Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Clinical Microbiology Reviews logoLink to Clinical Microbiology Reviews
. 1992 Oct;5(4):356–369. doi: 10.1128/cmr.5.4.356

Amebiasis.

D A Bruckner 1
PMCID: PMC358254  PMID: 1423215

Abstract

Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis, was first described in 1875. Although a large number of people throughout the world are infected with this organism, only a small percentage will develop clinical symptoms. Morbidity and mortality due to E. histolytica vary from area to area and person to person. Recent findings have suggested that there are pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of E. histolytica that can be differentiated by isoenzyme (zymodeme) analysis, monoclonal antibodies, and DNA probes. Whether pathogenicity is a genotypic trait or can be changed by environmental influences has not been resolved. Exchange of genetic material between strains of amebae can influence zymodeme patterns. Currently, detection of E. histolytica infections depends on examinations for ova and parasites and on serologic tests; however, the development of monoclonal antibodies and DNA probes specific for pathogenic zymodemes may be beneficial for clinical laboratory testing and therapeutic decisions when approved tests become available. A better understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenicity at the molecular level is evolving and should promote the development of vaccines and better target selection for therapeutic agents.

Full text

PDF
356

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Allason-Jones E., Mindel A., Sargeaunt P., Williams P. Entamoeba histolytica as a commensal intestinal parasite in homosexual men. N Engl J Med. 1986 Aug 7;315(6):353–356. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198608073150603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Andrews B. J., Mentzoni L., Bjorvatn B. Zymodeme conversion of isolates of Entamoeba histolytica. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990 Jan-Feb;84(1):63–65. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(90)90385-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. BEAVER P. C., JUNG R. C., READ T. R., ROBINSON T. A., SHERMAN H. J. Experimental Entamoeba histolytica infections in man. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1956 Nov;5(6):1000–1009. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1956.5.1000. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. BURROWS R. B. Endamoeba hartmanni. Am J Hyg. 1957 Mar;65(2):172–188. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119864. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. BURROWS R. B. Morphological differentiation of Entamoeba hartmanni and E. polecki from E. histolytica. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1959 Sep;8:583–589. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1959.8.583. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bhattacharya A., Bhattacharya S., Sharma M. P., Diamond L. S. Metabolic labeling of Entamoeba histolytica antigens: characterization of a 28-kDa major intracellular antigen. Exp Parasitol. 1990 Apr;70(3):255–263. doi: 10.1016/0014-4894(90)90107-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bhattacharya A., Ghildyal R., Prasad J., Bhattacharya S., Diamond L. S. Modulation of a surface antigen of Entamoeba histolytica in response to bacteria. Infect Immun. 1992 Apr;60(4):1711–1713. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.4.1711-1713.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Blakely P., Sargeaunt P. G., Reed S. L. An immunogenic 30-kDa surface antigen of pathogenic clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica. J Infect Dis. 1990 Oct;162(4):949–954. doi: 10.1093/infdis/162.4.949. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Blanc D., Nicholls R., Sargeaunt P. G. Experimental production of new zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica supports the hypothesis of genetic exchange. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989 Nov-Dec;83(6):787–790. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(89)90329-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Blanc D., Sargeaunt P. G. Entamoeba histolytica zymodemes: exhibition of gamma and delta bands only of glucose phosphate isomerase and phosphoglucomutase may be influenced by starch content in the medium. Exp Parasitol. 1991 Jan;72(1):87–90. doi: 10.1016/0014-4894(91)90124-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bracha R., Chayen A., Rosenberg I., Warren L. G., Mirelman D. Isolation and partial characterization of the hexokinase isoenzymes from pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1987 Sep;25(2):203–212. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(87)90009-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bracha R., Diamond L. S., Ackers J. P., Burchard G. D., Mirelman D. Differentiation of clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica by using specific DNA probes. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Apr;28(4):680–684. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.4.680-684.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bracha R., Mirelman D. Virulence of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Effects of bacteria, microaerobic conditions, and metronidazole. J Exp Med. 1984 Aug 1;160(2):353–368. doi: 10.1084/jem.160.2.353. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Brandt H., Tamayo R. P. Pathology of human amebiasis. Hum Pathol. 1970 Sep;1(3):351–385. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(70)80072-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bray R. S., Harris W. G. The epidemiology of infection with Entamoeba histolytica in the Gambia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1977;71(5):401–407. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(77)90038-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Brown M., Reed S., Levy J. A., Busch M., McKerrow J. H. Detection of HIV-1 in Entamoeba histolytica without evidence of transmission to human cells. AIDS. 1991 Jan;5(1):93–96. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199101000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Burchard G. D., Hufert F. T., Mirelman D. Characterization of 20 Entamoeba histolytica strains isolated from patients with HIV infection. Infection. 1991 May-Jun;19(3):164–169. doi: 10.1007/BF01643242. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Chadee K., Keller K., Forstner J., Innes D. J., Ravdin J. I. Mucin and nonmucin secretagogue activity of Entamoeba histolytica and cholera toxin in rat colon. Gastroenterology. 1991 Apr;100(4):986–997. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90274-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Chadee K., Petri W. A., Jr, Innes D. J., Ravdin J. I. Rat and human colonic mucins bind to and inhibit adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica. J Clin Invest. 1987 Nov;80(5):1245–1254. doi: 10.1172/JCI113199. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Clark C. G., Diamond L. S. Ribosomal RNA genes of 'pathogenic' and 'nonpathogenic' Entamoeba histolytica are distinct. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1991 Dec;49(2):297–302. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(91)90073-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Clark C. G., Diamond L. S. The Laredo strain and other 'Entamoeba histolytica-like' amoebae are Entamoeba moshkovskii. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1991 May;46(1):11–18. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(91)90194-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. DIAMOND L. S. Axenic cultivation of Entamoeba hitolytica. Science. 1961 Aug 4;134(3475):336–337. doi: 10.1126/science.134.3475.336. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. De Meester F., Mirelman D., Stolarsky T., Lester D. S. Identification of protein kinase C and its potential substrate in Entamoeba histolytica. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1990;97(4):707–711. doi: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90111-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Denis M., Chadee K. Immunopathology of Entamoeba histolytica infections. Parasitol Today. 1988 Sep;4(9):247–252. doi: 10.1016/0169-4758(88)90139-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Diamond L. S. Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903: from xenic to axenic cultivation. J Protozool. 1986 Feb;33(1):1–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05545.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Diamond L. S., Phillips B. P., Bartgis I. L. A comparison of the virulence of nine strains of axenically cultivated E. histolytica in hamster liver. Arch Invest Med (Mex) 1974;5(Suppl 2):423–426. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Farri T. A., Sargeaunt P. G., Warhurst D. C., Williams J. E., Bhojnani R. Electrophoretic studies of the hexokinase of Entamoeba histolytica groups I to IV. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1980;74(5):672–673. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(80)90165-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Garfinkel L. I., Giladi M., Huber M., Gitler C., Mirelman D., Revel M., Rozenblatt S. DNA probes specific for Entamoeba histolytica possessing pathogenic and nonpathogenic zymodemes. Infect Immun. 1989 Mar;57(3):926–931. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.3.926-931.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gathiram V., Jackson T. F. A longitudinal study of asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica. S Afr Med J. 1987 Nov 21;72(10):669–672. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Gathiram V., Jackson T. F. Pathogenic zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica remain unchanged throughout their life-cycle. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990 Nov-Dec;84(6):806–807. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(90)90091-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Giménez-Scherer J. A., Pacheco-Cano M. G., Cruz de Lavín E., Hernández-Jáuregui P., Merchant M. T., Kretschmer R. R. Ultrastructural changes associated with the inhibition of monocyte chemotaxis caused by products of axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica. Lab Invest. 1987 Jul;57(1):45–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Gitler C., Mirelman D. Factors contributing to the pathogenic behavior of Entamoeba histolytica. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1986;40:237–261. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.40.100186.001321. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Goldmeier D., Sargeaunt P. G., Price A. B., Munday P. E., Billington O., Dixon I., Borriello P., Carder J. M., Shaw A., Hilton J. Is Entamoeba histolytica in homosexual men a pathogen? Lancet. 1986 Mar 22;1(8482):641–644. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91723-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Guerrant R. L. Amebiasis: introduction, current status, and research questions. Rev Infect Dis. 1986 Mar-Apr;8(2):218–227. doi: 10.1093/clinids/8.2.218. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Guerrant R. L., Brush J., Ravdin J. I., Sullivan J. A., Mandell G. L. Interaction between Entamoeba histolytica and human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J Infect Dis. 1981 Jan;143(1):83–93. doi: 10.1093/infdis/143.1.83. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. HOARE C. A. Reservoir hosts and natural foci of human protozoal infections. Acta Trop. 1962;19:281–317. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Haque R., Hall A., Tzipori S. Zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1990 Dec;84(6):629–632. doi: 10.1080/00034983.1990.11812519. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Healy G. R. Immunologic tools in the diagnosis of amebiasis: epidemiology in the United States. Rev Infect Dis. 1986 Mar-Apr;8(2):239–246. doi: 10.1093/clinids/8.2.239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Healy G. R., Kraft S. C. The indirect hemagglutination test for amebiasis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Dig Dis. 1972 Feb;17(2):97–104. doi: 10.1007/BF02232727. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Huber M., Koller B., Gitler C., Mirelman D., Revel M., Rozenblatt S., Garfinkel L. Entamoeba histolytica ribosomal RNA genes are carried on palindromic circular DNA molecules. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1989 Jan 15;32(2-3):285–296. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(89)90077-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Jackson T. F., Gathiram V., Simjee A. E. Seroepidemiological study of antibody responses to the zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica. Lancet. 1985 Mar 30;1(8431):716–719. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91262-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Jimenez F. Pathology of amebiasis. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1981 Apr;57(3):217–223. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Joyce M. P., Ravdin J. I. Antigens of Entamoeba histolytica recognized by immune sera from liver abscess patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1988 Jan;38(1):74–80. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1988.38.74. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kahn F. H., Visscher B. R. Water disinfection in the wilderness--a simple, effective method of iodination. West J Med. 1975 May;122(5):450–453. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Kapoor O. P., Nathwani B. N., Joshi V. R. Amoebic peritonitis. A study of 73 cases. J Trop Med Hyg. 1972 Jan;75(1):11–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Keene W. E., Hidalgo M. E., Orozco E., McKerrow J. H. Entamoeba histolytica: correlation of the cytopathic effect of virulent trophozoites with secretion of a cysteine proteinase. Exp Parasitol. 1990 Aug;71(2):199–206. doi: 10.1016/0014-4894(90)90022-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Keene W. E., Petitt M. G., Allen S., McKerrow J. H. The major neutral proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica. J Exp Med. 1986 Mar 1;163(3):536–549. doi: 10.1084/jem.163.3.536. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Keller F., Walter C., Löhden U., Hanke W., Bakker-Grunwald T., Trissl D. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic Entamoeba: pore formation and hemolytic activity. J Protozool. 1988 Aug;35(3):359–365. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04107.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Kollaritsch H., Stemberger H., Binder M., Wiedermann G. Suitability of the Phast system for discrimination of Entamoeba isolates by isoenzyme isoelectrofocusing. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989 Mar-Apr;83(2):211–212. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(89)90650-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Kretschmer R., Collado M. L., Pacheco M. G., Salinas M. C., López-Osuna M., Lecuona M., Castro E. M., Arellano J. Inhibition of human monocyte locomotion by products of axenically grown E. histolytica. Parasite Immunol. 1985 Sep;7(5):527–543. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1985.tb00097.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Krogstad D. J. Isoenzyme patterns and pathogenicity in amebic infection. N Engl J Med. 1986 Aug 7;315(6):390–391. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198608073150609. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Lake J. A., Slayter H. S. Three dimensional structure of the chromatoid body of Entamoeba invadens. Nature. 1970 Sep 5;227(5262):1032–1037. doi: 10.1038/2271032a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Leippe M., Ebel S., Schoenberger O. L., Horstmann R. D., Müller-Eberhard H. J. Pore-forming peptide of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Sep 1;88(17):7659–7663. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.17.7659. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Leitch G. J., Harris-Hooker S. A., Udezulu I. A. Movement of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in rat cecum and colon intact mucus blankets and harvested mucus gels. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1988 Sep;39(3):282–287. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1988.39.282. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Li E., Becker A., Stanley S. L., Jr Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I activity are resistant to Entamoeba histolytica-mediated cytotoxicity. Infect Immun. 1989 Jan;57(1):8–12. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.1.8-12.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Long-Krug S. A., Fischer K. J., Hysmith R. M., Ravdin J. I. Phospholipase A enzymes of Entamoeba histolytica: description and subcellular localization. J Infect Dis. 1985 Sep;152(3):536–541. doi: 10.1093/infdis/152.3.536. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Luaces A. L., Barrett A. J. Affinity purification and biochemical characterization of histolysin, the major cysteine proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica. Biochem J. 1988 Mar 15;250(3):903–909. doi: 10.1042/bj2500903. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Lushbaugh W. B., Kairalla A. B., Cantey J. R., Hofbauer A. F., Pittman F. E. Isolation of a cytotoxin-enterotoxin from Entamoeba histolytica. J Infect Dis. 1979 Jan;139(1):9–17. doi: 10.1093/infdis/139.1.9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Lynch E. C., Rosenberg I. M., Gitler C. An ion-channel forming protein produced by Entamoeba histolytica. EMBO J. 1982;1(7):801–804. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01250.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Mackenstedt U., Schmidt M., Raether W., Mehlhorn H., Uphoff M. Increase of DNA content in tissue stages of Entamoeba histolytica strain SFL 3. Parasitol Res. 1990;76(5):373–378. doi: 10.1007/BF00933543. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Mann B. J., Mirelman D., Petri W. A., Jr The D-galactose-inhibitable lectin of Entamoeba histolytica. Carbohydr Res. 1991 Jun 25;213:331–338. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90620-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Mann B. J., Petri W. A., Jr Cell surface proteins of Entamoeba histolytica. Parasitol Today. 1991 Jul;7(7):173–176. doi: 10.1016/0169-4758(91)90125-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Mann B. J., Torian B. E., Vedvick T. S., Petri W. A., Jr Sequence of a cysteine-rich galactose-specific lectin of Entamoeba histolytica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Apr 15;88(8):3248–3252. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.8.3248. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Mathews H. M., Moss D. M., Healy G. R., Visvesvara G. S. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of isoenzymes from Entamoeba species. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Jun;17(6):1009–1012. doi: 10.1128/jcm.17.6.1009-1012.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Mattern C. F., Keister D. B., Natovitz P. C. Entamoeba histolytica "toxin": fetuin neutralizable and lectin-like. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1980 Jan;29(1):26–30. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1980.29.26. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Merino E., Glender W., del Muro R., Ortiz-Ortiz L. Evaluation of the ELISA test for detection of Entamoeba histolytica in feces. J Clin Lab Anal. 1990;4(1):39–42. doi: 10.1002/jcla.1860040108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Meza I., De la Garza I. M., Meraz M. A., Gallegos B., De la Torre M., Tanimoto M., Martínez-Palomo A. Isoenzyme patterns of Entamoeba histolytica isolates from asymptomatic carriers: use of gradient acrylamide gels. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986 Nov;35(6):1134–1139. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.1134. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Mirelman D. Ameba-bacterium relationship in amebiasis. Microbiol Rev. 1987 Jun;51(2):272–284. doi: 10.1128/mr.51.2.272-284.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Mirelman D., Bracha R., Rozenblatt S., Garfinkel L. I. Repetitive DNA elements characteristic of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica strains can also be detected after polymerase chain reaction in a cloned nonpathogenic strain. Infect Immun. 1990 Jun;58(6):1660–1663. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.6.1660-1663.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Mirelman D., Bracha R., Wexler A., Chayen A. Changes in isoenzyme patterns of a cloned culture of nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica during axenization. Infect Immun. 1986 Dec;54(3):827–832. doi: 10.1128/iai.54.3.827-832.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Mirelman D. Effect of culture conditions and bacterial associates on the zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica. Parasitol Today. 1987 Feb;3(2):37–37. doi: 10.1016/0169-4758(87)90210-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Monga N. K., Sood S., Kaushik S. P., Sachdeva H. S., Sood K. C., Datta D. V. Amebic peritonitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1976 Oct;66(4):366–373. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Müller F. W., Franz A., Werries E. Secretory hydrolases of Entamoeba histolytica. J Protozool. 1988 May;35(2):291–295. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04346.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. NEAL R. A., VINCENT P. Strain variation in Entamoeba histolytica. I. Correlation of invasiveness in rats with the clinical history and treatment of the experimental infections. Parasitology. 1955 May;45(1-2):152–162. doi: 10.1017/s0031182000027530. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Nanda R., Baveja U., Anand B. S. Entamoeba histolytica cyst passers: clinical features and outcome in untreated subjects. Lancet. 1984 Aug 11;2(8398):301–303. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92682-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Nozaki T., Aca I. da S., Okuzawa E., Magalhães M., Tateno S., Takeuchi T. Zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica isolated in the Amazon and the north-east of Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990 May-Jun;84(3):387–388. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(90)90331-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Orozco E., Guarneros G., Martinez-Palomo A., Sánchez T. Entamoeba histolytica. Phagocytosis as a virulence factor. J Exp Med. 1983 Nov 1;158(5):1511–1521. doi: 10.1084/jem.158.5.1511. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Orozco E. Pathogenesis in amebiasis. Infect Agents Dis. 1992 Feb;1(1):19–21. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Petri W. A., Jr, Jackson T. F., Gathiram V., Kress K., Saffer L. D., Snodgrass T. L., Chapman M. D., Keren Z., Mirelman D. Pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Entamoeba histolytica can be differentiated by monoclonal antibodies to the galactose-specific adherence lectin. Infect Immun. 1990 Jun;58(6):1802–1806. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.6.1802-1806.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Petri W. A., Jr, Ravdin J. I. Protection of gerbils from amebic liver abscess by immunization with the galactose-specific adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica. Infect Immun. 1991 Jan;59(1):97–101. doi: 10.1128/iai.59.1.97-101.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Petri W. A., Jr, Smith R. D., Schlesinger P. H., Murphy C. F., Ravdin J. I. Isolation of the galactose-binding lectin that mediates the in vitro adherence of Entamoeba histolytica. J Clin Invest. 1987 Nov;80(5):1238–1244. doi: 10.1172/JCI113198. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Petri W. A., Jr, Snodgrass T. L., Jackson T. F., Gathiram V., Simjee A. E., Chadee K., Chapman M. D. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the galactose-binding lectin of Entamoeba histolytica enhance adherence. J Immunol. 1990 Jun 15;144(12):4803–4809. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Phillips B. P., Diamond L. S., Bartgis I. L., Stuppler S. A. Results of intracecal inoculation of germfree and conventional guinea pigs and germfree rats with axenically cultivated Entamoeba histolytica. J Protozool. 1972 Aug;19(3):498–499. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1972.tb03512.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Phillips B. P., Gorstein F. Effects of different species of bacteria on the pathology of enteric amebiasis in monocontaminated guinea pigs. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1966 Nov;15(6):863–868. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1966.15.863. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Pittman F. E., Hennigar G. R. Sigmoidoscopic and colonic mucosal biopsy findings in amebic colitis. Arch Pathol. 1974 Mar;97(3):155–158. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Pittman F. E., el-Hashimi W. K., Pittman J. C. Studies of human amebiasis. II. Light and electron-microscopic observations of colonic mucosa and exudate in acute amebic colitis. Gastroenterology. 1973 Oct;65(4):588–603. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Prathap K., Gilman R. The histopathology of acute intestinal amebiasis. A rectal biopsy study. Am J Pathol. 1970 Aug;60(2):229–246. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Proctor E. M., Gregory M. A. Ultrastructure of cysts of E. histolytica. Int J Parasitol. 1973 Jul;3(4):455–456. doi: 10.1016/0020-7519(73)90038-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Proctor E. M., Wong Q., Yang J., Keystone J. S. The electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns of strains of Entamoeba histolytica isolated in two major cities in Canada. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987 Sep;37(2):296–301. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.296. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Pérez-Tamayo R., Becker I., Montfort I., Ostoa-Saloma P., Pérez-Montfort R. Role of leukocytes and amebic proteinases in experimental rat testicular necrosis produced by Entamoeba histolytica. Parasitol Res. 1991;77(3):192–196. doi: 10.1007/BF00930857. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Radin D. R., Ralls P. W., Colletti P. M., Halls J. M. CT of amebic liver abscess. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988 Jun;150(6):1297–1301. doi: 10.2214/ajr.150.6.1297. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Ravdin J. I., Guerrant R. L. Role of adherence in cytopathogenic mechanisms of Entamoeba histolytica. Study with mammalian tissue culture cells and human erythrocytes. J Clin Invest. 1981 Nov;68(5):1305–1313. doi: 10.1172/JCI110377. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Ravdin J. I., Jackson T. F., Petri W. A., Jr, Murphy C. F., Ungar B. L., Gathiram V., Skilogiannis J., Simjee A. E. Association of serum antibodies to adherence lectin with invasive amebiasis and asymptomatic infection with pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica. J Infect Dis. 1990 Sep;162(3):768–772. doi: 10.1093/infdis/162.3.768. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Ravdin J. I., Moreau F., Sullivan J. A., Petri W. A., Jr, Mandell G. L. Relationship of free intracellular calcium to the cytolytic activity of Entamoeba histolytica. Infect Immun. 1988 Jun;56(6):1505–1512. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.6.1505-1512.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Ravdin J. I., Murphy C. F., Guerrant R. L., Long-Krug S. A. Effect of antagonists of calcium and phospholipase A on the cytopathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica. J Infect Dis. 1985 Sep;152(3):542–549. doi: 10.1093/infdis/152.3.542. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Ravdin J. I. Pathogenesis of disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica: studies of adherence, secreted toxins, and contact-dependent cytolysis. Rev Infect Dis. 1986 Mar-Apr;8(2):247–260. doi: 10.1093/clinids/8.2.247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Reed S. L., Flores B. M., Batzer M. A., Stein M. A., Stroeher V. L., Carlton J. E., Diedrich D. L., Torian B. E. Molecular and cellular characterization of the 29-kilodalton peripheral membrane protein of Entamoeba histolytica: differentiation between pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates. Infect Immun. 1992 Feb;60(2):542–549. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.2.542-549.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Reed S. L., Keene W. E., McKerrow J. H. Thiol proteinase expression and pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Dec;27(12):2772–2777. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.12.2772-2777.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Reeves R. E., Bischoff J. M. Classification of Entamoeba species by means of electrophoretic properties of amebal enzymes. J Parasitol. 1968 Jun;54(3):594–600. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Robinson G. L. The laboratory diagnosis of human parasitic amoebae. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1968;62(2):285–294. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(68)90170-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Rodríguez M. A., Orozco E. Isolation and characterization of phagocytosis- and virulence-deficient mutants of Entamoeba histolytica. J Infect Dis. 1986 Jul;154(1):27–32. doi: 10.1093/infdis/154.1.27. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Rosenberg I., Bach D., Loew L. M., Gitler C. Isolation, characterization and partial purification of a transferable membrane channel (amoebapore) produced by Entamoeba histolytica. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1989 Mar 15;33(3):237–247. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(89)90085-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Said-Fernández S., López-Revilla R. Free fatty acids released from phospholipids are the major heat-stable hemolytic factor of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Infect Immun. 1988 Apr;56(4):874–879. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.4.874-879.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Samuelson J., Acuna-Soto R., Reed S., Biagi F., Wirth D. DNA hybridization probe for clinical diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Apr;27(4):671–676. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.4.671-676.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Sargeaunt P. G., Jackson T. F., Wiffen S. R., Bhojnani R. Biological evidence of genetic exchange in Entamoeba histolytica. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1988;82(6):862–867. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(88)90020-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Sargeaunt P. G. The reliability of Entamoeba histolytica zymodemes in clinical diagnosis. Parasitol Today. 1987 Feb;3(2):40–37. doi: 10.1016/0169-4758(87)90211-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Sargeaunt P. G., Williams J. E. Electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1978;72(2):164–166. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(78)90053-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Sargeaunt P. G., Williams J. E. Electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns of the pathogenic and non-pathogenic intestinal amoebae of man. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1979;73(2):225–227. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(79)90219-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Sargeaunt P. G., Williams J. E., Grene J. D. The differentiation of invasive and non-invasive Entamoeba histolytica by isoenzyme electrophoresis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1978;72(5):519–521. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(78)90174-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Sargeaunt P. G., Williams J. E., Kumate J., Jimenez E. The epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica in Mexico City. A pilot survey I. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1980;74(5):653–656. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(80)90158-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Sargeaunt P. G., Williams J. E., Neal R. A. A comparative study of Entamoeba histolytica (NIH :200, HK9, etc.), "E. histolytica-like" and other morphologically identical amoebae using isoenzyme electrophoresis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1980;74(4):469–474. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(80)90058-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Sargeaunt P. G. Zymodemes expressing possible genetic exchange in Entamoeba histolytica. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1985;79(1):86–89. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(85)90244-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Sargeaunt P. G. Zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica. Parasitol Today. 1987 May;3(5):158–158. doi: 10.1016/0169-4758(87)90202-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Sathar M. A., Bredenkamp B. L., Gathiram V., Simjee A. E., Jackson T. F. Detection of Entamoeba histolytica immunoglobulins G and M to plasma membrane antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Feb;28(2):332–335. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.2.332-335.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Seidel J. S. Treatment of parasitic infections. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1985 Aug;32(4):1077–1095. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)34871-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Stanley S. L., Jr, Jackson T. F., Reed S. L., Calderon J., Kunz-Jenkins C., Gathiram V., Li E. Serodiagnosis of invasive amebiasis using a recombinant Entamoeba histolytica protein. JAMA. 1991 Oct 9;266(14):1984–1986. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Strachan W. D., Chiodini P. L., Spice W. M., Moody A. H., Ackers J. P. Immunological differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates of Entamoeba histolytica. Lancet. 1988 Mar 12;1(8585):561–563. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91355-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Tachibana H., Kobayashi S., Kato Y., Nagakura K., Kaneda Y., Takeuchi T. Identification of a pathogenic isolate-specific 30,000-Mr antigen of Entamoeba histolytica by using a monoclonal antibody. Infect Immun. 1990 Apr;58(4):955–960. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.4.955-960.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Talamás-Rohana P., Meza I. Interaction between pathogenic amebas and fibronectin: substrate degradation and changes in cytoskeleton organization. J Cell Biol. 1988 May;106(5):1787–1794. doi: 10.1083/jcb.106.5.1787. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Tannich E., Burchard G. D. Differentiation of pathogenic from nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica by restriction fragment analysis of a single gene amplified in vitro. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Feb;29(2):250–255. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.2.250-255.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Tannich E., Ebert F., Horstmann R. D. Primary structure of the 170-kDa surface lectin of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Mar 1;88(5):1849–1853. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.5.1849. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Tannich E., Horstmann R. D., Knobloch J., Arnold H. H. Genomic DNA differences between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jul;86(13):5118–5122. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.13.5118. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Tannich E., Scholze H., Nickel R., Horstmann R. D. Homologous cysteine proteinases of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica. Differences in structure and expression. J Biol Chem. 1991 Mar 15;266(8):4798–4803. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Torian B. E., Reed S. L., Flores B. M., Creely C. M., Coward J. E., Vial K., Stamm W. E. The 96-kilodalton antigen as an integral membrane protein in pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica: potential differences in pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates. Infect Immun. 1990 Mar;58(3):753–760. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.3.753-760.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Tsutsumi V., Mena-Lopez R., Anaya-Velazquez F., Martinez-Palomo A. Cellular bases of experimental amebic liver abscess formation. Am J Pathol. 1984 Oct;117(1):81–91. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Vargas M. A., Isibasi A., Kumate J., Orozco E. Non-pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica: functional and biochemical characterization of a monoxenic strain. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1990 May;40(2):193–201. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(90)90041-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Walsh J. A. Problems in recognition and diagnosis of amebiasis: estimation of the global magnitude of morbidity and mortality. Rev Infect Dis. 1986 Mar-Apr;8(2):228–238. doi: 10.1093/clinids/8.2.228. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Weikel C. S., Murphy C. F., Orozco E., Ravdin J. I. Phorbol esters specifically enhance the cytolytic activity of Entamoeba histolytica. Infect Immun. 1988 Jun;56(6):1485–1491. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.6.1485-1491.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Weinke T., Friedrich-Jänicke B., Hopp P., Janitschke K. Prevalence and clinical importance of Entamoeba histolytica in two high-risk groups: travelers returning from the tropics and male homosexuals. J Infect Dis. 1990 May;161(5):1029–1031. doi: 10.1093/infdis/161.5.1029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Weiss S. J. Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med. 1989 Feb 9;320(6):365–376. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198902093200606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Wittner M., Rosenbaum R. M. Role of bacteria in modifying virulence of Entamoeba histolytica. Studies of amebae from axenic cultures. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1970 Sep;19(5):755–761. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1970.19.755. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Young J. D., Young T. M., Lu L. P., Unkeless J. C., Cohn Z. A. Characterization of a membrane pore-forming protein from Entamoeba histolytica. J Exp Med. 1982 Dec 1;156(6):1677–1690. doi: 10.1084/jem.156.6.1677. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. del Muro R., Acosta E., Merino E., Glender W., Ortiz-Ortiz L. Diagnosis of intestinal amebiasis using salivary IgA antibody detection. J Infect Dis. 1990 Dec;162(6):1360–1364. doi: 10.1093/infdis/162.6.1360. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical Microbiology Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES