. F., Aaronson W., Schneerson R., Kretschmer P. J., Garon C. F. Molecular cloning of the K1 capsular polysaccharide genes of E. coli. Nature. 1981 Feb 19;289(5799):696–698. doi: 10.1038/289696b0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  443. Silver R. P., Vann W. F., Aaronson W. Genetic and molecular analyses of Escherichia coli K1 antigen genes. J Bacteriol. 1984 Feb;157(2):568–575. doi: 10.1128/jb.157.2.568-575.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  444. Silverblatt F. J., Cohen L. S. Antipili antibody affords protection against experimental ascending pyelonephritis. J Clin Invest. 1979 Jul;64(1):333–336. doi: 10.1172/JCI109458. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  445. Silverblatt F. J., Dreyer J. S., Schauer S. Effect of pili on susceptibility of Escherichia coli to phagocytosis. Infect Immun. 1979 Apr;24(1):218–223. doi: 10.1128/iai.24.1.218-223.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  446. Silverblatt F. J., Weinstein R., Rene P. Protection against experimental pyelonephritis by antibodies to pili. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1982;33:79–82. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  447. Smith H. W. A search for transmissible pathogenic characters in invasive strains of Escherichia coli: the discovery of a plasmid-controlled toxin and a plasmid-controlled lethal character closely associated, or identical, with colicine V. J Gen Microbiol. 1974 Jul;83(0):95–111. doi: 10.1099/00221287-83-1-95. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  448. Smith H. W., Huggins M. B. The association of the O18, K1 and H7 antigens and the Co1V plasmid of a strain of Escherichia coli with its virulence and immunogenicity. J Gen Microbiol. 1980 Dec;121(2):387–400. doi: 10.1099/00221287-121-2-387. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  449. Smith H. W., Huggins M. B. The toxic role of alpha-haemolysin in the pathogenesis of experimental Escherichia coli infection in mice. J Gen Microbiol. 1985 Feb;131(2):395–403. doi: 10.1099/00221287-131-2-395. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  450. Sobel J. D., Kaye D. Enhancement of Escherichia coli adherence to epithelial cells derived from estrogen-stimulated rats. Infect Immun. 1986 Jul;53(1):53–56. doi: 10.1128/iai.53.1.53-56.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  451. Sobel J. D., Muller G. Pathogenesis of bacteriuria in elderly women: the role of Escherichia coli adherence to vaginal epithelial cells. J Gerontol. 1984 Nov;39(6):682–685. doi: 10.1093/geronj/39.6.682. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  452. Springer W., Goebel W. Synthesis and secretion of hemolysin by Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1980 Oct;144(1):53–59. doi: 10.1128/jb.144.1.53-59.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  453. Stamm W. E., Hooton T. M., Johnson J. R., Johnson C., Stapleton A., Roberts P. L., Moseley S. L., Fihn S. D. Urinary tract infections: from pathogenesis to treatment. J Infect Dis. 1989 Mar;159(3):400–406. doi: 10.1093/infdis/159.3.400. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  454. Steadman R., Topley N., Jenner D. E., Davies M., Williams J. D. Type 1 fimbriate Escherichia coli stimulates a unique pattern of degranulation by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect Immun. 1988 Apr;56(4):815–822. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.4.815-822.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  455. Stendahl O., Normann B., Edebo L. Influence of O and K antigens on the surface properties of Escherichia coli in relation to phagocytosis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B. 1979 Apr;87B(2):85–91. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1979.tb02408.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  456. Stenqvist K., Sandberg T., Lidin-Janson G., Orskov F., Orskov I., Svanborg-Edén C. Virulence factors of Escherichia coli in urinary isolates from pregnant women. J Infect Dis. 1987 Dec;156(6):870–877. doi: 10.1093/infdis/156.6.870. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  457. Stuart S. J., Greenwood K. T., Luke R. K. Iron-suppressible production of hydroxamate by Escherichia coli isolates. Infect Immun. 1982 Jun;36(3):870–875. doi: 10.1128/iai.36.3.870-875.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  458. Sugarman B., Epps L. R. Effect of estrogens on bacterial adherence to HeLa cells. Infect Immun. 1982 Feb;35(2):633–638. doi: 10.1128/iai.35.2.633-638.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  459. Svanborg Edén C., Andersson B., Aniansson G., Jodal U., Lomberg H., Linder H., de Man P. Bacterial adherence in urinary and respiratory tract infection. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1988 Mar;62 (Suppl):136–148. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  460. Svanborg Edén C. Bacterial adherence in urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1986;20(2):81–88. doi: 10.3109/00365598609040553. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  461. Svanborg Edén C., Bjursten L. M., Hull R., Hull S., Magnusson K. E., Moldovano Z., Leffler H. Influence of adhesins on the interaction of Escherichia coli with human phagocytes. Infect Immun. 1984 Jun;44(3):672–680. doi: 10.1128/iai.44.3.672-680.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  462. Svanborg Edén C., Gotschlich E. C., Korhonen T. K., Leffler H., Schoolnik G. Aspects on structure and function of pili on uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Prog Allergy. 1983;33:189–202. doi: 10.1159/000318330. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  463. Svanborg Edén C., Hagberg L., Hanson L. A., Hull S., Hull R., Jodal U., Leffler H., Lomberg H., Straube E. Bacterial adherence--a pathogenetic mechanism in urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli. Prog Allergy. 1983;33:175–188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  464. Svanborg Edén C., de Man P. Bacterial virulence in urinary tract infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1987 Dec;1(4):731–750. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  465. Svanborg-Edén C., Hagberg L., Hull R., Hull S., Magnusson K. E., Ohman L. Bacterial virulence versus host resistance in the urinary tracts of mice. Infect Immun. 1987 May;55(5):1224–1232. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.5.1224-1232.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  466. Svanborg-Edén C., Jodal U. Attachment of Escherichia coli to urinary sediment epithelial cells from urinary tract infection-prone and healthy children. Infect Immun. 1979 Dec;26(3):837–840. doi: 10.1128/iai.26.3.837-840.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  467. Svanborg-Edén C., Mårild S., Korhonen T. K. Adhesion inhibition by antibodies. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1982;33:72–78. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  468. Svanborg-Edén C., Sandberg T., Stenqvist K., Ahlstedt S. Effects of subinhibitory amounts of ampicillin, amoxycillin and mecillinam on the adhesion of Escherichia coli bacteria to human urinary tract epithelial cells: a preliminary study. Infection. 1979;7 (Suppl 5):S452–S455. doi: 10.1007/BF01659769. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  469. Svenson S. B., Hultberg H., Källenius G., Korhonen T. K., Möllby R., Winberg J. P-fimbriae of pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli: identification and chemical characterization of receptors. Infection. 1983 Jan-Feb;11(1):61–67. doi: 10.1007/BF01651362. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  470. Svenson S. B., Källenius G. Density and localization of P-fimbriae-specific receptors on mammalian cells: fluorescence-activated cell analysis. Infection. 1983 Jan-Feb;11(1):6–12. doi: 10.1007/BF01651350. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  471. Svenson S. B., Källenius G., Korhonen T. K., Möllby R., Roberts J. A., Tullus K., Winberg J. Initiation of clinical pyelonephritis--the role of P-fimbriae-mediated bacterial adhesion. Contrib Nephrol. 1984;39:252–272. doi: 10.1159/000409254. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  472. Svenson S. B., Källenius G., Möllby R., Hultberg H., Winberg J. Rapid identification of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli by a receptor-specific particle agglutination test. Infection. 1982;10(4):209–214. doi: 10.1007/BF01666912. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  473. Sweeney G., Freer J. H. Location of binding sites on common type 1 fimbriae from Escherichia coli. J Gen Microbiol. 1979 Jun;112(2):321–328. doi: 10.1099/00221287-112-2-321. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  474. Söderström T., Hansson G., Larson G. The Escherichia coli K1 capsule shares antigenic determinants with the human gangliosides GM3 and GD3. N Engl J Med. 1984 Mar 15;310(11):726–727. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198403153101121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  475. TURCK M., PETERSDORF R. G. The epidemiology of nonenteric Escherichia coli infections: prevalence of serological groups. J Clin Invest. 1962 Sep;41:1760–1765. doi: 10.1172/JCI104635. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  476. Taylor P. W. An antibactericidal factor in the serum of two patients with infections of the upper urinary tract. Clin Sci. 1972 Jul;43(1):23–30. doi: 10.1042/cs0430023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  477. Taylor P. W. Bactericidal and bacteriolytic activity of serum against gram-negative bacteria. Microbiol Rev. 1983 Mar;47(1):46–83. doi: 10.1128/mr.47.1.46-83.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  478. Taylor P. W. Genetical studies of serum resistance in Escherichia coli. J Gen Microbiol. 1975 Jul;89(1):57–66. doi: 10.1099/00221287-89-1-57. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  479. Taylor P. W., Hughes C. Plasmid carriage and the serum sensitivity of enterobacteria. Infect Immun. 1978 Oct;22(1):10–17. doi: 10.1128/iai.22.1.10-17.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  480. Taylor P. W. Immunochemical investigations on lipopolysaccharides and acidic polysaccharides from serum-sensitive and serum-resistant strains of Escherichia coli isolated from urinary-tract infections. J Med Microbiol. 1976 Nov;9(4):405–421. doi: 10.1099/00222615-9-4-405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  481. Taylor P. W. Sensitivity of some smooth strains of Escherichia coli to the bactericidal action of normal human serum. J Clin Pathol. 1974 Aug;27(8):626–629. doi: 10.1136/jcp.27.8.626. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  482. Tewari R., Smith D. G., Rowbury R. J. A motility lesion in ColV+ Escherichia coli strains and its possible clinical significance. Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol. 1986 May-Jun;137A(3):223–237. doi: 10.1016/s0769-2609(86)80030-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  483. Thulesius O., Araj G. The effect of uropathogenic bacteria on ureteral motility. Urol Res. 1987;15(5):273–276. doi: 10.1007/BF00258194. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  484. Timmis K. N., Boulnois G. J., Bitter-Suermann D., Cabello F. C. Surface components of Escherichia coli that mediate resistance to the bactericidal activities of serum and phagocytes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1985;118:197–218. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-70586-1_11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  485. Topley N., Mackenzie R. K., Steadman R., Williams J. D. Escherichia coli virulence and renal scarring. J Infect Dis. 1989 Dec;160(6):1081–1083. doi: 10.1093/infdis/160.6.1081. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  486. Topley N., Steadman R., Mackenzie R., Knowlden J. M., Williams J. D. Type 1 fimbriate strains of Escherichia coli initiate renal parenchymal scarring. Kidney Int. 1989 Oct;36(4):609–616. doi: 10.1038/ki.1989.237. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  487. Tullus K., Fryklund B., Berglund B., Källenius G., Burman L. G. Influence of age on faecal carriage of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized neonates. J Hosp Infect. 1988 May;11(4):349–356. doi: 10.1016/0195-6701(88)90088-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  488. Tullus K., Hörlin K., Svenson S. B., Källenius G. Epidemic outbreaks of acute pyelonephritis caused by nosocomial spread of P fimbriated Escherichia coli in children. J Infect Dis. 1984 Nov;150(5):728–736. doi: 10.1093/infdis/150.5.728. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  489. Uhlin B. E., Båga M., Göransson M., Lindberg F. P., Lund B., Norgren M., Normark S. Genes determining adhesin formation in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1985;118:163–178. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-70586-1_9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  490. VOSTI K. L., GOLDBERG L. M., MONTO A. S., RANTZ L. A. HOST-PARASITE INTERACTION IN PATIENTS WITH INFECTIONS DUE TO ESCHERICHIA COLI. I. THE SEROGROUPING OF E. COLI FROM INTESTINAL AND EXTRAINTESTINAL SOURCES. J Clin Invest. 1964 Dec;43:2377–2385. doi: 10.1172/JCI105112. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  491. Valvano M. A., Crosa J. H. Aerobactin iron transport genes commonly encoded by certain ColV plasmids occur in the chromosome of a human invasive strain of Escherichia coli K1. Infect Immun. 1984 Oct;46(1):159–167. doi: 10.1128/iai.46.1.159-167.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  492. Valvano M. A., Crosa J. H. Molecular cloning, expression, and regulation in Escherichia coli K-12 of a chromosome-mediated aerobactin iron transport system from a human invasive isolate of E. coli K1. J Bacteriol. 1988 Dec;170(12):5529–5538. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.12.5529-5538.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  493. Valvano M. A., Silver R. P., Crosa J. H. Occurrence of chromosome- or plasmid-mediated aerobactin iron transport systems and hemolysin production among clonal groups of human invasive strains of Escherichia coli K1. Infect Immun. 1986 Apr;52(1):192–199. doi: 10.1128/iai.52.1.192-199.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  494. Van Die I., Van Megen I., Zuidweg E., Hoekstra W., De Ree H., Van den Bosch H., Bergmans H. Functional relationship among the gene clusters encoding F7(1), F7(2), F9, and F11 fimbriae of human uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1986 Jul;167(1):407–410. doi: 10.1128/jb.167.1.407-410.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  495. Van Dijk W. C., Verbrugh H. A., van der Tol M. E., Peters R., Verhoef J. Role of Escherichia coli K capsular antigens during complement activation, C3 fixation, and opsonization. Infect Immun. 1979 Aug;25(2):603–609. doi: 10.1128/iai.25.2.603-609.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  496. Van Tiel-Menkveld G. J., Mentjox-Vervuurt J. M., Oudega B., de Graaf F. K. Siderophore production by Enterobacter cloacae and a common receptor protein for the uptake of aerobactin and cloacin DF13. J Bacteriol. 1982 May;150(2):490–497. doi: 10.1128/jb.150.2.490-497.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  497. Vermeulen C., Cross A., Byrne W. R., Zollinger W. Quantitative relationship between capsular content and killing of K1-encapsulated Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1988 Oct;56(10):2723–2730. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.10.2723-2730.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  498. Verweij-van Vught A. M., van den Bosch J. F., Namavar F., Sparrius M., MacLaren D. M. K antigens of Escherichia coli and virulence in urinary-tract infection: studies in a mouse model. J Med Microbiol. 1983 May;16(2):147–155. doi: 10.1099/00222615-16-2-147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  499. Virkola R., Westerlund B., Holthöfer H., Parkkinen J., Kekomäki M., Korhonen T. K. Binding characteristics of Escherichia coli adhesins in human urinary bladder. Infect Immun. 1988 Oct;56(10):2615–2622. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.10.2615-2622.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  500. Vogel M., Hess J., Then I., Juarez A., Goebel W. Characterization of a sequence (hlyR) which enhances synthesis and secretion of hemolysin in Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet. 1988 Apr;212(1):76–84. doi: 10.1007/BF00322447. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  501. Vosbeck K., Handschin H., Menge E. B., Zak O. Effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on adhesiveness of Escherichia coli in vitro. Rev Infect Dis. 1979 Sep-Oct;1(5):845–851. doi: 10.1093/clinids/1.5.845. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  502. Vosbeck K., Mett H., Huber U., Bohn J., Petignat M. Effects of low concentrations of antibiotics on Escherichia coli adhesion. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982 Jun;21(6):864–869. doi: 10.1128/aac.21.6.864. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  503. Vosti K. L., Randall E. Sensitivity of serologically classified strains of escherichia coli of human origin to the serum bactericidal system. Am J Med Sci. 1970 Feb;259(2):114–119. doi: 10.1097/00000441-197002000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  504. Vosti K. L. Relationship of hemagglutination to other biological properties of serologically classified isolates of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1979 Aug;25(2):507–512. doi: 10.1128/iai.25.2.507-512.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  505. Väisänen-Rhen V., Elo J., Väisänen E., Siitonen A., Orskov I., Orskov F., Svenson S. B., Mäkelä P. H., Korhonen T. K. P-fimbriated clones among uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Infect Immun. 1984 Jan;43(1):149–155. doi: 10.1128/iai.43.1.149-155.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  506. Väisänen-Rhen V. Fimbria-like hemagglutinin of Escherichia coli O75 strains. Infect Immun. 1984 Nov;46(2):401–407. doi: 10.1128/iai.46.2.401-407.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  507. Väisänen-Rhen V., Korhonen T. K., Finne J. Novel cell-binding activity specific for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in an Escherichia coli strain. FEBS Lett. 1983 Aug 8;159(1-2):233–236. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80453-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  508. Väisänen-Rhen V., Saarela S., Rhen M. Mutations in cloned Escherichia coli P fimbriae genes that makes fimbriae-production resistant to suppression by trimethoprim. Microb Pathog. 1988 May;4(5):369–377. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(88)90064-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  509. Väisänen V., Korhonen T. K., Jokinen M., Gahmberg C. G., Ehnholm C. Blood group M specific haemagglutinin in pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli. Lancet. 1982 May 22;1(8282):1192–1192. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)92264-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  510. Väisänen V., Lounatmaa K., Korhonen T. K. Effects of sublethal concentrations of antimicrobial agents on the hemagglutination, adhesion, and ultrastructure of pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982 Jul;22(1):120–127. doi: 10.1128/aac.22.1.120. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  511. Waalwijk C., MacLaren D. M., de Graaff J. In vivo function of hemolysin in the nephropathogenicity of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1983 Oct;42(1):245–249. doi: 10.1128/iai.42.1.245-249.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  512. Waalwijk C., de Graaff J., MacLaren D. M. Physical mapping of hemolysin plasmid pCW2, which codes for virulence of a nephropathogenic Escherichia coli strain. J Bacteriol. 1984 Jul;159(1):424–426. doi: 10.1128/jb.159.1.424-426.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  513. Waalwijk C., van den Bosch J. F., MacLaren D. M., de Graaff J. Hemolysin plasmid coding for the virulence of a nephropathogenic Escherichia coli strain. Infect Immun. 1982 Jan;35(1):32–37. doi: 10.1128/iai.35.1.32-37.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  514. Wagner W., Kuhn M., Goebel W. Active and inactive forms of hemolysin (HlyA) from Escherichia coli. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler. 1988 Jan;369(1):39–46. doi: 10.1515/bchm3.1988.369.1.39. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  515. Wagner W., Vogel M., Goebel W. Transport of hemolysin across the outer membrane of Escherichia coli requires two functions. J Bacteriol. 1983 Apr;154(1):200–210. doi: 10.1128/jb.154.1.200-210.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  516. Walton J. R., Smith D. H. New hemolysin (gamma) produced by Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1969 Apr;98(1):304–305. doi: 10.1128/jb.98.1.304-305.1969. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  517. Warner P. J., Williams P. H., Bindereif A., Neilands J. B. ColV plasmid-specific aerobactin synthesis by invasive strains of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1981 Aug;33(2):540–545. doi: 10.1128/iai.33.2.540-545.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  518. Warren J. W., Mobley H. L., Trifillis A. L. Internalization of Escherichia coli into human renal tubular epithelial cells. J Infect Dis. 1988 Jul;158(1):221–223. doi: 10.1093/infdis/158.1.221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  519. Waters V. L., Crosa J. H. DNA environment of the aerobactin iron uptake system genes in prototypic ColV plasmids. J Bacteriol. 1986 Aug;167(2):647–654. doi: 10.1128/jb.167.2.647-654.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  520. Waters V. L., Crosa J. H. Divergence of the aerobactin iron uptake systems encoded by plasmids pColV-K30 in Escherichia coli K-12 and pSMN1 in Aerobacter aerogenes 62-1. J Bacteriol. 1988 Nov;170(11):5153–5160. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.11.5153-5160.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  521. Watkins W. M. Genetics and biochemistry of some human blood groups. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1978 Jun 5;202(1146):31–53. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1978.0056. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  522. Weinberg E. D. Iron and infection. Microbiol Rev. 1978 Mar;42(1):45–66. doi: 10.1128/mr.42.1.45-66.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  523. Weinstein R., Silverblatt F. J. Antibacterial mechanisms of antibody to mannose-sensitive pili of Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis. 1983 May;147(5):882–889. doi: 10.1093/infdis/147.5.882. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  524. Weinstein R., Young L. S. Phagocytic resistance of Escherichia coli K-1 isolates and relationship to virulence. J Clin Microbiol. 1978 Dec;8(6):748–755. doi: 10.1128/jcm.8.6.748-755.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  525. Welch R. A., Dellinger E. P., Minshew B., Falkow S. Haemolysin contributes to virulence of extra-intestinal E. coli infections. Nature. 1981 Dec 17;294(5842):665–667. doi: 10.1038/294665a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  526. Welch R. A., Falkow S. Characterization of Escherichia coli hemolysins conferring quantitative differences in virulence. Infect Immun. 1984 Jan;43(1):156–160. doi: 10.1128/iai.43.1.156-160.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  527. Welch R. A., Hull R., Falkow S. Molecular cloning and physical characterization of a chromosomal hemolysin from Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1983 Oct;42(1):178–186. doi: 10.1128/iai.42.1.178-186.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  528. Welch R. A. Identification of two different hemolysin determinants in uropathogenic Proteus isolates. Infect Immun. 1987 Sep;55(9):2183–2190. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.9.2183-2190.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  529. Welch R. A., Pellett S. Transcriptional organization of the Escherichia coli hemolysin genes. J Bacteriol. 1988 Apr;170(4):1622–1630. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.4.1622-1630.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  530. Westerlund B., Siitonen A., Elo J., Williams P. H., Korhonen T. K., Mäkelä P. H. Properties of Escherichia coli isolates from urinary tract infections in boys. J Infect Dis. 1988 Nov;158(5):996–1002. doi: 10.1093/infdis/158.5.996. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  531. Williams P. H., Carbonetti N. H. Iron, siderophores, and the pursuit of virulence: independence of the aerobactin and enterochelin iron uptake systems in Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1986 Mar;51(3):942–947. doi: 10.1128/iai.51.3.942-947.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  532. Williams P. H. Novel iron uptake system specified by ColV plasmids: an important component in the virulence of invasive strains of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1979 Dec;26(3):925–932. doi: 10.1128/iai.26.3.925-932.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  533. Williams P. H., Roberts M. Aerobactin-mediated iron uptake: a virulence determinant in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli? Lancet. 1985 Mar 30;1(8431):763–763. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91311-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  534. Winberg J., Bollgren I., Källenius G., Möllby R., Svenson S. B. Clinical pyelonephritis and focal renal scarring. A selected review of pathogenesis, prevention, and prognosis. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1982 Aug;29(4):801–814. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)34213-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  535. Winberg J. P-fimbriae, bacterial adhesion, and pyelonephritis. Arch Dis Child. 1984 Feb;59(2):180–184. doi: 10.1136/adc.59.2.180. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  536. Wold A. E., Thorssén M., Hull S., Edén C. S. Attachment of Escherichia coli via mannose- or Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta-containing receptors to human colonic epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1988 Oct;56(10):2531–2537. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.10.2531-2537.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  537. de Lorenzo V., Bindereif A., Paw B. H., Neilands J. B. Aerobactin biosynthesis and transport genes of plasmid ColV-K30 in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol. 1986 Feb;165(2):570–578. doi: 10.1128/jb.165.2.570-578.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  538. de Lorenzo V., Herrero M., Neilands J. B. IS1-mediated mobility of the aerobactin system of pColV-K30 in Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet. 1988 Aug;213(2-3):487–490. doi: 10.1007/BF00339620. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  539. de Lorenzo V., Martinez J. L. Aerobactin production as a virulence factor: a reevaluation. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1988 Oct;7(5):621–629. doi: 10.1007/BF01964239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  540. de Lorenzo V., Neilands J. B. Characterization of iucA and iucC genes of the aerobactin system of plasmid ColV-K30 in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1986 Jul;167(1):350–355. doi: 10.1128/jb.167.1.350-355.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  541. de Man P., Cedergren B., Enerbäck S., Larsson A. C., Leffler H., Lundell A. L., Nilsson B., Svanborg-Edén C. Receptor-specific agglutination tests for detection of bacteria that bind globoseries glycolipids. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Feb;25(2):401–406. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.2.401-406.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  542. de Man P., Cläeson I., Johanson I. M., Jodal U., Svanborg Edén C. Bacterial attachment as a predictor of renal abnormalities in boys with urinary tract infection. J Pediatr. 1989 Dec;115(6):915–922. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(89)80742-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  543. de Man P., Jodal U., Lincoln K., Edén C. S. Bacterial attachment and inflammation in the urinary tract. J Infect Dis. 1988 Jul;158(1):29–35. doi: 10.1093/infdis/158.1.29. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  544. de Ree J. M., Schwillens P., van den Bosch J. F. Monoclonal antibodies for serotyping the P fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Jul;24(1):121–125. doi: 10.1128/jcm.24.1.121-125.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  545. de Ree J. M., Schwillens P., van den Bosch J. F. Monoclonal antibodies raised against Pap fimbriae recognize minor component(s) involved in receptor binding. Microb Pathog. 1987 Feb;2(2):113–121. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(87)90103-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  546. de Ree J. M., Schwillens P., van den Bosch J. F. Monoclonal antibodies that recognize the P fimbriae F71, F72, F9, and F11 from uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1985 Dec;50(3):900–904. doi: 10.1128/iai.50.3.900-904.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  547. de Ree J. M., van den Bosch J. F. Serological response to the P fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in pyelonephritis. Infect Immun. 1987 Sep;55(9):2204–2207. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.9.2204-2207.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  548. van Die I., Bergmans H. Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the F72 fimbrial subunit of a uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain. Gene. 1984 Dec;32(1-2):83–90. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(84)90035-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  549. van Die I., Hoekstra W., Bergmans H. Analysis of the primary structure of P-fimbrillins of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Microb Pathog. 1987 Sep;3(3):149–154. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(87)90091-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  550. van Die I., Zuidweg E., Hoekstra W., Bergmans H. The role of fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli as carriers of the adhesin involved in mannose-resistant hemagglutination. Microb Pathog. 1986 Feb;1(1):51–56. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(86)90031-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  551. van Die I., van Megen I., Hoekstra W., Bergmans H. Molecular organisation of the genes involved in the production of F7(2) fimbriae, causing mannose-resistant haemagglutination, of a uropathogenic Escherichia coli 06:K2:H1:F7 strain. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;194(3):528–533. doi: 10.1007/BF00425570. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  552. van den Bosch J. F., Postma P., Koopman P. A., de Graaff J., MacLaren D. M., van Brenk D. G., Guinée P. A. Virulence of urinary and faecal Escherichia coli in relation to serotype, haemolysis and haemagglutination. J Hyg (Lond) 1982 Jun;88(3):567–577. doi: 10.1017/s002217240007042x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  553. van den Bosch J. F., Postma P., de Graaff J., MacLaren D. M. Haemolysis by urinary Escherichia coli and virulence in mice. J Med Microbiol. 1981 Aug;14(3):321–331. doi: 10.1099/00222615-14-3-321. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  554. van den Bosch J. F., de Graaff J., MacLaren D. M. Virulence of Escherichia coli in experimental hematogenous pyelonephritis in mice. Infect Immun. 1979 Jul;25(1):68–74. doi: 10.1128/iai.25.1.68-74.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  555. van der Bosch J. F., Verboom-Sohmer U., Postma P., de Graaff J., MacLaren D. M. Mannose-sensitive and mannose-resistant adherence to human uroepithelial cells and urinary virulence of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1980 Jul;29(1):226–233. doi: 10.1128/iai.29.1.226-233.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical Microbiology Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES