Abstract
Objective(s)
Annual incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis is increasingly growing and development of the alternative drugs against it is a major concern. Artemisia genus is a traditional medicinal plant in Iran. The aim of this study was to examine the leishmanicidal activity of various Iranian Artemisia species extracts.
Materials and Methods
Different extracts were gathered from eleven Iranian Artemisia species. Their leishmanicidal activities against the growth of Leishmania major (L. major) promastigotes were examined as the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) using MTT assay.
Results
Obtained results showed that ethanol extracts especially those taken from A. ciniformis, A. santolina and A. kulbadica have the strongest effects.
Conclusion
Looking for the effective leishmanicidal agents from natural resources in Iran, we found that the ethanol extract of collected Artemisia species had significant effect on in vitro leishmanicidal activity and may be suitable candidates in the treatment of leishmaniasis.
Key Words: Artemisia, Leishmanicidal activity, Leishmania major, MTT assay, Promastigote
Introduction
The genus Artemisia L. (Astraceae) is a large, heterogeneous and widely distributed genus throughout the world. These species are perennial, biennial and annual herbs or small shrubs. The genus Artemisia L. has 30 species in Iran out of which two are endemic (1). Artemisia plants contain chemical compositions such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoides, coumarins, sterols and polyacetylenes (1). Some of the biological activities of different Artemisia species include cytotoxic (2, 3, 4) and anti-inflammatory (5) activity.
Leishmania major (L. major) is the protozoan parasite responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis with annual incidence rate of 1.5 million people throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report, 12 million people are infected by parasites and 350 million people are living in regions with high risk of infection (6). Pentavalent antimonial drugs are prescribed as the first-line drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis, but they have unpleasant side-effects and sometimes are toxic and non-effective. Resistance towards these medicines has been observed (7). In Mashhad (northeast of Iran), the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis is increasingly growing (6). Various medicinal plants have been used for treatment of leishmaniasis in this area.
Previously, leishmanicidal activity of the extracts and natural products of some Artemisia species was reported (8-13). However, leishmanicidal activity of some other species of Artemisia has not been previously evaluated. In this study we prepared different extracts of eleven Artemisia species from Khorasan province, Iran and examined their leishmanicidal activity against L. major promastigotes in vitro.
Materials and Methods
Eleven species of Artemisia were collected from different areas of Iran. Their Persian names are shown in Table 1. Dr V Mozaffarian, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Ministry of Jahad Keshavarzi, Iran, confirmed the identity of these plants.
Table 1.
Characteristics of collected Artemisia samples from different parts of Iran
| Artemisia species | Persian name | Location | Collection date |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. annua L. | Gandwash | Islamabad near Maraveh tapeh-Shahrabad road, North Khorasan province, northeast of Iran, height 940 m | 15 Sep. 2003 |
| A. biennis Willd. | Dermaneh Dosaleh | Near of Chovailly-Bajgiran road Ghuchan, Razavi Khorasan province, east of Iran, height 1650 m | 24 Dec. 2004 |
| A. ciniformis Krasch. & Popov ex Poljakov | Dermaneh Talaee | Islamabad near Maraveh tapeh-Shahrabad road, North Khorasan province, northeast of Iran, height 940 m | 8 Aug. 2003 |
| A. sieberi Besser | Dermaneh Dashti | Ghorogh Samie abad, Torbatjam, North Khorasan province, east of Iran, height 909 m | 15 Sep. 2003 |
| A. kulbadica Boiss. & Buhse | Dermaneh Kulbadi | Islamabad near Maravehtapeh-Shahrabad road, North Khorasan province, northeast of Iran, height 940 m | 24 Dec. 2004 |
| A. santolina Schrenk | Dermaneh Sefid | Between Khosph-Birjand, Birjand, South Khorasan province, east of Iran, height 1290 m | 19 Sep. 2003 |
| A. turanica Krasch. | Dermaneh Kermez |
Ghorogh Samie abad, Torbatjam, Razavi Khorasan province, east of Iran, height 909 m | 15 Sep. 2003 |
| A. absinthium L. | Afsantin | Islamabad near Maraveh tapeh-Shahrabad road, North Khorasan province, northeast of Iran, height 940 m | 15 Sep. 2003 |
| A. fragrans Willd. | Dermaneh Moatar | Islamabad near Maraveh tapeh-Shahrabad road, North Khorasan province, northeast of Iran, height 940 m | 23 Dec. 2004 |
| A. khorassanica Podl. | Dermaneh Khorasani | Near Chovailly-Bajgiran road, Ghuchan, Razavi Khorasan province, east of Iran, height 1650 m | 23 Dec. 2004 |
| A. kopedaghensis Krasch., M. Pop. & Lincz. ex Poljak | Dermaneh Kopetdaghi | Near Bazangan lake, Sarakhs, Razavi Khorasan province, east of Iran, height 1030 m | 8 Aug. 2003 |
The shade dried aerial parts of each species (100 g) were chopped in small pieces and then crushed into powder by a blinder. Each sample was macerated in pure methanol for 24 hrs. The samples then were extracted using a percolator. The extracted solutions were concentrated at 50 °C under reduced pressure to dryness. Adequate amount of water was added to EtOH to obtain a 95%-aqueous methanol solution. This solution was added to the concentrated extract and then extracted with an equal volume of hexane. The methanol layer was evaporated to dryness and then was suspended for a second time in water. The suspension was partitioned between CH2Cl2 and EtOAc, successively. Each obtained extract was concentrated at 50 C under reduced pressure to dryness.
L. major strain MRHO/IR/75/ER promastigotes were kindly provided by Dr Sazegarnia (BuAli Research Institute) cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, 2 mM L-glutamine and penicillin-streptomycin at 27 °C, in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in an incubator.
To determine IC50 values, the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was used (8-13). Briefly, L. major promastigotes were seeded at 4×105/well in 96-well micro plates under appropriate culture conditions. Then, different concentrations (10-2000 μg/ml) of Artemisia extracts were added and incubated at 27 °C in 5% CO2 for 24 hrs. After incubation, 10 μl of MTT solution (10 mg/ml) was added to each well followed by incubation for another 4 hrs. The enzyme reaction was then stopped by addition of 100 μl of 50% isopropanol–10% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Two or more independent experiments in triplicate were performed for the determination of sensitivity to each extract. As a control, the activity of Artemisia extracts in the absence of L. major promastigotes was also determined.
The optical density (OD) at 570 nm was measured using an ELISA plate reader (Convergys EL-Reader, Convergent Technologies, Germany). The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of different extracts was evaluated graphically by plotting concentration versus percentage growth inhibition.
Results
The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of all tested extracts was determined using MTT method (Table 2). Extracts of all the eleven Artemisia species showed leishmanicidal activity. Although, all tested extracts exhibited antileishmanial activity after 24 hrs of incubation, but ethanol extracts of A.kulbadica (IC50: 25 μg/ml), A. ciniformis (IC50: 25 μg/ml) and A. santolina (IC50: 80 μg/ml) had the most potent leishmanicidal activity.
Table 2.
Leishmanicidal activities of Artemisia species on promastigote forms of Leishmania major
| Scientific name | Mean of IC50 for extracts (μg/ml) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethanol | Ethyl acetate | Dichloromethane | Hexane | |
| A. turanica | 200 ± 1.3 | 675 ± 2.1 | 425 ± 0.9 | 1120 ± 2.5 |
| A. annua | 400 ± 0.8 | 425 ± 1.5 | 850 ± 0.9 | 1900 ± 2.4 |
| A. absinthium | 500 ± 0.6 | 425 ± 1.3 | 600 ± 0.8 | 1050 ± 2.5 |
| A. fragrans | 1000 ± 2.0 | 1375 ± 2.2 | 475 ± 1.0 | 1150 ± 2.2 |
| A. kulbadica | 25 ± 0.5 | 275 ± 1.4 | 440 ± 0.7 | 885 ± 1.8 |
| A. ciniformis | 25 ± 0.4 | 340 ± 1.2 | 450 ± 1.0 | 790 ± 1.7 |
| A. santolina | 80 ± 0.8 | 375 ± 1.1 | 675 ± 1.4 | 850 ± 1.4 |
| A. khorassanica | 400 ± 1.1 | 435 ± 0.7 | 500 ± 1.2 | 790 ± 1.5 |
| A. kopedaghensis | 50 ± 0.7 | 255 ± 0.8 | 445 ± 0.5 | 925 ± 1.6 |
| A. sieberi | 150 ± 1.0 | 265 ±0.7 | 465 ± 0.8 | 850 ± 1.5 |
| A. biennis | 100 ± 0.9 | 425 ± 0.5 | 525 ± 1.1 | 1050 ± 2.0 |
Discussion
Current estimates show that leishmaniasis affected 88 countries and about 350 million people are exposed to the risk of contracting this disease [WHO (World Health Organization), Communicable disease surveillance and response]. The cutaneous leishmaniasis is also a major health problem in Mashhad (North-East of Iran). Limited efficacy, resistance to the drug, high cost and toxic side effects are the main drawbacks of available drugs against leishmaniasis. Medicinal plants have long been used for the treatment of different diseases and ailments such as cutaneous leishmaniasis without any scientific explanation for the mechanism of action of such preparations (6, 7).
In the present study, we demonstrated the inhibitory effect of different extracts from eleven Artemisia species on the growth of L. major promastigotes in vitro.
It was previously reported that the aqueous extract and essential oil of A. herba alba have antileishmanial activity against L. tropica and L. major promastigotes (8). Also, the aqueous extract of leaves of A. indica exhibited leishmanicidal activity (IC50: 430 μg/ml) (9). Here, some of tested Artemisia spp showed the most strong antileishmanial activity.
In this study, all tested extracts exhibited antileishmanial activity after incubation, however ethanol extracts from A. kulbadica and A. ciniformis showed the most potent leishmanicidal activity (IC50: 25 μg/ml). Growth inhibitory activities of ethanol extract from other plants such as Haplophyllum myrtifolium Boiss. (IC50: 10.9 μg/ml) against L. tropica promastigotes were previously reported (10).
Comparing the antilaishmanial effect of non-polar extracts revealed that ethyl acetate extract of A. fragrans had less antileishmanial activity against L. major promastigotes. Ethyl acetate extracts of studied Artemisia species (except for A. turanica and A. fragrans) were also more active in comparison with their dichloromethane extract. In vitro antileishmanial activity of ethylacetate and dichloromethane extracts of Ircinia spinosula (IC50: 16.09, 47.38 μg/ml) was reported against L. major promastigotes (11). The LD50 of dichloromethane extract and hexane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense on L. amazonensis promastigotes was respectively 40 mg/ml and 20 mg/ml (12).
In comparison with other extracts, studied Artemisia species hexane extracts (except for A. fragrans), were less active against L. major. Hexane extracts of A. annua, A. fragrans, A. turanica, A. absinthium and A. biennis were less effective than other species. Other investigators have also reported lower activity of hexane extracts of plants against leishmania species in comparison with other extracts. For example, ethanol but not hexane extracts of Arbutus unedo significantly decreased L. tropica promastigotes counts (13).
Although phytochemical screening of different Artemisia species has shown the presence of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoides, coumarins, sterols and polyacetylenes (1, 14), but there is little information about their leishmanicidal effect. In this study, we assumed the leishmanicidal activity of tested extracts to the presence of these classes of natural compound(s). In conclusion, we found that the ethanol extracts of most of Artemisia species had favorable leishmanicidal activity and kill L. major promastigotes in a dose-dependent manner. Further fractionation of these Artemisia species and isolation of their compounds is required to pinpoint their antileishmanial constituents.
Conclusions
Looking for the effective leishmanicidal agents from natural resources in Iran, we have found that the ethanol extract of collected Artemisia species showed powerful in vitro leishmanicidal activity and may be suitable candidates in the treatment of leishmaniasis.
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by a grant (No 85294) from Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS) Research Council, Mashhad, Iran.
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