Skip to main content
PMC home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1991 Feb;11(2):886–893. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.2.886

Structure and expression of a gene encoding a putative GTP-binding protein identified by provirus integration in a transgenic mouse strain.

K Mooslehner 1, U Müller 1, U Karls 1, L Hamann 1, K Harbers 1
PMCID: PMC359740  PMID: 1899287

Abstract

The Mov-10 mouse strain was derived by infection of preimplantation embryos with the Moloney murine leukemia virus and carries one copy of the provirus in its germ line. Here we show that the provirus has integrated into an evolutionarily conserved gene that can code for a protein of 110 kDa containing the three consensus elements characteristic for GTP-binding proteins. The Mov-10 locus was expressed in a variety of cell types, including embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells. Transcription of the gene was down-regulated about 10-fold when F9 embryonal carcinoma cells are differentiated into parietal endodermlike cells and about 2-fold when they are differentiated into visceral endodermlike cells. High levels of Mov-10 transcripts were also found at different stages of embryonal development and in the testes and thymus of adult animals. Expression was cell cycle controlled, with steady-state RNA levels significantly higher in growth-arrested than in growth-stimulated cells. The results suggest that the Mov-10 locus has an important function in development and/or control of cell proliferation. The provirus was shown to have integrated into intron 1 of the gene without disrupting expression, indicating that integration into intronic sequences of a transcription unit does not necessarily affect transcription. This result together with previous results from the Mov-13 mouse strain suggested that proviruses exert their mutagenic effect only by integration in specific sites, such as cis-regulatory DNA elements.

Full text

PDF
886

Images in this article

889Image
on p.889
889Image
on p.889
890Image
on p.890
890Image
on p.890
891Image
on p.891

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Almendral J. M., Sommer D., Macdonald-Bravo H., Burckhardt J., Perera J., Bravo R. Complexity of the early genetic response to growth factors in mouse fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 May;8(5):2140–2148. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.5.2140. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Auffray C., Rougeon F. Purification of mouse immunoglobulin heavy-chain messenger RNAs from total myeloma tumor RNA. Eur J Biochem. 1980 Jun;107(2):303–314. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb06030.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Dever T. E., Glynias M. J., Merrick W. C. GTP-binding domain: three consensus sequence elements with distinct spacing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Apr;84(7):1814–1818. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.7.1814. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Dodemont H. J., Soriano P., Quax W. J., Ramaekers F., Lenstra J. A., Groenen M. A., Bernardi G., Bloemendal H. The genes coding for the cytoskeletal proteins actin and vimentin in warm-blooded vertebrates. EMBO J. 1982;1(2):167–171. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01142.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Dziadek M. A., Andrews G. K. Tissue specificity of alpha-fetoprotein messenger RNA expression during mouse embryogenesis. EMBO J. 1983;2(4):549–554. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01461.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Evans M. J., Kaufman M. H. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature. 1981 Jul 9;292(5819):154–156. doi: 10.1038/292154a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Feinberg A. P., Vogelstein B. "A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity". Addendum. Anal Biochem. 1984 Feb;137(1):266–267. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90381-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Frankel W. N., Potter T. A., Rajan T. V. Effect of proviral insertion on transcription of the murine B2mb gene. J Virol. 1989 Jun;63(6):2623–2628. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.6.2623-2628.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Harbers K., Kuehn M., Delius H., Jaenisch R. Insertion of retrovirus into the first intron of alpha 1(I) collagen gene to embryonic lethal mutation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Mar;81(5):1504–1508. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.5.1504. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Harbers K., Schnieke A., Stuhlmann H., Jaenisch R. Infectivity and structure of molecular clones obtained from two genetically transmitted Moloney leukemia proviral genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Apr 24;10(8):2521–2537. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.8.2521. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hartung S., Jaenisch R., Breindl M. Retrovirus insertion inactivates mouse alpha 1(I) collagen gene by blocking initiation of transcription. 1986 Mar 27-Apr 2Nature. 320(6060):365–367. doi: 10.1038/320365a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hogan B. L., Taylor A., Adamson E. Cell interactions modulate embryonal carcinoma cell differentiation into parietal or visceral endoderm. Nature. 1981 May 21;291(5812):235–237. doi: 10.1038/291235a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Jaenisch R., Harbers K., Schnieke A., Löhler J., Chumakov I., Jähner D., Grotkopp D., Hoffmann E. Germline integration of moloney murine leukemia virus at the Mov13 locus leads to recessive lethal mutation and early embryonic death. Cell. 1983 Jan;32(1):209–216. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90511-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Jaenisch R., Jähner D., Nobis P., Simon I., Löhler J., Harbers K., Grotkopp D. Chromosomal position and activation of retroviral genomes inserted into the germ line of mice. Cell. 1981 May;24(2):519–529. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90343-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Jaenisch R. Transgenic animals. Science. 1988 Jun 10;240(4858):1468–1474. doi: 10.1126/science.3287623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Jenkins N. A., Copeland N. G., Taylor B. A., Lee B. K. Dilute (d) coat colour mutation of DBA/2J mice is associated with the site of integration of an ecotropic MuLV genome. Nature. 1981 Oct 1;293(5831):370–374. doi: 10.1038/293370a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kratochwil K., von der Mark K., Kollar E. J., Jaenisch R., Mooslehner K., Schwarz M., Haase K., Gmachl I., Harbers K. Retrovirus-induced insertional mutation in Mov13 mice affects collagen I expression in a tissue-specific manner. Cell. 1989 Jun 2;57(5):807–816. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90795-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Kuehn M. R., Bradley A., Robertson E. J., Evans M. J. A potential animal model for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome through introduction of HPRT mutations into mice. Nature. 1987 Mar 19;326(6110):295–298. doi: 10.1038/326295a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Mason I. J., Taylor A., Williams J. G., Sage H., Hogan B. L. Evidence from molecular cloning that SPARC, a major product of mouse embryo parietal endoderm, is related to an endothelial cell 'culture shock' glycoprotein of Mr 43,000. EMBO J. 1986 Jul;5(7):1465–1472. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04383.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. McLauchlan J., Gaffney D., Whitton J. L., Clements J. B. The consensus sequence YGTGTTYY located downstream from the AATAAA signal is required for efficient formation of mRNA 3' termini. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Feb 25;13(4):1347–1368. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.4.1347. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Montell C., Fisher E. F., Caruthers M. H., Berk A. J. Inhibition of RNA cleavage but not polyadenylation by a point mutation in mRNA 3' consensus sequence AAUAAA. Nature. 1983 Oct 13;305(5935):600–605. doi: 10.1038/305600a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Mooslehner K., Karls U., Harbers K. Retroviral integration sites in transgenic Mov mice frequently map in the vicinity of transcribed DNA regions. J Virol. 1990 Jun;64(6):3056–3058. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.6.3056-3058.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Münke M., Harbers K., Jaenisch R., Francke U. Chromosomal mapping of four different integration sites of Moloney murine leukemia virus including the locus for alpha 1(I) collagen in mouse. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1986;43(3-4):140–149. doi: 10.1159/000132312. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Proudfoot N. J., Brownlee G. G. 3' non-coding region sequences in eukaryotic messenger RNA. Nature. 1976 Sep 16;263(5574):211–214. doi: 10.1038/263211a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Schneider C., King R. M., Philipson L. Genes specifically expressed at growth arrest of mammalian cells. Cell. 1988 Sep 9;54(6):787–793. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(88)91065-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Schnieke A., Harbers K., Jaenisch R. Embryonic lethal mutation in mice induced by retrovirus insertion into the alpha 1(I) collagen gene. 1983 Jul 28-Aug 3Nature. 304(5924):315–320. doi: 10.1038/304315a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Smith A. G., Hooper M. L. Buffalo rat liver cells produce a diffusible activity which inhibits the differentiation of murine embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells. Dev Biol. 1987 May;121(1):1–9. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(87)90132-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Soriano P., Gridley T., Jaenisch R. Retroviruses and insertional mutagenesis in mice: proviral integration at the Mov 34 locus leads to early embryonic death. Genes Dev. 1987 Jun;1(4):366–375. doi: 10.1101/gad.1.4.366. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Stoye J. P., Fenner S., Greenoak G. E., Moran C., Coffin J. M. Role of endogenous retroviruses as mutagens: the hairless mutation of mice. Cell. 1988 Jul 29;54(3):383–391. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90201-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Strickland S. Mouse teratocarcinoma cells: prospects for the study of embryogenesis and neoplasia. Cell. 1981 May;24(2):277–278. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90313-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Strickland S., Smith K. K., Marotti K. R. Hormonal induction of differentiation in teratocarcinoma stem cells: generation of parietal endoderm by retinoic acid and dibutyryl cAMP. Cell. 1980 Sep;21(2):347–355. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90471-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Wickens M., Stephenson P. Role of the conserved AAUAAA sequence: four AAUAAA point mutants prevent messenger RNA 3' end formation. Science. 1984 Nov 30;226(4678):1045–1051. doi: 10.1126/science.6208611. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES