Skip to main content
PMC home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1994 May;14(5):3414–3425. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.5.3414

Mutations in XRS2 and RAD50 delay but do not prevent mating-type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

E L Ivanov 1, N Sugawara 1, C I White 1, F Fabre 1, J E Haber 1
PMCID: PMC358706  PMID: 8164689

Abstract

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a large number of genes in the RAD52 epistasis group has been implicated in the repair of chromosomal double-strand breaks and in both mitotic and meiotic homologous recombination. While most of these genes are essential for yeast mating-type (MAT) gene switching, neither RAD50 nor XRS2 is required to complete this specialized mitotic gene conversion process. Using a galactose-inducible HO endonuclease gene to initiate MAT switching, we have examined the effect of null mutations of RAD50 and of XRS2 on intermediate steps of this recombination event. Both rad50 and xrs2 mutants exhibit a marked delay in the completion of switching. Both mutations reduce the extent of 5'-to-3' degradation from the end of the HO-created double-strand break. The steps of initial strand invasion and new DNA synthesis are delayed by approximately 30 min in mutant cells. However, later events are still further delayed, suggesting that XRS2 and RAD50 affect more than one step in the process. In the rad50 xrs2 double mutant, the completion of MAT switching is delayed more than in either single mutant, without reducing the overall efficiency of the process. The XRS2 gene encodes an 854-amino-acid protein with no obvious similarity to the Rad50 protein or to any other protein in the database. Overexpression of RAD50 does not complement the defects in xrs2 or vice versa.

Full text

PDF
3414

Images in this article

3420Image
on p.3420
3422Image
on p.3422

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aboussekhra A., Chanet R., Adjiri A., Fabre F. Semidominant suppressors of Srs2 helicase mutations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae map in the RAD51 gene, whose sequence predicts a protein with similarities to procaryotic RecA proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Jul;12(7):3224–3234. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.7.3224. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ajimura M., Leem S. H., Ogawa H. Identification of new genes required for meiotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1993 Jan;133(1):51–66. doi: 10.1093/genetics/133.1.51. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Alani E., Padmore R., Kleckner N. Analysis of wild-type and rad50 mutants of yeast suggests an intimate relationship between meiotic chromosome synapsis and recombination. Cell. 1990 May 4;61(3):419–436. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90524-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Alani E., Subbiah S., Kleckner N. The yeast RAD50 gene encodes a predicted 153-kD protein containing a purine nucleotide-binding domain and two large heptad-repeat regions. Genetics. 1989 May;122(1):47–57. doi: 10.1093/genetics/122.1.47. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Boeke J. D., LaCroute F., Fink G. R. A positive selection for mutants lacking orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase activity in yeast: 5-fluoro-orotic acid resistance. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;197(2):345–346. doi: 10.1007/BF00330984. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Borts R. H., Lichten M., Haber J. E. Analysis of meiosis-defective mutations in yeast by physical monitoring of recombination. Genetics. 1986 Jul;113(3):551–567. doi: 10.1093/genetics/113.3.551. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cao L., Alani E., Kleckner N. A pathway for generation and processing of double-strand breaks during meiotic recombination in S. cerevisiae. Cell. 1990 Jun 15;61(6):1089–1101. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90072-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Carlson M., Botstein D. Two differentially regulated mRNAs with different 5' ends encode secreted with intracellular forms of yeast invertase. Cell. 1982 Jan;28(1):145–154. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90384-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Church G. M., Gilbert W. Genomic sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):1991–1995. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Connolly B., White C. I., Haber J. E. Physical monitoring of mating type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Jun;8(6):2342–2349. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.6.2342. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Contopoulou C. R., Cook V. E., Mortimer R. K. Analysis of DNA double strand breakage and repair using orthogonal field alternation gel electrophoresis. Yeast. 1987 Jun;3(2):71–76. doi: 10.1002/yea.320030203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Detloff P., White M. A., Petes T. D. Analysis of a gene conversion gradient at the HIS4 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1992 Sep;132(1):113–123. doi: 10.1093/genetics/132.1.113. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Feinberg A. P., Vogelstein B. "A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity". Addendum. Anal Biochem. 1984 Feb;137(1):266–267. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90381-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Game J. C., Zamb T. J., Braun R. J., Resnick M., Roth R. M. The Role of Radiation (rad) Genes in Meiotic Recombination in Yeast. Genetics. 1980 Jan;94(1):51–68. doi: 10.1093/genetics/94.1.51. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Gottlieb S., Wagstaff J., Esposito R. E. Evidence for two pathways of meiotic intrachromosomal recombination in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(18):7072–7076. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.18.7072. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Haber J. E., Hearn M. Rad52-independent mitotic gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae frequently results in chromosomal loss. Genetics. 1985 Sep;111(1):7–22. doi: 10.1093/genetics/111.1.7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Haber J. E. Mating-type gene switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Trends Genet. 1992 Dec;8(12):446–452. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(92)90329-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Haber J. E., Ray B. L., Kolb J. M., White C. I. Rapid kinetics of mismatch repair of heteroduplex DNA that is formed during recombination in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Apr 15;90(8):3363–3367. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.8.3363. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hamilton R., Watanabe C. K., de Boer H. A. Compilation and comparison of the sequence context around the AUG startcodons in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Apr 24;15(8):3581–3593. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.8.3581. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Ho K. S. Induction of DNA double-strand breaks by X-rays in a radiosensitive strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat Res. 1975 Dec;30(3):327–334. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Hoekstra M. F., Naughton T., Malone R. E. Properties of spontaneous mitotic recombination occurring in the presence of the rad52-1 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genet Res. 1986 Aug;48(1):9–17. doi: 10.1017/s0016672300024599. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Ito H., Fukuda Y., Murata K., Kimura A. Transformation of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations. J Bacteriol. 1983 Jan;153(1):163–168. doi: 10.1128/jb.153.1.163-168.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Ivanov E. L., Korolev V. G., Fabre F. XRS2, a DNA repair gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is needed for meiotic recombination. Genetics. 1992 Nov;132(3):651–664. doi: 10.1093/genetics/132.3.651. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Jackson J. A., Fink G. R. Gene conversion between duplicated genetic elements in yeast. Nature. 1981 Jul 23;292(5821):306–311. doi: 10.1038/292306a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Klapholz S., Esposito R. E. Recombination and chromosome segregation during the single division meiosis in SPO12-1 and SPO13-1 diploids. Genetics. 1980 Nov;96(3):589–611. doi: 10.1093/genetics/96.3.589. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Lichten M., Goyon C., Schultes N. P., Treco D., Szostak J. W., Haber J. E., Nicolas A. Detection of heteroduplex DNA molecules among the products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae meiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(19):7653–7657. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7653. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Malone R. E., Bullard S., Hermiston M., Rieger R., Cool M., Galbraith A. Isolation of mutants defective in early steps of meiotic recombination in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1991 May;128(1):79–88. doi: 10.1093/genetics/128.1.79. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Malone R. E., Esposito R. E. Recombinationless meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1981 Oct;1(10):891–901. doi: 10.1128/mcb.1.10.891. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Malone R. E., Esposito R. E. The RAD52 gene is required for homothallic interconversion of mating types and spontaneous mitotic recombination in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jan;77(1):503–507. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.1.503. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Malone R. E., Ward T., Lin S., Waring J. The RAD50 gene, a member of the double strand break repair epistasis group, is not required for spontaneous mitotic recombination in yeast. Curr Genet. 1990 Aug;18(2):111–116. doi: 10.1007/BF00312598. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. McDonell M. W., Simon M. N., Studier F. W. Analysis of restriction fragments of T7 DNA and determination of molecular weights by electrophoresis in neutral and alkaline gels. J Mol Biol. 1977 Feb 15;110(1):119–146. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(77)80102-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. McKee R. H., Lawrence C. W. Genetic analysis of gamma-ray mutagenesis in yeast. III. Double-mutant strains. Mutat Res. 1980 Mar;70(1):37–48. doi: 10.1016/0027-5107(80)90056-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Nickoloff J. A., Chen E. Y., Heffron F. A 24-base-pair DNA sequence from the MAT locus stimulates intergenic recombination in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Oct;83(20):7831–7835. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.20.7831. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Prakash L., Prakash S. Isolation and characterization of MMS-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1977 May;86(1):33–55. doi: 10.1093/genetics/86.1.33. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Prakash S., Prakash L., Burke W., Montelone B. A. Effects of the RAD52 Gene on Recombination in SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. Genetics. 1980 Jan;94(1):31–50. doi: 10.1093/genetics/94.1.31. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Ray B. L., White C. I., Haber J. E. Heteroduplex formation and mismatch repair of the "stuck" mutation during mating-type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Oct;11(10):5372–5380. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.10.5372. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Raymond W. E., Kleckner N. Expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD50 gene during meiosis: steady-state transcript levels rise and fall while steady-state protein levels remain constant. Mol Gen Genet. 1993 Apr;238(3):390–400. doi: 10.1007/BF00291998. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Reenan R. A., Kolodner R. D. Characterization of insertion mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH1 and MSH2 genes: evidence for separate mitochondrial and nuclear functions. Genetics. 1992 Dec;132(4):975–985. doi: 10.1093/genetics/132.4.975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Resnick M. A., Martin P. The repair of double-strand breaks in the nuclear DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its genetic control. Mol Gen Genet. 1976 Jan 16;143(2):119–129. doi: 10.1007/BF00266917. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Rose M. D., Novick P., Thomas J. H., Botstein D., Fink G. R. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic plasmid bank based on a centromere-containing shuttle vector. Gene. 1987;60(2-3):237–243. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90232-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Rose M., Grisafi P., Botstein D. Structure and function of the yeast URA3 gene: expression in Escherichia coli. Gene. 1984 Jul-Aug;29(1-2):113–124. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(84)90172-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Rothstein R. J. One-step gene disruption in yeast. Methods Enzymol. 1983;101:202–211. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)01015-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Rudin N., Haber J. E. Efficient repair of HO-induced chromosomal breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by recombination between flanking homologous sequences. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Sep;8(9):3918–3928. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.9.3918. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Saeki T., Machida I., Nakai S. Genetic control of diploid recovery after gamma-irradiation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat Res. 1980 Dec;73(2):251–265. doi: 10.1016/0027-5107(80)90192-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Sharp P. M., Li W. H. The codon Adaptation Index--a measure of directional synonymous codon usage bias, and its potential applications. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Feb 11;15(3):1281–1295. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.3.1281. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Shinohara A., Ogawa H., Ogawa T. Rad51 protein involved in repair and recombination in S. cerevisiae is a RecA-like protein. Cell. 1992 May 1;69(3):457–470. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90447-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Stinchcomb D. T., Mann C., Davis R. W. Centromeric DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol. 1982 Jun 25;158(2):157–190. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90427-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Sugawara N., Haber J. E. Characterization of double-strand break-induced recombination: homology requirements and single-stranded DNA formation. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Feb;12(2):563–575. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.2.563. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Sun H., Treco D., Szostak J. W. Extensive 3'-overhanging, single-stranded DNA associated with the meiosis-specific double-strand breaks at the ARG4 recombination initiation site. Cell. 1991 Mar 22;64(6):1155–1161. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90270-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Szostak J. W., Orr-Weaver T. L., Rothstein R. J., Stahl F. W. The double-strand-break repair model for recombination. Cell. 1983 May;33(1):25–35. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90331-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Weiffenbach B., Haber J. E. Homothallic mating type switching generates lethal chromosome breaks in rad52 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1981 Jun;1(6):522–534. doi: 10.1128/mcb.1.6.522. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. White C. I., Haber J. E. Intermediates of recombination during mating type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 1990 Mar;9(3):663–673. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08158.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Wobbe C. R., Struhl K. Yeast and human TATA-binding proteins have nearly identical DNA sequence requirements for transcription in vitro. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Aug;10(8):3859–3867. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.8.3859. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Zaret K. S., Sherman F. DNA sequence required for efficient transcription termination in yeast. Cell. 1982 Mar;28(3):563–573. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90211-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES