Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1994 Jan;14(1):299–309. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.1.299

The transcription factor E2F-1 mediates the autoregulation of RB gene expression.

B Shan 1, C Y Chang 1, D Jones 1, W H Lee 1
PMCID: PMC358379  PMID: 8264596

Abstract

The retinoblastoma (RB) gene is the prototype tumor suppressor gene. Mutations in this gene are often associated with the occurrence of various tumors. Several mutations have been found in the promoter region of the gene, suggesting that inappropriate transcriptional regulation of the RB gene contributes to tumorigenesis. Sequence analysis of the RB promoter has revealed a potential E2F recognition site within a region critical for RB gene transcription. By using the cloned E2F-1 gene, here we report that (i) RB expression is negatively regulated by its own gene product, (ii) E2F-1 binds specifically to an E2F recognition sequence in the RB promoter and transactivates the RB promoter, (iii) overexpression of RB suppresses E2F-1-mediated stimulation of RB promoter activity, and (iv) the expression of the RB gene is paralleled by the expression of the E2F-1 gene during cell cycle progression. These results demonstrate that expression of RB is negatively autoregulated through E2F-1.

Full text

PDF
299

Images in this article

301Image
on p.301
302Image
on p.302
302Image
on p.302
303Image
on p.303
304Image
on p.304
304Image
on p.304
305Image
on p.305
306Image
on p.306
307Image
on p.307

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bignon Y. J., Chen Y., Chang C. Y., Riley D. J., Windle J. J., Mellon P. L., Lee W. H. Expression of a retinoblastoma transgene results in dwarf mice. Genes Dev. 1993 Sep;7(9):1654–1662. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.9.1654. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bookstein R., Lee E. Y., To H., Young L. J., Sery T. W., Hayes R. C., Friedmann T., Lee W. H. Human retinoblastoma susceptibility gene: genomic organization and analysis of heterozygous intragenic deletion mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Apr;85(7):2210–2214. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.7.2210. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bookstein R., Lee W. H. Molecular genetics of the retinoblastoma suppressor gene. Crit Rev Oncog. 1991;2(3):211–227. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bookstein R., Rio P., Madreperla S. A., Hong F., Allred C., Grizzle W. E., Lee W. H. Promoter deletion and loss of retinoblastoma gene expression in human prostate carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(19):7762–7766. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7762. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Buchkovich K., Duffy L. A., Harlow E. The retinoblastoma protein is phosphorylated during specific phases of the cell cycle. Cell. 1989 Sep 22;58(6):1097–1105. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90508-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Cao L., Faha B., Dembski M., Tsai L. H., Harlow E., Dyson N. Independent binding of the retinoblastoma protein and p107 to the transcription factor E2F. Nature. 1992 Jan 9;355(6356):176–179. doi: 10.1038/355176a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Chen P. L., Chen Y., Shan B., Bookstein R., Lee W. H. Stability of retinoblastoma gene expression determines the tumorigenicity of reconstituted retinoblastoma cells. Cell Growth Differ. 1992 Feb;3(2):119–125. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chen P. L., Scully P., Shew J. Y., Wang J. Y., Lee W. H. Phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product is modulated during the cell cycle and cellular differentiation. Cell. 1989 Sep 22;58(6):1193–1198. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90517-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Clarke A. R., Maandag E. R., van Roon M., van der Lugt N. M., van der Valk M., Hooper M. L., Berns A., te Riele H. Requirement for a functional Rb-1 gene in murine development. Nature. 1992 Sep 24;359(6393):328–330. doi: 10.1038/359328a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Coppola J. A., Lewis B. A., Cole M. D. Increased retinoblastoma gene expression is associated with late stages of differentiation in many different cell types. Oncogene. 1990 Nov;5(11):1731–1733. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. DeCaprio J. A., Furukawa Y., Ajchenbaum F., Griffin J. D., Livingston D. M. The retinoblastoma-susceptibility gene product becomes phosphorylated in multiple stages during cell cycle entry and progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Mar 1;89(5):1795–1798. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.5.1795. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. DeCaprio J. A., Ludlow J. W., Lynch D., Furukawa Y., Griffin J., Piwnica-Worms H., Huang C. M., Livingston D. M. The product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene has properties of a cell cycle regulatory element. Cell. 1989 Sep 22;58(6):1085–1095. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90507-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Defeo-Jones D., Huang P. S., Jones R. E., Haskell K. M., Vuocolo G. A., Hanobik M. G., Huber H. E., Oliff A. Cloning of cDNAs for cellular proteins that bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Nature. 1991 Jul 18;352(6332):251–254. doi: 10.1038/352251a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Dowdy S. F., Hinds P. W., Louie K., Reed S. I., Arnold A., Weinberg R. A. Physical interaction of the retinoblastoma protein with human D cyclins. Cell. 1993 May 7;73(3):499–511. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90137-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Durfee T., Becherer K., Chen P. L., Yeh S. H., Yang Y., Kilburn A. E., Lee W. H., Elledge S. J. The retinoblastoma protein associates with the protein phosphatase type 1 catalytic subunit. Genes Dev. 1993 Apr;7(4):555–569. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.4.555. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Ewen M. E., Sluss H. K., Sherr C. J., Matsushime H., Kato J., Livingston D. M. Functional interactions of the retinoblastoma protein with mammalian D-type cyclins. Cell. 1993 May 7;73(3):487–497. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90136-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Goodrich D. W., Lee W. H. Molecular characterization of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 May 25;1155(1):43–61. doi: 10.1016/0304-419x(93)90021-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Goodrich D. W., Wang N. P., Qian Y. W., Lee E. Y., Lee W. H. The retinoblastoma gene product regulates progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cell. 1991 Oct 18;67(2):293–302. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90181-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Gorman C. M., Moffat L. F., Howard B. H. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Sep;2(9):1044–1051. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.9.1044. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gu W., Schneider J. W., Condorelli G., Kaushal S., Mahdavi V., Nadal-Ginard B. Interaction of myogenic factors and the retinoblastoma protein mediates muscle cell commitment and differentiation. Cell. 1993 Feb 12;72(3):309–324. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90110-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Hagemeier C., Bannister A. J., Cook A., Kouzarides T. The activation domain of transcription factor PU.1 binds the retinoblastoma (RB) protein and the transcription factor TFIID in vitro: RB shows sequence similarity to TFIID and TFIIB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Feb 15;90(4):1580–1584. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.4.1580. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Hai T. W., Liu F., Coukos W. J., Green M. R. Transcription factor ATF cDNA clones: an extensive family of leucine zipper proteins able to selectively form DNA-binding heterodimers. Genes Dev. 1989 Dec;3(12B):2083–2090. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.12b.2083. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hamel P. A., Gill R. M., Phillips R. A., Gallie B. L. Transcriptional repression of the E2-containing promoters EIIaE, c-myc, and RB1 by the product of the RB1 gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Aug;12(8):3431–3438. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.8.3431. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Helin K., Ed H. The retinoblastoma protein as a transcriptional repressor. Trends Cell Biol. 1993 Feb;3(2):43–46. doi: 10.1016/0962-8924(93)90150-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Helin K., Harlow E., Fattaey A. Inhibition of E2F-1 transactivation by direct binding of the retinoblastoma protein. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Oct;13(10):6501–6508. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.10.6501. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Helin K., Lees J. A., Vidal M., Dyson N., Harlow E., Fattaey A. A cDNA encoding a pRB-binding protein with properties of the transcription factor E2F. Cell. 1992 Jul 24;70(2):337–350. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90107-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Hinds P. W., Mittnacht S., Dulic V., Arnold A., Reed S. I., Weinberg R. A. Regulation of retinoblastoma protein functions by ectopic expression of human cyclins. Cell. 1992 Sep 18;70(6):993–1006. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90249-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Hong F. D., Huang H. J., To H., Young L. J., Oro A., Bookstein R., Lee E. Y., Lee W. H. Structure of the human retinoblastoma gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jul;86(14):5502–5506. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.14.5502. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hu Q. J., Lees J. A., Buchkovich K. J., Harlow E. The retinoblastoma protein physically associates with the human cdc2 kinase. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Mar;12(3):971–980. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.3.971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Huang H. J., Yee J. K., Shew J. Y., Chen P. L., Bookstein R., Friedmann T., Lee E. Y., Lee W. H. Suppression of the neoplastic phenotype by replacement of the RB gene in human cancer cells. Science. 1988 Dec 16;242(4885):1563–1566. doi: 10.1126/science.3201247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Huang S., Lee W. H., Lee E. Y. A cellular protein that competes with SV40 T antigen for binding to the retinoblastoma gene product. Nature. 1991 Mar 14;350(6314):160–162. doi: 10.1038/350160a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Huber H. E., Edwards G., Goodhart P. J., Patrick D. R., Huang P. S., Ivey-Hoyle M., Barnett S. F., Oliff A., Heimbrook D. C. Transcription factor E2F binds DNA as a heterodimer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Apr 15;90(8):3525–3529. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.8.3525. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Jacks T., Fazeli A., Schmitt E. M., Bronson R. T., Goodell M. A., Weinberg R. A. Effects of an Rb mutation in the mouse. Nature. 1992 Sep 24;359(6393):295–300. doi: 10.1038/359295a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Johnson D. G., Schwarz J. K., Cress W. D., Nevins J. R. Expression of transcription factor E2F1 induces quiescent cells to enter S phase. Nature. 1993 Sep 23;365(6444):349–352. doi: 10.1038/365349a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kaelin W. G., Jr, Krek W., Sellers W. R., DeCaprio J. A., Ajchenbaum F., Fuchs C. S., Chittenden T., Li Y., Farnham P. J., Blanar M. A. Expression cloning of a cDNA encoding a retinoblastoma-binding protein with E2F-like properties. Cell. 1992 Jul 24;70(2):351–364. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90108-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Kaelin W. G., Jr, Pallas D. C., DeCaprio J. A., Kaye F. J., Livingston D. M. Identification of cellular proteins that can interact specifically with the T/E1A-binding region of the retinoblastoma gene product. Cell. 1991 Feb 8;64(3):521–532. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90236-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kim S. J., Wagner S., Liu F., O'Reilly M. A., Robbins P. D., Green M. R. Retinoblastoma gene product activates expression of the human TGF-beta 2 gene through transcription factor ATF-2. Nature. 1992 Jul 23;358(6384):331–334. doi: 10.1038/358331a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Lee E. Y., Chang C. Y., Hu N., Wang Y. C., Lai C. C., Herrup K., Lee W. H., Bradley A. Mice deficient for Rb are nonviable and show defects in neurogenesis and haematopoiesis. Nature. 1992 Sep 24;359(6393):288–294. doi: 10.1038/359288a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Lee W. H., Hollingsworth R. E., Jr, Qian Y. W., Chen P. L., Hong F., Lee E. Y. RB protein as a cellular "corral" for growth-promoting proteins. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1991;56:211–217. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1991.056.01.026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Lee W. H., Shew J. Y., Hong F. D., Sery T. W., Donoso L. A., Young L. J., Bookstein R., Lee E. Y. The retinoblastoma susceptibility gene encodes a nuclear phosphoprotein associated with DNA binding activity. Nature. 1987 Oct 15;329(6140):642–645. doi: 10.1038/329642a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Lees J. A., Buchkovich K. J., Marshak D. R., Anderson C. W., Harlow E. The retinoblastoma protein is phosphorylated on multiple sites by human cdc2. EMBO J. 1991 Dec;10(13):4279–4290. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb05006.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Lin B. T., Gruenwald S., Morla A. O., Lee W. H., Wang J. Y. Retinoblastoma cancer suppressor gene product is a substrate of the cell cycle regulator cdc2 kinase. EMBO J. 1991 Apr;10(4):857–864. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb08018.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Ludlow J. W., DeCaprio J. A., Huang C. M., Lee W. H., Paucha E., Livingston D. M. SV40 large T antigen binds preferentially to an underphosphorylated member of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product family. Cell. 1989 Jan 13;56(1):57–65. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90983-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Matsushime H., Ewen M. E., Strom D. K., Kato J. Y., Hanks S. K., Roussel M. F., Sherr C. J. Identification and properties of an atypical catalytic subunit (p34PSK-J3/cdk4) for mammalian D type G1 cyclins. Cell. 1992 Oct 16;71(2):323–334. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90360-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Mitchell P. J., Tjian R. Transcriptional regulation in mammalian cells by sequence-specific DNA binding proteins. Science. 1989 Jul 28;245(4916):371–378. doi: 10.1126/science.2667136. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Nevins J. R. E2F: a link between the Rb tumor suppressor protein and viral oncoproteins. Science. 1992 Oct 16;258(5081):424–429. doi: 10.1126/science.1411535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Qian Y. W., Wang Y. C., Hollingsworth R. E., Jr, Jones D., Ling N., Lee E. Y. A retinoblastoma-binding protein related to a negative regulator of Ras in yeast. Nature. 1993 Aug 12;364(6438):648–652. doi: 10.1038/364648a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Qian Y., Luckey C., Horton L., Esser M., Templeton D. J. Biological function of the retinoblastoma protein requires distinct domains for hyperphosphorylation and transcription factor binding. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Dec;12(12):5363–5372. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.12.5363. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Qin X. Q., Chittenden T., Livingston D. M., Kaelin W. G., Jr Identification of a growth suppression domain within the retinoblastoma gene product. Genes Dev. 1992 Jun;6(6):953–964. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.6.953. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Rustgi A. K., Dyson N., Bernards R. Amino-terminal domains of c-myc and N-myc proteins mediate binding to the retinoblastoma gene product. Nature. 1991 Aug 8;352(6335):541–544. doi: 10.1038/352541a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Sakai T., Ohtani N., McGee T. L., Robbins P. D., Dryja T. P. Oncogenic germ-line mutations in Sp1 and ATF sites in the human retinoblastoma gene. Nature. 1991 Sep 5;353(6339):83–86. doi: 10.1038/353083a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Seigel G. M., Notter M. F. Differentiation of Y79 retinoblastoma cells induced by succinylated concanavalin A. Cell Growth Differ. 1993 Jan;4(1):1–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Shan B., Zhu X., Chen P. L., Durfee T., Yang Y., Sharp D., Lee W. H. Molecular cloning of cellular genes encoding retinoblastoma-associated proteins: identification of a gene with properties of the transcription factor E2F. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Dec;12(12):5620–5631. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.12.5620. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Shirodkar S., Ewen M., DeCaprio J. A., Morgan J., Livingston D. M., Chittenden T. The transcription factor E2F interacts with the retinoblastoma product and a p107-cyclin A complex in a cell cycle-regulated manner. Cell. 1992 Jan 10;68(1):157–166. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90214-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Strohmeyer T., Reissmann P., Cordon-Cardo C., Hartmann M., Ackermann R., Slamon D. Correlation between retinoblastoma gene expression and differentiation in human testicular tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Aug 1;88(15):6662–6666. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.15.6662. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Yee A. S., Raychaudhuri P., Jakoi L., Nevins J. R. The adenovirus-inducible factor E2F stimulates transcription after specific DNA binding. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Feb;9(2):578–585. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.2.578. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Zacksenhaus E., Gill R. M., Phillips R. A., Gallie B. L. Molecular cloning and characterization of the mouse RB1 promoter. Oncogene. 1993 Sep;8(9):2343–2351. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES