Skip to main content
PMC home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1994 Jan;14(1):840–850. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.1.840

Cooperative binding of Ets-1 and core binding factor to DNA.

D Wotton 1, J Ghysdael 1, S Wang 1, N A Speck 1, M J Owen 1
PMCID: PMC358432  PMID: 8264651

Abstract

Two phorbol ester-inducible elements (beta E2 and beta E3) within the human T-cell receptor beta gene enhancer each contain consensus binding sites for the Ets and core binding factor (CBF) transcription factor families. Recombinant Ets-1 and purified CBF bound individually to beta E2 and beta E3, in which the Ets and core sites are directly adjacent. In this report, we show that CBF and Ets-1 bind together to beta E2 and beta E3 and that Ets-1-CBF-DNA complexes are favored over the binding of either protein alone to beta E2. Formation of Ets-1-CBF-DNA complexes increased the affinity of Ets-1-DNA interactions and decreased the rate of dissociation of CBF from DNA. Ets-1-CBF-DNA complexes were not observed when either the Ets or core site was mutated. The spatial requirements for the cooperative interaction of Ets-1 and CBF were analyzed by oligonucleotide mutagenesis and binding site selection experiments. Core and Ets sites were coselected, and there appeared to be little constraint on the relative orientation and spacing of the two sites. These results demonstrate that CBF and Ets-1 form a high-affinity DNA-binding complex when both of their cognate sites are present and that the relative spacing and orientation of the two sites are unimportant. Ets and core sites are found in several T-cell-specific enhancers, suggesting that this interaction is of general importance in T-cell-specific transcription.

Full text

PDF
840

Images in this article

842Image
on p.842
843Image
on p.843
844Image
on p.844
845Image
on p.845
845Image
on p.845
848Image
on p.848

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ben-David Y., Giddens E. B., Letwin K., Bernstein A. Erythroleukemia induction by Friend murine leukemia virus: insertional activation of a new member of the ets gene family, Fli-1, closely linked to c-ets-1. Genes Dev. 1991 Jun;5(6):908–918. doi: 10.1101/gad.5.6.908. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bolwig G. M., Hearing P. Interaction of nuclear factor EF-1A with the polyomavirus enhancer region. J Virol. 1991 Apr;65(4):1884–1892. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.4.1884-1892.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bosselut R., Duvall J. F., Gégonne A., Bailly M., Hémar A., Brady J., Ghysdael J. The product of the c-ets-1 proto-oncogene and the related Ets2 protein act as transcriptional activators of the long terminal repeat of human T cell leukemia virus HTLV-1. EMBO J. 1990 Oct;9(10):3137–3144. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07511.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Boulukos K. E., Pognonec P., Begue A., Galibert F., Gesquière J. C., Stéhelin D., Ghysdael J. Identification in chickens of an evolutionarily conserved cellular ets-2 gene (c-ets-2) encoding nuclear proteins related to the products of the c-ets proto-oncogene. EMBO J. 1988 Mar;7(3):697–705. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02865.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Brown T. A., McKnight S. L. Specificities of protein-protein and protein-DNA interaction of GABP alpha and two newly defined ets-related proteins. Genes Dev. 1992 Dec;6(12B):2502–2512. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.12b.2502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Burtis K. C., Thummel C. S., Jones C. W., Karim F. D., Hogness D. S. The Drosophila 74EF early puff contains E74, a complex ecdysone-inducible gene that encodes two ets-related proteins. Cell. 1990 Apr 6;61(1):85–99. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90217-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dalton S., Treisman R. Characterization of SAP-1, a protein recruited by serum response factor to the c-fos serum response element. Cell. 1992 Feb 7;68(3):597–612. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90194-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Fisher R. J., Mavrothalassitis G., Kondoh A., Papas T. S. High-affinity DNA-protein interactions of the cellular ETS1 protein: the determination of the ETS binding motif. Oncogene. 1991 Dec;6(12):2249–2254. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Gottschalk L. R., Leiden J. M. Identification and functional characterization of the human T-cell receptor beta gene transcriptional enhancer: common nuclear proteins interact with the transcriptional regulatory elements of the T-cell receptor alpha and beta genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Oct;10(10):5486–5495. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.10.5486. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Gunther C. V., Nye J. A., Bryner R. S., Graves B. J. Sequence-specific DNA binding of the proto-oncoprotein ets-1 defines a transcriptional activator sequence within the long terminal repeat of the Moloney murine sarcoma virus. Genes Dev. 1990 Apr;4(4):667–679. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.4.667. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gégonne A., Bosselut R., Bailly R. A., Ghysdael J. Synergistic activation of the HTLV1 LTR Ets-responsive region by transcription factors Ets1 and Sp1. EMBO J. 1993 Mar;12(3):1169–1178. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05758.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hipskind R. A., Rao V. N., Mueller C. G., Reddy E. S., Nordheim A. Ets-related protein Elk-1 is homologous to the c-fos regulatory factor p62TCF. Nature. 1991 Dec 19;354(6354):531–534. doi: 10.1038/354531a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Hipskind R. A., Rao V. N., Mueller C. G., Reddy E. S., Nordheim A. Ets-related protein Elk-1 is homologous to the c-fos regulatory factor p62TCF. Nature. 1991 Dec 19;354(6354):531–534. doi: 10.1038/354531a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Ho I. C., Bhat N. K., Gottschalk L. R., Lindsten T., Thompson C. B., Papas T. S., Leiden J. M. Sequence-specific binding of human Ets-1 to the T cell receptor alpha gene enhancer. Science. 1990 Nov 9;250(4982):814–818. doi: 10.1126/science.2237431. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Ho I. C., Yang L. H., Morle G., Leiden J. M. A T-cell-specific transcriptional enhancer element 3' of C alpha in the human T-cell receptor alpha locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(17):6714–6718. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.17.6714. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kamachi Y., Ogawa E., Asano M., Ishida S., Murakami Y., Satake M., Ito Y., Shigesada K. Purification of a mouse nuclear factor that binds to both the A and B cores of the polyomavirus enhancer. J Virol. 1990 Oct;64(10):4808–4819. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.10.4808-4819.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Klemsz M. J., McKercher S. R., Celada A., Van Beveren C., Maki R. A. The macrophage and B cell-specific transcription factor PU.1 is related to the ets oncogene. Cell. 1990 Apr 6;61(1):113–124. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90219-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. LaMarco K., Thompson C. C., Byers B. P., Walton E. M., McKnight S. L. Identification of Ets- and notch-related subunits in GA binding protein. Science. 1991 Aug 16;253(5021):789–792. doi: 10.1126/science.1876836. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Leprince D., Gegonne A., Coll J., de Taisne C., Schneeberger A., Lagrou C., Stehelin D. A putative second cell-derived oncogene of the avian leukaemia retrovirus E26. Nature. 1983 Nov 24;306(5941):395–397. doi: 10.1038/306395a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Melnikova I. N., Crute B. E., Wang S., Speck N. A. Sequence specificity of the core-binding factor. J Virol. 1993 Apr;67(4):2408–2411. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.4.2408-2411.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Moreau-Gachelin F., Tavitian A., Tambourin P. Spi-1 is a putative oncogene in virally induced murine erythroleukaemias. Nature. 1988 Jan 21;331(6153):277–280. doi: 10.1038/331277a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Nunn M. F., Seeburg P. H., Moscovici C., Duesberg P. H. Tripartite structure of the avian erythroblastosis virus E26 transforming gene. Nature. 1983 Nov 24;306(5941):391–395. doi: 10.1038/306391a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Nye J. A., Petersen J. M., Gunther C. V., Jonsen M. D., Graves B. J. Interaction of murine ets-1 with GGA-binding sites establishes the ETS domain as a new DNA-binding motif. Genes Dev. 1992 Jun;6(6):975–990. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.6.975. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Pollock R., Treisman R. A sensitive method for the determination of protein-DNA binding specificities. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Nov 11;18(21):6197–6204. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.21.6197. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Pongubala J. M., Nagulapalli S., Klemsz M. J., McKercher S. R., Maki R. A., Atchison M. L. PU.1 recruits a second nuclear factor to a site important for immunoglobulin kappa 3' enhancer activity. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Jan;12(1):368–378. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.1.368. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Prosser H. M., Wotton D., Gegonne A., Ghysdael J., Wang S., Speck N. A., Owen M. J. A phorbol ester response element within the human T-cell receptor beta-chain enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Oct 15;89(20):9934–9938. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.20.9934. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Rao V. N., Huebner K., Isobe M., ar-Rushdi A., Croce C. M., Reddy E. S. elk, tissue-specific ets-related genes on chromosomes X and 14 near translocation breakpoints. Science. 1989 Apr 7;244(4900):66–70. doi: 10.1126/science.2539641. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Reddy E. S., Rao V. N., Papas T. S. The erg gene: a human gene related to the ets oncogene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Sep;84(17):6131–6135. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.17.6131. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Speck N. A., Renjifo B., Hopkins N. Point mutations in the Moloney murine leukemia virus enhancer identify a lymphoid-specific viral core motif and 1,3-phorbol myristate acetate-inducible element. J Virol. 1990 Feb;64(2):543–550. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.2.543-550.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Takeda J., Cheng A., Mauxion F., Nelson C. A., Newberry R. D., Sha W. C., Sen R., Loh D. Y. Functional analysis of the murine T-cell receptor beta enhancer and characteristics of its DNA-binding proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Oct;10(10):5027–5035. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.10.5027. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Thompson C. B., Wang C. Y., Ho I. C., Bohjanen P. R., Petryniak B., June C. H., Miesfeldt S., Zhang L., Nabel G. J., Karpinski B. cis-acting sequences required for inducible interleukin-2 enhancer function bind a novel Ets-related protein, Elf-1. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Mar;12(3):1043–1053. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.3.1043. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Thompson C. C., Brown T. A., McKnight S. L. Convergence of Ets- and notch-related structural motifs in a heteromeric DNA binding complex. Science. 1991 Aug 16;253(5021):762–768. doi: 10.1126/science.1876833. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Treisman R., Marais R., Wynne J. Spatial flexibility in ternary complexes between SRF and its accessory proteins. EMBO J. 1992 Dec;11(12):4631–4640. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05565.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Wang C. Y., Petryniak B., Ho I. C., Thompson C. B., Leiden J. M. Evolutionarily conserved Ets family members display distinct DNA binding specificities. J Exp Med. 1992 May 1;175(5):1391–1399. doi: 10.1084/jem.175.5.1391. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Wang S. W., Speck N. A. Purification of core-binding factor, a protein that binds the conserved core site in murine leukemia virus enhancers. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Jan;12(1):89–102. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.1.89. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Wasylyk C., Gutman A., Nicholson R., Wasylyk B. The c-Ets oncoprotein activates the stromelysin promoter through the same elements as several non-nuclear oncoproteins. EMBO J. 1991 May;10(5):1127–1134. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb08053.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Watson D. K., McWilliams M. J., Lapis P., Lautenberger J. A., Schweinfest C. W., Papas T. S. Mammalian ets-1 and ets-2 genes encode highly conserved proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Nov;85(21):7862–7866. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.21.7862. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Winoto A., Baltimore D. A novel, inducible and T cell-specific enhancer located at the 3' end of the T cell receptor alpha locus. EMBO J. 1989 Mar;8(3):729–733. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03432.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Woods D. B., Ghysdael J., Owen M. J. Identification of nucleotide preferences in DNA sequences recognised specifically by c-Ets-1 protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 Feb 25;20(4):699–704. doi: 10.1093/nar/20.4.699. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Xin J. H., Cowie A., Lachance P., Hassell J. A. Molecular cloning and characterization of PEA3, a new member of the Ets oncogene family that is differentially expressed in mouse embryonic cells. Genes Dev. 1992 Mar;6(3):481–496. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.3.481. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES