Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1994 Jun;14(6):4286–4294. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.6.4286

GATA elements are necessary for the activity and tissue specificity of the T-cell receptor beta-chain transcriptional enhancer.

A J Henderson 1, S McDougall 1, J Leiden 1, K L Calame 1
PMCID: PMC358795  PMID: 8196665

Abstract

Three high-affinity binding sites for the GATA family of transcriptional regulators have been identified within the T-cell receptor beta-chain (TCR beta) transcriptional enhancer, and their functional significance has been determined in an effort to understand the T-cell specificity of the enhancer more fully. One site, TE4, is important for activity of the enhancer in T cells. Neither site TE1 nor site TE2 can functionally replace a mutated TE4 site in T cells; however, the same protein, probably GATA-3, binds all three sites, as judged by electrophoretic mobility shift, oligonucleotide competition, and proteolytic clipping assays. These data suggest that additional proteins are critical for the ability of GATA-3 to activate the TCR beta enhancer. In fibroblasts, the GATA sequence at site TE1 appears to bind a negative regulator. Since this is not true in B cells, B cells and fibroblasts appear to have different mechanisms for negative regulation of the TCR beta enhancer.

Full text

PDF
4286

Images in this article

4288Image
on p.4288
4289Image
on p.4289
4289Image
on p.4289
4290Image
on p.4290

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Anderson S. J., Miyake S., Loh D. Y. Transcription from a murine T-cell receptor V beta promoter depends on a conserved decamer motif similar to the cyclic AMP response element. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Nov;9(11):4835–4845. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.11.4835. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Blackwell T. K., Moore M. W., Yancopoulos G. D., Suh H., Lutzker S., Selsing E., Alt F. W. Recombination between immunoglobulin variable region gene segments is enhanced by transcription. Nature. 1986 Dec 11;324(6097):585–589. doi: 10.1038/324585a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Briegel K., Lim K. C., Plank C., Beug H., Engel J. D., Zenke M. Ectopic expression of a conditional GATA-2/estrogen receptor chimera arrests erythroid differentiation in a hormone-dependent manner. Genes Dev. 1993 Jun;7(6):1097–1109. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.6.1097. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Carlsson P., Waterman M. L., Jones K. A. The hLEF/TCF-1 alpha HMG protein contains a context-dependent transcriptional activation domain that induces the TCR alpha enhancer in T cells. Genes Dev. 1993 Dec;7(12A):2418–2430. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.12a.2418. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Davis M. M., Bjorkman P. J. T-cell antigen receptor genes and T-cell recognition. Nature. 1988 Aug 4;334(6181):395–402. doi: 10.1038/334395a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dignam J. D., Lebovitz R. M., Roeder R. G. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Mar 11;11(5):1475–1489. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.5.1475. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Evans T., Felsenfeld G. The erythroid-specific transcription factor Eryf1: a new finger protein. Cell. 1989 Sep 8;58(5):877–885. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90940-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Evans T., Reitman M., Felsenfeld G. An erythrocyte-specific DNA-binding factor recognizes a regulatory sequence common to all chicken globin genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug;85(16):5976–5980. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.16.5976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Georgopoulos K., Morgan B. A., Moore D. D. Functionally distinct isoforms of the CRE-BP DNA-binding protein mediate activity of a T-cell-specific enhancer. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Feb;12(2):747–757. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.2.747. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Giese K., Grosschedl R. LEF-1 contains an activation domain that stimulates transcription only in a specific context of factor-binding sites. EMBO J. 1993 Dec;12(12):4667–4676. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06155.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gorman C. M., Merlino G. T., Willingham M. C., Pastan I., Howard B. H. The Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat is a strong promoter when introduced into a variety of eukaryotic cells by DNA-mediated transfection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(22):6777–6781. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.22.6777. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Gottschalk L. R., Leiden J. M. Identification and functional characterization of the human T-cell receptor beta gene transcriptional enhancer: common nuclear proteins interact with the transcriptional regulatory elements of the T-cell receptor alpha and beta genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Oct;10(10):5486–5495. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.10.5486. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Hai T. W., Liu F., Coukos W. J., Green M. R. Transcription factor ATF cDNA clones: an extensive family of leucine zipper proteins able to selectively form DNA-binding heterodimers. Genes Dev. 1989 Dec;3(12B):2083–2090. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.12b.2083. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Ho I. C., Bhat N. K., Gottschalk L. R., Lindsten T., Thompson C. B., Papas T. S., Leiden J. M. Sequence-specific binding of human Ets-1 to the T cell receptor alpha gene enhancer. Science. 1990 Nov 9;250(4982):814–818. doi: 10.1126/science.2237431. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Ho I. C., Vorhees P., Marin N., Oakley B. K., Tsai S. F., Orkin S. H., Leiden J. M. Human GATA-3: a lineage-restricted transcription factor that regulates the expression of the T cell receptor alpha gene. EMBO J. 1991 May;10(5):1187–1192. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb08059.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Hoeffler J. P., Meyer T. E., Yun Y., Jameson J. L., Habener J. F. Cyclic AMP-responsive DNA-binding protein: structure based on a cloned placental cDNA. Science. 1988 Dec 9;242(4884):1430–1433. doi: 10.1126/science.2974179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Ishida I., Verbeek S., Bonneville M., Itohara S., Berns A., Tonegawa S. T-cell receptor gamma delta and gamma transgenic mice suggest a role of a gamma gene silencer in the generation of alpha beta T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Apr;87(8):3067–3071. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.8.3067. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Joulin V., Bories D., Eléouet J. F., Labastie M. C., Chrétien S., Mattéi M. G., Roméo P. H. A T-cell specific TCR delta DNA binding protein is a member of the human GATA family. EMBO J. 1991 Jul;10(7):1809–1816. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07706.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Ko L. J., Engel J. D. DNA-binding specificities of the GATA transcription factor family. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Jul;13(7):4011–4022. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.7.4011. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Ko L. J., Yamamoto M., Leonard M. W., George K. M., Ting P., Engel J. D. Murine and human T-lymphocyte GATA-3 factors mediate transcription through a cis-regulatory element within the human T-cell receptor delta gene enhancer. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 May;11(5):2778–2784. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.5.2778. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Krimpenfort P., de Jong R., Uematsu Y., Dembic Z., Ryser S., von Boehmer H., Steinmetz M., Berns A. Transcription of T cell receptor beta-chain genes is controlled by a downstream regulatory element. EMBO J. 1988 Mar;7(3):745–750. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02871.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Kuwabara M. D., Sigman D. S. Footprinting DNA-protein complexes in situ following gel retardation assays using 1,10-phenanthroline-copper ion: Escherichia coli RNA polymerase-lac promoter complexes. Biochemistry. 1987 Nov 17;26(23):7234–7238. doi: 10.1021/bi00397a006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Landt O., Grunert H. P., Hahn U. A general method for rapid site-directed mutagenesis using the polymerase chain reaction. Gene. 1990 Nov 30;96(1):125–128. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(90)90351-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Leiden J. M. Transcriptional regulation during T-cell development: the alpha TCR gene as a molecular model. Immunol Today. 1992 Jan;13(1):22–30. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(92)90200-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Leiden J. M. Transcriptional regulation of T cell receptor genes. Annu Rev Immunol. 1993;11:539–570. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.11.040193.002543. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Luckow B., Schütz G. CAT constructions with multiple unique restriction sites for the functional analysis of eukaryotic promoters and regulatory elements. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Jul 10;15(13):5490–5490. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.13.5490. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Marine J., Winoto A. The human enhancer-binding protein Gata3 binds to several T-cell receptor regulatory elements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Aug 15;88(16):7284–7288. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.16.7284. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Martin D. I., Zon L. I., Mutter G., Orkin S. H. Expression of an erythroid transcription factor in megakaryocytic and mast cell lineages. Nature. 1990 Mar 29;344(6265):444–447. doi: 10.1038/344444a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):499–560. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65059-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. McDougall S., Peterson C. L., Calame K. A transcriptional enhancer 3' of C beta 2 in the T cell receptor beta locus. Science. 1988 Jul 8;241(4862):205–208. doi: 10.1126/science.2968651. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Merika M., Orkin S. H. DNA-binding specificity of GATA family transcription factors. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Jul;13(7):3999–4010. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.7.3999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Messier H., Brickner H., Gaikwad J., Fotedar A. A novel POU domain protein which binds to the T-cell receptor beta enhancer. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Sep;13(9):5450–5460. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.9.5450. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Messier H., Fuller T., Mangal S., Brickner H., Igarashi S., Gaikwad J., Fotedar R., Fotedar A. p70 lupus autoantigen binds the enhancer of the T-cell receptor beta-chain gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Apr 1;90(7):2685–2689. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.7.2685. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Montminy M. R., Sevarino K. A., Wagner J. A., Mandel G., Goodman R. H. Identification of a cyclic-AMP-responsive element within the rat somatostatin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Sep;83(18):6682–6686. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.18.6682. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Oosterwegel M., Timmerman J., Leiden J., Clevers H. Expression of GATA-3 during lymphocyte differentiation and mouse embryogenesis. Dev Immunol. 1992;3(1):1–11. doi: 10.1155/1992/27903. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Oosterwegel M., van de Wetering M., Dooijes D., Klomp L., Winoto A., Georgopoulos K., Meijlink F., Clevers H. Cloning of murine TCF-1, a T cell-specific transcription factor interacting with functional motifs in the CD3-epsilon and T cell receptor alpha enhancers. J Exp Med. 1991 May 1;173(5):1133–1142. doi: 10.1084/jem.173.5.1133. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Orkin S. H. GATA-binding transcription factors in hematopoietic cells. Blood. 1992 Aug 1;80(3):575–581. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Perrin S., Gilliland G. Site-specific mutagenesis using asymmetric polymerase chain reaction and a single mutant primer. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Dec 25;18(24):7433–7438. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.24.7433. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Pevny L., Simon M. C., Robertson E., Klein W. H., Tsai S. F., D'Agati V., Orkin S. H., Costantini F. Erythroid differentiation in chimaeric mice blocked by a targeted mutation in the gene for transcription factor GATA-1. Nature. 1991 Jan 17;349(6306):257–260. doi: 10.1038/349257a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Prosser H. M., Lake R. A., Wotton D., Owen M. J. Identification and functional analysis of the transcriptional enhancer of the human T cell receptor beta gene. Eur J Immunol. 1991 Jan;21(1):161–166. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830210124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Prosser H. M., Wotton D., Gegonne A., Ghysdael J., Wang S., Speck N. A., Owen M. J. A phorbol ester response element within the human T-cell receptor beta-chain enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Oct 15;89(20):9934–9938. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.20.9934. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Rahuel C., Vinit M. A., Lemarchandel V., Cartron J. P., Roméo P. H. Erythroid-specific activity of the glycophorin B promoter requires GATA-1 mediated displacement of a repressor. EMBO J. 1992 Nov;11(11):4095–4102. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05502.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Redondo J. M., Pfohl J. L., Hernandez-Munain C., Wang S., Speck N. A., Krangel M. S. Indistinguishable nuclear factor binding to functional core sites of the T-cell receptor delta and murine leukemia virus enhancers. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Nov;12(11):4817–4823. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.11.4817. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Romeo P. H., Prandini M. H., Joulin V., Mignotte V., Prenant M., Vainchenker W., Marguerie G., Uzan G. Megakaryocytic and erythrocytic lineages share specific transcription factors. Nature. 1990 Mar 29;344(6265):447–449. doi: 10.1038/344447a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Schatz D. G., Oettinger M. A., Baltimore D. The V(D)J recombination activating gene, RAG-1. Cell. 1989 Dec 22;59(6):1035–1048. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90760-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Schreiber E., Matthias P., Müller M. M., Schaffner W. Identification of a novel lymphoid specific octamer binding protein (OTF-2B) by proteolytic clipping bandshift assay (PCBA). EMBO J. 1988 Dec 20;7(13):4221–4229. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03319.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Takeda J., Cheng A., Mauxion F., Nelson C. A., Newberry R. D., Sha W. C., Sen R., Loh D. Y. Functional analysis of the murine T-cell receptor beta enhancer and characteristics of its DNA-binding proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Oct;10(10):5027–5035. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.10.5027. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Travis A., Amsterdam A., Belanger C., Grosschedl R. LEF-1, a gene encoding a lymphoid-specific protein with an HMG domain, regulates T-cell receptor alpha enhancer function [corrected]. Genes Dev. 1991 May;5(5):880–894. doi: 10.1101/gad.5.5.880. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Tsai S. F., Martin D. I., Zon L. I., D'Andrea A. D., Wong G. G., Orkin S. H. Cloning of cDNA for the major DNA-binding protein of the erythroid lineage through expression in mammalian cells. Nature. 1989 Jun 8;339(6224):446–451. doi: 10.1038/339446a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Waterman M. L., Fischer W. H., Jones K. A. A thymus-specific member of the HMG protein family regulates the human T cell receptor C alpha enhancer. Genes Dev. 1991 Apr;5(4):656–669. doi: 10.1101/gad.5.4.656. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Wilkinson M. F., MacLeod C. L. Induction of T-cell receptor-alpha and -beta mRNA in SL12 cells can occur by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. EMBO J. 1988 Jan;7(1):101–109. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02788.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Winoto A., Baltimore D. Alpha beta lineage-specific expression of the alpha T cell receptor gene by nearby silencers. Cell. 1989 Nov 17;59(4):649–655. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90010-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Yancopoulos G. D., Blackwell T. K., Suh H., Hood L., Alt F. W. Introduced T cell receptor variable region gene segments recombine in pre-B cells: evidence that B and T cells use a common recombinase. Cell. 1986 Jan 31;44(2):251–259. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90759-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. van Zonneveld A. J., Curriden S. A., Loskutoff D. J. Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor gene: functional analysis and glucocorticoid regulation of its promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug;85(15):5525–5529. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.15.5525. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. van de Wetering M., Oosterwegel M., Dooijes D., Clevers H. Identification and cloning of TCF-1, a T lymphocyte-specific transcription factor containing a sequence-specific HMG box. EMBO J. 1991 Jan;10(1):123–132. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07928.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. van de Wetering M., Oosterwegel M., van Norren K., Clevers H. Sox-4, an Sry-like HMG box protein, is a transcriptional activator in lymphocytes. EMBO J. 1993 Oct;12(10):3847–3854. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06063.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. von Boehmer H. The developmental biology of T lymphocytes. Annu Rev Immunol. 1988;6:309–326. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.06.040188.001521. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES