Skip to main content
Clinical Microbiology Reviews logoLink to Clinical Microbiology Reviews
. 1992 Jul;5(3):302–327. doi: 10.1128/cmr.5.3.302

Automated systems for identification of microorganisms.

C E Stager 1, J R Davis 1
PMCID: PMC358246  PMID: 1498768

Abstract

Automated instruments for the identification of microorganisms were introduced into clinical microbiology laboratories in the 1970s. During the past two decades, the capabilities and performance characteristics of automated identification systems have steadily progressed and improved. This article explores the development of the various automated identification systems available in the United States and reviews their performance for identification of microorganisms. Observations regarding deficiencies and suggested improvements for these systems are provided.

Full text

PDF
302

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Almeida R. J., Jorgensen J. H., Johnson J. E. Evaluation of the automicrobic system gram-positive identification card for species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Aug;18(2):438–439. doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.2.438-439.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Appelbaum P. C., Jacobs M. R., Heald J. I., Palko W. M., Duffett A., Crist R., Naugle P. A. Comparative evaluation of the API 20S system and the automicrobic system gram-positive identification card for species identification of streptococci. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Feb;19(2):164–168. doi: 10.1128/jcm.19.2.164-168.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Armon R., Potasman I., Green M. Biochemical fingerprints of Legionella spp. by the BIOLOG system: presumptive identification of clinical and environmental isolates. Lett Appl Microbiol. 1990 Dec;11(6):290–292. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1990.tb00184.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Barry A. L., Badal R. E. Identification of Enterobacteriaceae by the automicrobic system: Enterobacteriaceae biochemical cards versus Enterobacteriaceae-plus biochemical cards. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Apr;15(4):575–581. doi: 10.1128/jcm.15.4.575-581.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Barry A. L., Badal R. E. Reliability of early identifications obtained with Enterobacteriaceae-plus biochemical cards in the automicrobic system. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Aug;16(2):257–265. doi: 10.1128/jcm.16.2.257-265.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Barry A. L., Gavan T. L., Badal R. E., Telenson M. J. Direct comparison of two mechanized systems for identification of gram-negative bacilli. Autobac ID system versus the auto microbic system (with EBC plus). Am J Clin Pathol. 1982 Oct;78(4):462–470. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/78.4.462. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Barry A. L., Gavan T. L., Badal R. E., Telenson M. J. Sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the automicrobic system (with the Enterobacteriaceae-plus biochemical card) for identifying clinical isolates of Gram- negative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Apr;15(4):582–588. doi: 10.1128/jcm.15.4.582-588.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Barry A. L., Gavan T. L., Smith P. B., Matsen J. M., Morello J. A., Sielaff B. H. Accuracy and precision of the autobac system for rapid identification of Gram-negative bacilli: a collaborative evaluation. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Jun;15(6):1111–1119. doi: 10.1128/jcm.15.6.1111-1119.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bochner B. R. Sleuthing out bacterial identities. Nature. 1989 May 11;339(6220):157–158. doi: 10.1038/339157a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Burdash N. M., Teti G., West M. E., Bannister E. R., Manos J. P. Evaluation of an automated, computerized system (automicrobic system) for Enterobacteriaceae identification. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Feb;13(2):331–334. doi: 10.1128/jcm.13.2.331-334.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Burdash N. M., Welborn A. L., Teti G., Bannister E. R., Manos J. P. Identification of gram-negative bacilli using the Autobac IDX. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1985 Jan;3(1):59–64. doi: 10.1016/0732-8893(85)90067-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Carnahan A. M., Joseph S. W., Janda J. M. Species identification of Aeromonas strains based on carbon substrate oxidation profiles. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Sep;27(9):2128–2129. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.9.2128-2129.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Christenson J. C., Welch D. F., Mukwaya G., Muszynski M. J., Weaver R. E., Brenner D. J. Recovery of Pseudomonas gladioli from respiratory tract specimens of patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Feb;27(2):270–273. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.2.270-273.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Cooper B. H., Prowant S., Alexander B., Brunson D. H. Collaborative evaluation of the Abbott yeast identification system. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Jun;19(6):853–856. doi: 10.1128/jcm.19.6.853-856.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Costigan W. J., Hollick G. E. Use of the Autobac IDX system for rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Feb;19(2):301–302. doi: 10.1128/jcm.19.2.301-302.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. D'Amato R. F., Isenberg H. D., McKinley G. A., Baron E. J., Tepper R., Shulman M. Novel application of video image processing to biochemical and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Aug;26(8):1492–1495. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.8.1492-1495.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Davis J. R., Stager C. E., Wende R. D., Qadri S. M. Clinical laboratory evaluation of the automicrobic system Enterobacteriaceae biochemical card. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Oct;14(4):370–375. doi: 10.1128/jcm.14.4.370-375.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Facklam R. R., Collins M. D. Identification of Enterococcus species isolated from human infections by a conventional test scheme. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Apr;27(4):731–734. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.4.731-734.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Facklam R., Bosley G. S., Rhoden D., Franklin A. R., Weaver N., Schulman R. Comparative evaluation of the API 20S and AutoMicrobic gram-positive identification systems for non-beta-hemolytic streptococci and aerococci. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Apr;21(4):535–541. doi: 10.1128/jcm.21.4.535-541.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Ferraro M. J., Edelblut M. A., Kunz L. J. Accurate automated identification of selected Enterobacteriaceae at four hours. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Jan;13(1):151–157. doi: 10.1128/jcm.13.1.151-157.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Freeman J. W., Rowland R. W., Overman S. B., Goodman N. L. Laboratory evaluation of the AutoMicrobic system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 May;13(5):895–898. doi: 10.1128/jcm.13.5.895-898.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Gavini F., Husson M. O., Izard D., Bernigaud A., Quiviger B. Evaluation of autoscan-4 for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Aug;26(8):1586–1588. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.8.1586-1588.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Goldstein J., Guarneri J. J., Della-Latta P., Scherer J. Use of the automicrobic and enteric-tek systems for identification of Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Apr;15(4):654–659. doi: 10.1128/jcm.15.4.654-659.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Grasmick A. E., Naito N., Bruckner D. A. Clinical comparison of the AutoMicrobic system gram-positive identification card, API Staph-Ident, and conventional methods in the identification of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Dec;18(6):1323–1328. doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.6.1323-1328.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hasyn J. J., Buckley H. R. Evaluation of the AutoMicrobic system for identification of yeasts. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Nov;16(5):901–904. doi: 10.1128/jcm.16.5.901-904.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hasyn J. J., Cundy K. R., Dietz C. C., Wong W. Clinical laboratory evaluation of the Auto-Microbic system for rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Mar;13(3):491–497. doi: 10.1128/jcm.13.3.491-497.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Hussain Z., Stoakes L., Stevens D. L., Schieven B. C., Lannigan R., Jones C. Comparison of the MicroScan system with the API Staph-Ident system for species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Jan;23(1):126–128. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.1.126-128.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Isenberg H. D., Gavan T. L., Smith P. B., Sonnenwirth A., Taylor W., Martin W. J., Rhoden D., Balows A. Collaborative investigation of the AutoMicrobic System Enterobacteriaceae biochemical card. J Clin Microbiol. 1980 Jun;11(6):694–702. doi: 10.1128/jcm.11.6.694-702.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Johnson J. E., Brinkley A. W. Comparison of the AutoMicrobic system and a conventional tube system for identification of nonfermentative and oxidase-positive gram-negative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Jan;15(1):25–27. doi: 10.1128/jcm.15.1.25-27.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Jorgensen J. H., Dyke J. W., Helgeson N. G., Cooper B. H., Redding J. S., Crawford S. A., Andruszewski M. T., Prowant S. A. Collaborative evaluation of the Abbott Avantage system for identification of frequently isolated nonfermentative or oxidase-positive gram-negative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Nov;20(5):899–904. doi: 10.1128/jcm.20.5.899-904.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Jorgensen J. H., Johnson J. E., Alexander G. A., Paxson R., Alderson G. L. Comparison of automated and rapid manual methods for the same-day identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Am J Clin Pathol. 1983 Jun;79(6):683–687. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/79.6.683. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Kelly M. T., Matsen J. M., Morello J. A., Smith P. B., Tilton R. C. Collaborative clinical evaluation of the Autobac IDX system for identification of gram-negative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Apr;19(4):529–533. doi: 10.1128/jcm.19.4.529-533.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Kiehn T. E., Edwards F. F., Tom D., Lieberman G., Bernard E. M., Armstrong D. Evaluation of the Quantum II yeast identification system. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Aug;22(2):216–219. doi: 10.1128/jcm.22.2.216-219.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Kloos W. E., George C. G. Identification of Staphylococcus species and subspecies with the MicroScan Pos ID and Rapid Pos ID panel systems. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Apr;29(4):738–744. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.4.738-744.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kloos W. E., Schleifer K. H. Simplified scheme for routine identification of human Staphylococcus species. J Clin Microbiol. 1975 Jan;1(1):82–88. doi: 10.1128/jcm.1.1.82-88.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Lambert M. A., Moss C. W. Cellular fatty acid compositions and isoprenoid quinone contents of 23 Legionella species. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Mar;27(3):465–473. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.3.465-473.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Land G. A., Salkin I. F., el-Zaatari M., McGinnis M. R., Hashem G. Evaluation of the Baxter-MicroScan 4-hour enzyme-based yeast identification system. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Apr;29(4):718–722. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.4.718-722.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Land G., Stotler R., Land K., Staneck J. Update and evaluation of the AutoMicrobic yeast identification system. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Oct;20(4):649–652. doi: 10.1128/jcm.20.4.649-652.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Lapage S. P., Bascomb S., Willcox W. R., Curtis M. A. Identification of bacteria by computer: general aspects and perspectives. J Gen Microbiol. 1973 Aug;77(2):273–290. doi: 10.1099/00221287-77-2-273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Matthews K. R., Oliver S. P., King S. H. Comparison of Vitek Gram-Positive Identification system with API Staph-Trac system for species identification of staphylococci of bovine origin. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Jul;28(7):1649–1651. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.7.1649-1651.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Mauchline W. S., Keevil C. W. Development of the BIOLOG substrate utilization system for identification of Legionella spp. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991 Nov;57(11):3345–3349. doi: 10.1128/aem.57.11.3345-3349.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Miller J. M. Evaluating biochemical identification systems. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Aug;29(8):1559–1561. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.8.1559-1561.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Miller J. M., Rhoden D. L. Preliminary evaluation of Biolog, a carbon source utilization method for bacterial identification. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Jun;29(6):1143–1147. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.6.1143-1147.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Moss C. W. Gas-liquid chromatography as an analytical tool in microbiology. J Chromatogr. 1981 Jan 9;203:337–347. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)80305-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Moss C. W., Wallace P. L., Hollis D. G., Weaver R. E. Cultural and chemical characterization of CDC groups EO-2, M-5, and M-6, Moraxella (Moraxella) species, Oligella urethralis, Acinetobacter species, and Psychrobacter immobilis. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Mar;26(3):484–492. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.3.484-492.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Mukwaya G. M., Welch D. F. Subgrouping of Pseudomonas cepacia by cellular fatty acid composition. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Dec;27(12):2640–2646. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.12.2640-2646.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Murray P. R., Gauthier A., Niles A. Evaluation of the Quantum II and Rapid E identification systems. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Sep;20(3):509–514. doi: 10.1128/jcm.20.3.509-514.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. O'Hara C. M., Rhoden D. L., Miller J. M. Reevaluation of the API 20E identification system versus conventional biochemicals for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae: a new look at an old product. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Jan;30(1):123–125. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.1.123-125.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. O'Hara C. M., Rhoden D. L., Smith P. B. Agreement between visual and automated UniScept API readings. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Mar;28(3):452–454. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.3.452-454.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Oblack D. L., Rhodes J. C., Martin W. J. Clinical evaluation of the AutoMicrobic system Yeast Biochemical Card for rapid identification of medically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Feb;13(2):351–355. doi: 10.1128/jcm.13.2.351-355.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Osterhout G. J., Shull V. H., Dick J. D. Identification of clinical isolates of gram-negative nonfermentative bacteria by an automated cellular fatty acid identification system. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Sep;29(9):1822–1830. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.9.1822-1830.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Peterson E. M., Shigei J. T., Woolard A., de la Maza L. M. Identification of viridans streptococci by three commercial systems. Am J Clin Pathol. 1988 Jul;90(1):87–91. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/90.1.87. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Pfaller M. A., Bale M. J., Schulte K. R., Koontz F. P. Comparison of the Quantum II Bacterial Identification System and the AutoMicrobic System for the identification of gram-negative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Jan;23(1):1–5. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.1.1-5.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Pfaller M. A., Preston T., Bale M., Koontz F. P., Body B. A. Comparison of the Quantum II, API Yeast Ident, and AutoMicrobic systems for identification of clinical yeast isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Oct;26(10):2054–2058. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.10.2054-2058.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Pfaller M. A., Sahm D., O'Hara C., Ciaglia C., Yu M., Yamane N., Scharnweber G., Rhoden D. Comparison of the autoSCAN-W/A rapid bacterial identification system and the Vitek AutoMicrobic system for identification of gram-negative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Jul;29(7):1422–1428. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.7.1422-1428.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Plorde J. J., Gates J. A., Carlson L. G., Tenover F. C. Critical evaluation of the AutoMicrobic system gram-negative identification card for identification of glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative rods. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Feb;23(2):251–257. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.2.251-257.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Rhoden D. L., O'Hara C. M. Evaluation of the updated QUANTUM II system for the identification of gram-negative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Nov;27(11):2420–2422. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.11.2420-2422.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Rhoden D. L., Smith P. B., Baker C. N., Schable B. autoSCAN-4 system for identification of gram-negative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Dec;22(6):915–918. doi: 10.1128/jcm.22.6.915-918.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Ruoff K. L., Ferraro M. J., Jerz M. E., Kissling J. Automated identification of gram-positive bacteria. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Dec;16(6):1091–1095. doi: 10.1128/jcm.16.6.1091-1095.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Salkin I. F., Schadow K. H., Bankaitis L. A., McGinnis M. R., Kemna M. E. Evaluation of Abbott Quantum II yeast identification system. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Sep;22(3):442–444. doi: 10.1128/jcm.22.3.442-444.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Sekhon A. S., Padhye A. A., Garg A. K., Pruitt W. R. Evaluation of the Abbott Quantum II yeast identification system. Mykosen. 1987 Sep;30(9):408–411. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1987.tb03638.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Sielaff B. H., Matsen J. M., McKie J. E. Novel approach to bacterial identification that uses the autobac system. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Jun;15(6):1103–1110. doi: 10.1128/jcm.15.6.1103-1110.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Smith S. M., Cundy K. R., Gilardi G. L., Wong W. Evaluation of the AutoMicrobic system for identification of glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative rods. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Feb;15(2):302–307. doi: 10.1128/jcm.15.2.302-307.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. St Germain G., Beauchesne D. Evaluation of the MicroScan Rapid Yeast Identification panel. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Oct;29(10):2296–2299. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.10.2296-2299.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Stevens M., Feltham R. K., Schneider F., Grasmick C., Schaak F., Roos P. A collaborative evaluation of a rapid automated bacterial identification system: the Autobac IDX. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Oct;3(5):419–423. doi: 10.1007/BF02017362. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Stoakes L., Kelly T., Manarin K., Schieven B., Lannigan R., Groves D., Hussain Z. Accuracy and reproducibility of the MicroScan rapid anaerobe identification system with an automated reader. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Jun;28(6):1135–1138. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.6.1135-1138.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Stoakes L., Schieven B. C., Ofori E., Ewan P., Lannigan R., Hussain Z. Evaluation of MicroScan Rapid Pos Combo panels for identification of staphylococci. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Jan;30(1):93–95. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.1.93-95.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Sylvester M. K., Washington J. A., 2nd Evaluation of the Quantum II Microbiology System for bacterial identification. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Dec;20(6):1196–1197. doi: 10.1128/jcm.20.6.1196-1197.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Tenover F. C., Mizuki T. S., Carlson L. G. Evaluation of autoSCAN-W/A automated microbiology system for the identification of non-glucose-fermenting gram-negative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Jul;28(7):1628–1634. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.7.1628-1634.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Tritz D. M., Iwen P. C., Woods G. L. Evaluation of MicroScan for identification of Enterococcus species. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Jun;28(6):1477–1478. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.6.1477-1478.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Truant A. L., Starr E., Nevel C. A., Tsolakis M., Fiss E. F. Comparison of AMS-Vitek, MicroScan, and Autobac Series II for the identification of gram-negative bacilli. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1989 May-Jun;12(3):211–215. doi: 10.1016/0732-8893(89)90017-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Wallace P. L., Hollis D. G., Weaver R. E., Moss C. W. Cellular fatty acid composition of Kingella species, Cardiobacterium hominis, and Eikenella corrodens. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Aug;26(8):1592–1594. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.8.1592-1594.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Welch D. F. Applications of cellular fatty acid analysis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1991 Oct;4(4):422–438. doi: 10.1128/cmr.4.4.422. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Woolfrey B. F., Lally R. T., Ederer M. N., Quall C. O. Evaluation of the AutoMicrobic system for identification and susceptibility testing of gram-negative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Dec;20(6):1053–1059. doi: 10.1128/jcm.20.6.1053-1059.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Woolfrey B. F., Lally R. T., Quall C. O. Evaluation of the AutoSCAN-3 and Sceptor systems for Enterobacteriaceae identification. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 May;17(5):807–813. doi: 10.1128/jcm.17.5.807-813.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. el-Zaatari M., Pasarell L., McGinnis M. R., Buckner J., Land G. A., Salkin I. F. Evaluation of the updated Vitek yeast identification data base. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Sep;28(9):1938–1941. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.9.1938-1941.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical Microbiology Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES