Skip to main content
Clinical Microbiology Reviews logoLink to Clinical Microbiology Reviews
. 1991 Oct;4(4):397–410. doi: 10.1128/cmr.4.4.397

Recent advances in the study of the taxonomy, pathogenicity, and infectious syndromes associated with the genus Aeromonas.

J M Janda 1
PMCID: PMC358208  PMID: 1747858

Abstract

Over the past decade, the emergence of Aeromonas species as bona fide human pathogens and their probable role as etiologic agents of bacterial gastroenteritis have resulted in an explosion of scientific interest in the genus. Major accomplishments occurring in this field during that interval include a more refined taxonomy, identification of new cell-associated factors (surface layers, pili), and the molecular analysis of selected extracellular gene products that may play a critical role in pathogenesis (hemolysins, enterotoxins). This review provides an updated overview of recent systematic, clinical, and pathophysiologic advances and defines key areas of medical and scientific interest in which major questions remain unanswered.

Full text

PDF
397

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abrutyn E. Hospital-associated infection from leeches. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Sep 1;109(5):356–358. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-109-5-356. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Altwegg M., Geiss H. K. Aeromonas as a human pathogen. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1989;16(4):253–286. doi: 10.3109/10408418909105478. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Altwegg M., Steigerwalt A. G., Altwegg-Bissig R., Lüthy-Hottenstein J., Brenner D. J. Biochemical identification of Aeromonas genospecies isolated from humans. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Feb;28(2):258–264. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.2.258-264.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Asao T., Kinoshita Y., Kozaki S., Uemura T., Sakaguchi G. Purification and some properties of Aeromonas hydrophila hemolysin. Infect Immun. 1984 Oct;46(1):122–127. doi: 10.1128/iai.46.1.122-127.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Asao T., Kozaki S., Kato K., Kinoshita Y., Otsu K., Uemura T., Sakaguchi G. Purification and characterization of an Aeromonas hydrophila hemolysin. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Aug;24(2):228–232. doi: 10.1128/jcm.24.2.228-232.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Atkinson H. M., Trust T. J. Hemagglutination properties and adherence ability of Aeromonas hydrophila. Infect Immun. 1980 Mar;27(3):938–946. doi: 10.1128/iai.27.3.938-946.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Banoub J. H., Choy Y. M., Michon F., Shaw D. H. Structural investigations on the core oligosaccharide of Aeromonas hydrophila (Chemotype II) lipopolysaccharide. Carbohydr Res. 1983 Apr 1;114(2):267–276. doi: 10.1016/0008-6215(83)88193-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Barghouthi S., Young R., Olson M. O., Arceneaux J. E., Clem L. W., Byers B. R. Amonabactin, a novel tryptophan- or phenylalanine-containing phenolate siderophore in Aeromonas hydrophila. J Bacteriol. 1989 Apr;171(4):1811–1816. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.4.1811-1816.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Belland R. J., Trust T. J. Cloning of the gene for the surface array protein of Aeromonas salmonicida and evidence linking loss of expression with genetic deletion. J Bacteriol. 1987 Sep;169(9):4086–4091. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.9.4086-4091.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Belland R. J., Trust T. J. Synthesis, export, and assembly of Aeromonas salmonicida A-layer analyzed by transposon mutagenesis. J Bacteriol. 1985 Sep;163(3):877–881. doi: 10.1128/jb.163.3.877-881.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bernheimer A. W., Avigad L. S. Partial characterization of aerolysin, a lytic exotoxin from Aeromonas hydrophila. Infect Immun. 1974 Jun;9(6):1016–1021. doi: 10.1128/iai.9.6.1016-1021.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bettelheim K. A., Brown J. E., Lolekha S., Echeverria P. Serotypes of Escherichia coli that hybridized with DNA probes for genes encoding Shiga-like toxin I, Shiga-like toxin II, and serogroup O157 enterhemorrhagic E. coli fimbriae isolated from adults with diarrhea in Thailand. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Feb;28(2):293–295. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.2.293-295.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bhakdi S., Tranum-Jensen J. Damage to cell membranes by pore-forming bacterial cytolysins. Prog Allergy. 1988;40:1–43. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bloch S., Monteil H. Purification and characterization of Aeromonas hydrophila beta-hemolysin. Toxicon. 1989;27(12):1279–1287. doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(89)90059-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Brenden R. A., Janda J. M. The interaction of complement components with Aeromonas species. Can J Microbiol. 1986 Jan;32(1):1–3. doi: 10.1139/m86-001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Brenden R., Janda J. M. Detection, quantitation and stability of the beta haemolysin of Aeromonas spp. J Med Microbiol. 1987 Nov;24(3):247–251. doi: 10.1099/00222615-24-3-247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Brook I., Rogers J., Rollins D. M., Coolbaugh J. C., Walker R. I. Pathogenicity of aeromonas. J Infect. 1985 Jan;10(1):32–37. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(85)80006-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Burke V., Robinson J., Atkinson H. M., Gracey M. Biochemical characteristics of enterotoxigenic Aeromonas spp. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Jan;15(1):48–52. doi: 10.1128/jcm.15.1.48-52.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Burke V., Robinson J., Beaman J., Gracey M., Lesmana M., Rockhill R., Echeverria P., Janda J. M. Correlation of enterotoxicity with biotype in Aeromonas spp. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Nov;18(5):1196–1200. doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.5.1196-1200.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Carnahan A. M., Chakraborty T., Fanning G. R., Verma D., Ali A., Janda J. M., Joseph S. W. Aeromonas trota sp. nov., an ampicillin-susceptible species isolated from clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Jun;29(6):1206–1210. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.6.1206-1210.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Carnahan A. M., Marii M. A., Fanning G. R., Pass M. A., Joseph S. W. Characterization of Aeromonas schubertii strains recently isolated from traumatic wound infections. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Aug;27(8):1826–1830. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.8.1826-1830.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Carnahan A., Fanning G. R., Joseph S. W. Aeromonas jandaei (formerly genospecies DNA group 9 A. sobria), a new sucrose-negative species isolated from clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Mar;29(3):560–564. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.3.560-564.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Carrello A., Silburn K. A., Budden J. R., Chang B. J. Adhesion of clinical and environmental Aeromonas isolates to HEp-2 cells. J Med Microbiol. 1988 May;26(1):19–27. doi: 10.1099/00222615-26-1-19. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Chakraborty T., Huhle B., Hof H., Bergbauer H., Goebel W. Marker exchange mutagenesis of the aerolysin determinant in Aeromonas hydrophila demonstrates the role of aerolysin in A. hydrophila-associated systemic infections. Infect Immun. 1987 Sep;55(9):2274–2280. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.9.2274-2280.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Chakraborty T., Montenegro M. A., Sanyal S. C., Helmuth R., Bulling E., Timmis K. N. Cloning of enterotoxin gene from Aeromonas hydrophila provides conclusive evidence of production of a cytotonic enterotoxin. Infect Immun. 1984 Nov;46(2):435–441. doi: 10.1128/iai.46.2.435-441.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Chang B. J., Bolton S. M. Plasmids and resistance to antimicrobial agents in Aeromonas sobria and Aeromonas hydrophila clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987 Aug;31(8):1281–1282. doi: 10.1128/aac.31.8.1281. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Chart H., Shaw D. H., Ishiguro E. E., Trust T. J. Structural and immunochemical homogeneity of Aeromonas salmonicida lipopolysaccharide. J Bacteriol. 1984 Apr;158(1):16–22. doi: 10.1128/jb.158.1.16-22.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Chart H., Trust T. J. Acquisition of iron by Aeromonas salmonicida. J Bacteriol. 1983 Nov;156(2):758–764. doi: 10.1128/jb.156.2.758-764.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Chopra A. K., Houston C. W., Genaux C. T., Dixon J. D., Kurosky A. Evidence for production of an enterotoxin and cholera toxin cross-reactive factor by Aeromonas hydrophila. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Oct;24(4):661–664. doi: 10.1128/jcm.24.4.661-664.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Crosa J. H. Genetics and molecular biology of siderophore-mediated iron transport in bacteria. Microbiol Rev. 1989 Dec;53(4):517–530. doi: 10.1128/mr.53.4.517-530.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Daily O. P., Joseph S. W., Coolbaugh J. C., Walker R. I., Merrell B. R., Rollins D. M., Seidler R. J., Colwell R. R., Lissner C. R. Association of Aeromonas sobria with human infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Apr;13(4):769–777. doi: 10.1128/jcm.13.4.769-777.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Dickson W. A., Boothman P., Hare K. An unusual source of hospital wound infection. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984 Dec 22;289(6460):1727–1728. doi: 10.1136/bmj.289.6460.1727. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Doman D. B., Golding M. I., Goldberg H. J., Doyle R. B. Aeromonas hydrophila colitis presenting as medically refractory inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989 Jan;84(1):83–85. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Dooley J. S., Lallier R., Shaw D. H., Trust T. J. Electrophoretic and immunochemical analyses of the lipopolysaccharides from various strains of Aeromonas hydrophila. J Bacteriol. 1985 Oct;164(1):263–269. doi: 10.1128/jb.164.1.263-269.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Dooley J. S., McCubbin W. D., Kay C. M., Trust T. J. Isolation and biochemical characterization of the S-layer protein from a pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila strain. J Bacteriol. 1988 Jun;170(6):2631–2638. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.6.2631-2638.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Dooley J. S., Trust T. J. Surface protein composition of Aeromonas hydrophila strains virulent for fish: identification of a surface array protein. J Bacteriol. 1988 Feb;170(2):499–506. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.2.499-506.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Dryden M., Munro R. Aeromonas septicemia: relationship of species and clinical features. Pathology. 1989 Apr;21(2):111–114. doi: 10.3109/00313028909059546. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Farraye F. A., Peppercorn M. A., Ciano P. S., Kavesh W. N. Segmental colitis associated with Aeromonas hydrophila. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989 Apr;84(4):436–438. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Figueroa G., Galeno H., Soto V., Troncoso M., Hinrichsen V., Yudelevich A. Enteropathogenicity of Aeromonas species isolated from infants: a cohort study. J Infect. 1988 Nov;17(3):205–213. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(88)96450-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Finlay B. B., Falkow S. Common themes in microbial pathogenicity. Microbiol Rev. 1989 Jun;53(2):210–230. doi: 10.1128/mr.53.2.210-230.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Giraldi R., Guth B. E., Trabulsi L. R. Production of Shiga-like toxin among Escherichia coli strains and other bacteria isolated from diarrhea in São Paulo, Brazil. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Jun;28(6):1460–1462. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.6.1460-1462.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Gobius K. S., Pemberton J. M. Molecular cloning, characterization, and nucleotide sequence of an extracellular amylase gene from Aeromonas hydrophila. J Bacteriol. 1988 Mar;170(3):1325–1332. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.3.1325-1332.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Gray S. J., Stickler D. J., Bryant T. N. The incidence of virulence factors in mesophilic Aeromonas species isolated from farm animals and their environment. Epidemiol Infect. 1990 Oct;105(2):277–294. doi: 10.1017/s0950268800047889. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Hickman-Brenner F. W., Fanning G. R., Arduino M. J., Brenner D. J., Farmer J. J., 3rd Aeromonas schubertii, a new mannitol-negative species found in human clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Aug;26(8):1561–1564. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.8.1561-1564.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Hickman-Brenner F. W., MacDonald K. L., Steigerwalt A. G., Fanning G. R., Brenner D. J., Farmer J. J., 3rd Aeromonas veronii, a new ornithine decarboxylase-positive species that may cause diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 May;25(5):900–906. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.5.900-906.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Hitchcock P. J., Leive L., Mäkelä P. H., Rietschel E. T., Strittmatter W., Morrison D. C. Lipopolysaccharide nomenclature--past, present, and future. J Bacteriol. 1986 Jun;166(3):699–705. doi: 10.1128/jb.166.3.699-705.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Ho A. S., Mietzner T. A., Smith A. J., Schoolnik G. K. The pili of Aeromonas hydrophila: identification of an environmentally regulated "mini pilin". J Exp Med. 1990 Sep 1;172(3):795–806. doi: 10.1084/jem.172.3.795. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Honda T., Sato M., Nishimura T., Higashitsutsumi M., Fukai K., Miwatani T. Demonstration of cholera toxin-related factor in cultures of Aeromonas species by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infect Immun. 1985 Oct;50(1):322–323. doi: 10.1128/iai.50.1.322-323.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Honma Y., Nakasone N. Pili of Aeromonas hydrophila: purification, characterization, and biological role. Microbiol Immunol. 1990;34(2):83–98. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1990.tb00995.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Howard S. P., Buckley J. T. Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the structural gene for the hemolytic toxin aerolysin from Aeromonas hydrophila. Mol Gen Genet. 1986 Aug;204(2):289–295. doi: 10.1007/BF00425512. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Ishiguro E. E., Ainsworth T., Trust T. J., Kay W. W. Congo red agar, a differential medium for Aeromonas salmonicida, detects the presence of the cell surface protein array involved in virulence. J Bacteriol. 1985 Dec;164(3):1233–1237. doi: 10.1128/jb.164.3.1233-1237.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Janda J. M., Brenden R. Importance of Aeromonas sobria in Aeromonas bacteremia. J Infect Dis. 1987 Mar;155(3):589–591. doi: 10.1093/infdis/155.3.589. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Janda J. M., Duffey P. S. Mesophilic aeromonads in human disease: current taxonomy, laboratory identification, and infectious disease spectrum. Rev Infect Dis. 1988 Sep-Oct;10(5):980–997. doi: 10.1093/clinids/10.5.980. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Janda J. M., Motyl M. R. Cephalothin susceptibility as a potential marker for the Aeromonas sobria group. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Nov;22(5):854–855. doi: 10.1128/jcm.22.5.854-855.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Janda J. M., Oshiro L. S., Abbott S. L., Duffey P. S. Virulence markers of mesophilic aeromonads: association of the autoagglutination phenomenon with mouse pathogenicity and the presence of a peripheral cell-associated layer. Infect Immun. 1987 Dec;55(12):3070–3077. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.12.3070-3077.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Janda J. M., Reitano M., Bottone E. J. Biotyping of Aeromonas isolates as a correlate to delineating a species-associated disease spectrum. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Jan;19(1):44–47. doi: 10.1128/jcm.19.1.44-47.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Kay W. W., Buckley J. T., Ishiguro E. E., Phipps B. M., Monette J. P., Trust T. J. Purification and disposition of a surface protein associated with virulence of Aeromonas salmonicida. J Bacteriol. 1981 Sep;147(3):1077–1084. doi: 10.1128/jb.147.3.1077-1084.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Kay W. W., Phipps B. M., Ishiguro E. E., Olafson R. W., Trust T. J. Surface layer virulence A-proteins from Aeromonas salmonicida strains. Can J Biochem Cell Biol. 1984 Nov;62(11):1064–1071. doi: 10.1139/o84-137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Khardori N., Fainstein V. Aeromonas and Plesiomonas as etiological agents. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1988;42:395–419. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.42.100188.002143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Kokka R. P., Janda J. M. Isolation and identification of autoagglutinating serogroup O:11 Aeromonas strains in the clinical laboratory. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Jun;28(6):1297–1299. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.6.1297-1299.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Kokka R. P., Janda J. M., Oshiro L. S., Altwegg M., Shimada T., Sakazaki R., Brenner D. J. Biochemical and genetic characterization of autoagglutinating phenotypes of Aeromonas species associated with invasive and noninvasive disease. J Infect Dis. 1991 Apr;163(4):890–894. doi: 10.1093/infdis/163.4.890. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Kokka R. P., Vedros N. A., Janda J. M. Characterization of classic and atypical serogroup O:11 Aeromonas: evidence that the surface array protein is not directly involved in mouse pathogenicity. Microb Pathog. 1991 Jan;10(1):71–79. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(91)90067-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Kokka R. P., Vedros N. A., Janda J. M. Electrophoretic analysis of the surface components of autoagglutinating surface array protein-positive and surface array protein-negative Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Oct;28(10):2240–2247. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.10.2240-2247.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Kozaki S., Kato K., Asao T., Kamata Y., Sakaguchi G. Activities of Aeromonas hydrophila hemolysins and their interaction with erythrocyte membranes. Infect Immun. 1987 Jul;55(7):1594–1599. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.7.1594-1599.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Kozaki S., Kato K., Kurokawa A., Kamata Y., Asao T., Sakaguchi G. Production of monoclonal antibody against Aeromonas hydrophila haemolysin. J Med Microbiol. 1988 Mar;25(3):187–190. doi: 10.1099/00222615-25-3-187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Kuijper E. J., Bol P., Peeters M. F., Steigerwalt A. G., Zanen H. C., Brenner D. J. Clinical and epidemiologic aspects of members of Aeromonas DNA hybridization groups isolated from human feces. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Jul;27(7):1531–1537. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.7.1531-1537.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Kuijper E. J., Steigerwalt A. G., Schoenmakers B. S., Peeters M. F., Zanen H. C., Brenner D. J. Phenotypic characterization and DNA relatedness in human fecal isolates of Aeromonas spp. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Jan;27(1):132–138. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.1.132-138.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Kuijper E. J., van Alphen L., Leenders E., Zanen H. C. Typing of Aeromonas strains by DNA restriction endonuclease analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell envelopes. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Jun;27(6):1280–1285. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.6.1280-1285.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Kuijper E. J., van Alphen L., Peeters M. F., Brenner D. J. Human serum antibody response to the presence of Aeromonas spp. in the intestinal tract. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Mar;28(3):584–590. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.3.584-590.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Lawson M. A., Burke V., Chang B. J. Invasion of HEp-2 cells by fecal isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila. Infect Immun. 1985 Mar;47(3):680–683. doi: 10.1128/iai.47.3.680-683.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Levett P. N., Daniel R. R. Adhesion of vibrios and aeromonads to isolated rabbit brush borders. J Gen Microbiol. 1981 Jul;125(1):167–172. doi: 10.1099/00221287-125-1-167. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Ljungh A., Eneroth P., Wadström T. Cytotonic enterotoxin from Aeromonas hydrophila. Toxicon. 1982;20(4):787–794. doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(82)90126-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Ljungh A., Wretlind B., Möllby R. Separation and characterization of enterotoxin and two haemolysins from Aeromonas hydrophila. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B. 1981 Dec;89(6):387–397. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1981.tb00205_89b.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Low D., Blyn L. Interaction between pap-encoded pilin and adhesin gene products of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Rev Infect Dis. 1988 Jul-Aug;10 (Suppl 2):S300–S305. doi: 10.1093/cid/10.supplement_2.s300. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Mercer N. S., Beere D. M., Bornemisza A. J., Thomas P. Medical leeches as sources of wound infection. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987 Apr 11;294(6577):937–937. doi: 10.1136/bmj.294.6577.937. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Michon F., Shaw D. H., Banoub J. H. Structure of the lipopolysaccharide core isolated from a human strain of Aeromonas hydrophila. Eur J Biochem. 1984 Nov 15;145(1):107–114. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08528.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Mittal K. R., Lalonde G., Leblanc D., Olivier G., Lallier R. Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout: relation between virulence and surface characteristics. Can J Microbiol. 1980 Dec;26(12):1501–1503. doi: 10.1139/m80-248. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Montenegro M. A., Bitter-Suermann D., Timmis J. K., Agüero M. E., Cabello F. C., Sanyal S. C., Timmis K. N. traT gene sequences, serum resistance and pathogenicity-related factors in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria. J Gen Microbiol. 1985 Jun;131(6):1511–1521. doi: 10.1099/00221287-131-6-1511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Motyl M. R., McKinley G., Janda J. M. In vitro susceptibilities of Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, and Aeromonas caviae to 22 antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985 Jul;28(1):151–153. doi: 10.1128/aac.28.1.151. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Munn C. B., Ishiguro E. E., Kay W. W., Trust T. J. Role of surface components in serum resistance of virulent Aeromonas salmonicida. Infect Immun. 1982 Jun;36(3):1069–1075. doi: 10.1128/iai.36.3.1069-1075.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Namdari H., Bottone E. J. Correlation of the suicide phenomenon in Aeromonas species with virulence and enteropathogenicity. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Dec;26(12):2615–2619. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.12.2615-2619.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Namdari H., Bottone E. J. Cytotoxin and enterotoxin production as factors delineating enteropathogenicity of Aeromonas caviae. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Aug;28(8):1796–1798. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.8.1796-1798.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Namdari H., Cabelli V. J. Glucose-mediated catabolite repression of the tricarboxylic acid cycle as an explanation for increased acetic acid production in suicidal Aeromonas strains. J Bacteriol. 1990 Aug;172(8):4721–4724. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.8.4721-4724.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Nieto T. P., Ellis A. E. Characterization of extracellular metallo- and serine-proteases of Aeromonas hydrophila strain B51. J Gen Microbiol. 1986 Jul;132(7):1975–1979. doi: 10.1099/00221287-132-7-1975. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Paniagua C., Rivero O., Anguita J., Naharro G. Pathogenicity factors and virulence for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of motile Aeromonas spp. isolated from a river. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Feb;28(2):350–355. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.2.350-355.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Paula S. J., Duffey P. S., Abbott S. L., Kokka R. P., Oshiro L. S., Janda J. M., Shimada T., Sakazaki R. Surface properties of autoagglutinating mesophilic aeromonads. Infect Immun. 1988 Oct;56(10):2658–2665. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.10.2658-2665.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Payne S. M. Iron and virulence in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1988;16(2):81–111. doi: 10.3109/10408418809104468. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Pazzaglia G., Sack R. B., Bourgeois A. L., Froehlich J., Eckstein J. Diarrhea and intestinal invasiveness of Aeromonas strains in the removable intestinal tie rabbit model. Infect Immun. 1990 Jun;58(6):1924–1931. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.6.1924-1931.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Pollard D. R., Johnson W. M., Lior H., Tyler S. D., Rozee K. R. Rapid and specific detection of verotoxin genes in Escherichia coli by the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Mar;28(3):540–545. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.3.540-545.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Potomski J., Burke V., Robinson J., Fumarola D., Miragliotta G. Aeromonas cytotonic enterotoxin cross reactive with cholera toxin. J Med Microbiol. 1987 Mar;23(2):179–186. doi: 10.1099/00222615-23-2-179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Richerson J. T., Davis J. A., Meystrik R. Aeromonas, acclimation, and penicillin as complications when leeches are applied to skin flaps in rabbits. Lab Anim. 1990 Apr;24(2):147–150. doi: 10.1258/002367790780890077. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Rivero O., Anguita J., Paniagua C., Naharro G. Molecular cloning and characterization of an extracellular protease gene from Aeromonas hydrophila. J Bacteriol. 1990 Jul;172(7):3905–3908. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.7.3905-3908.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Roberts I. M., Parenti D. M., Albert M. B. Aeromonas hydrophila-associated colitis in a male homosexual. Arch Intern Med. 1987 Aug;147(8):1502–1503. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Sakai D. K. Loss of virulence in a protease-deficient mutant of Aeromonas salmonicida. Infect Immun. 1985 Apr;48(1):146–152. doi: 10.1128/iai.48.1.146-152.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. San Joaquin V. H., Pickett D. A. Aeromonas-associated gastroenteritis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1988 Jan;7(1):53–57. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198801000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Santos Y., Toranzo A. E., Barja J. L., Nieto T. P., Villa T. G. Virulence properties and enterotoxin production of Aeromonas strains isolated from fish. Infect Immun. 1988 Dec;56(12):3285–3293. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.12.3285-3293.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Sato M., Arita M., Honda T., Miwatani T. Characterization of a pilus produced by Aeromonas hydrophila. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1989 Jun;50(3):325–329. doi: 10.1016/0378-1097(89)90440-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Schubert R. H., Hegazi M. Aeromonas eucrenophila species nova Aeromonas caviae a later and illegitimate synonym of Aeromonas punctata. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1988 Mar;268(1):34–39. doi: 10.1016/s0176-6724(88)80112-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Schultz A. J., McCardell B. A. DNA homology and immunological cross-reactivity between Aeromonas hydrophila cytotonic toxin and cholera toxin. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Jan;26(1):57–61. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.1.57-61.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Shane S. M., Gifford D. H. Prevalence and pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila. Avian Dis. 1985 Jul-Sep;29(3):681–689. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Shaw D. H., Hodder H. J. Lipopolysaccharides of the motile aeromonads; core oligosaccharide analysis as an aid to taxonomic classification. Can J Microbiol. 1978 Jul;24(7):864–868. doi: 10.1139/m78-143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Shaw D. H., Lee Y. Z., Squires M. J., Lüderitz O. Structural studies on the O-antigen of Aeromonas salmonicida. Eur J Biochem. 1983 Apr 5;131(3):633–638. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07310.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Shimada T., Sakazaki R., Horigome K., Uesaka Y., Niwano K. Production of cholera-like enterotoxin by Aeromonas hydrophila. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1984 Jun;37(3):141–144. doi: 10.7883/yoken1952.37.141. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Smith H. Pathogenicity and the microbe in vivo. The 1989 Fred Griffith Review Lecture. J Gen Microbiol. 1990 Mar;136(3):377–393. doi: 10.1099/00221287-136-3-377. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Smith H. The development of studies on the determinants of bacterial pathogenicity. J Comp Pathol. 1988 Apr;98(3):253–273. doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(88)90036-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Snower D. P., Ruef C., Kuritza A. P., Edberg S. C. Aeromonas hydrophila infection associated with the use of medicinal leeches. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Jun;27(6):1421–1422. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.6.1421-1422.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Stern N. J., Kazmi S. U. Pathogenicity of Aeromonas sp. for BALB/c mice. J Pak Med Assoc. 1988 Feb;38(2):47–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Thelestam M., Ljungh A. Membrane-damaging and cytotoxic effects on human fibroblasts of alpha- and beta-hemolysins from Aeromonas hydrophila. Infect Immun. 1981 Dec;34(3):949–956. doi: 10.1128/iai.34.3.949-956.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Toranzo A. E., Barja J. L., Colwell R. R., Hetrick F. M. Characterization of plasmids in bacterial fish pathogen. Infect Immun. 1983 Jan;39(1):184–192. doi: 10.1128/iai.39.1.184-192.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Venkatesan M., Buysse J. M., Vandendries E., Kopecko D. J. Development and testing of invasion-associated DNA probes for detection of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Feb;26(2):261–266. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.2.261-266.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Wandersman C. Secretion, processing and activation of bacterial extracellular proteases. Mol Microbiol. 1989 Dec;3(12):1825–1831. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1989.tb00169.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Willoughby J. M., Rahman A. F., Gregory M. M. Chronic colitis after Aeromonas infection. Gut. 1989 May;30(5):686–690. doi: 10.1136/gut.30.5.686. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical Microbiology Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES