The knowledge of public access to defibrillation in selected cities in Poland

Abstract

Introduction

The Public Access to Defibrillation (PAD) program was designed to raise the awareness of sudden cardiac death (SCA) pre-hospital management among the community. The goal of the following research was to confirm the final impact of the Polish PAD program on various resident groups that differ by age, training and education level.

Material and methods

The trial total number of participants reached 404 people from three cities divided into two groups. In group one (n = 295) were randomly selected people inside the trial area and in group two (n = 109) we had individuals who were theoretically trained in basic life support (BLS) algorithms, including the use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). The research method was based on two different questionnaires completed by participants from each group.

Results

The greatest knowledge of SCA, as well as the use of AED, and the best practical skills, were possessed by the residents of cities with a population over 100 000, aged between 18 and 30 years, who completed secondary or higher education (31.7%). The group with the smallest knowledge about SCA lived in the country (10.7%). The second group with little knowledge of the subject consisted mostly of individuals with primary education (4.19%) or professional abilities and over 50 years old (2.16%).

Conclusions

There must be some actions taken in order to increase the community awareness concerning automatic defibrillation. Training on AED and the possibility of practical exercise needs to be organized and should be conducted especially among residents of the countryside and people under 30 or over 50 years old.

Introduction

Defibrillation is a medical procedure that delivers a direct current impulse of energy to the heart through the chest surface. The key point of the defibrillation mechanism is the total heart muscle depolarization. It causes orderliness of electric charges and brings back the regular conduction in the heart conduction system usually in order to terminate life-threatening tachycardias.

In 1990 the American Heart Association (AHA) first defined the “chain of survival” as a sequence of actions needed to be done in case of cardiac arrest [1]. Nowadays, this chain is an international standard in rescue medicine. The “chain of survival” consists of four components: early access to help (emergency call), early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), early defibrillation and early advanced care (Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support – ACLS) [2].

Defibrillation, according to the newest guidelines of the AHA and European Resuscitation Council (ERC), is the most important component of the “chain of survival” and significantly improves the survival rate after sudden cardiac arrest in the ventricular fibrillation (VF) mechanism [3, 4].

The PAD program was introduced in Poland in 2000 and has been well known for years within the rescue communities around the world [5]. Different types of rescue associations aim to spread the knowledge to the youth, the disabled, and drivers. The PAD program's goal is to place an automated external defibrillator (AED) where at least one of these three situations occur: a sudden cardiac arrest happened at least once in the last 2 years, there is no possibility for a rescue team to arrive within 5 min, and the AED can be delivered to the patient in less than 5 min [6].

A significant increase in the survival rate was observed within the group of lethal arrhythmia victims in countries where the PAD program was implemented effectively [7]. In other cases, the patient's chance of survival depends on the speed and quality of basic life support (BLS) performed by a witness [8]. The time from the moment of cardiac arrest to the first defibrillation procedure is also crucial for the patient's chance of survival [9].

The purpose of this research was to verify the program's premises in practice and to raise the awareness of the AED handling aspect [10]. The research covered Szczecin, Poznan and Slupsk. A closed-question questionnaire was used to determine the knowledge of the subject. The participants were divided into two groups. The first group included randomly selected people within the trial area. The second group included people properly trained in basic life support methods and the use of an automatic defibrillator (BLS-AED). The questionnaires for these two groups differed from each other in the difficulty of the questions [11].

Material and methods

Total participants included 404 people: 203 women (50.25%) and 201 men (49.75%). There was no age limit for participants; the average age was 19-30 years. 73.90% of the participants were 19-30 years old. These people were the most eager to complete the questionnaire and the trial itself. 17.29% of the participants were 31-50 years old and 8.46% under 19 years old. The smallest group (1.02%) included participants 51-70 years old. There were no participants over 70 years old (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Age of the questioned

The trials were conducted in public facilities supplied with AED. The interviewees were divided into two groups: group one, 295 randomly selected people inside the trial area; and group two, 109 people trained in basic life support methods, such as the use of an automatic defibrillator (BLS-AED). There were 16 closed-ended questions for the first group (Table I) and 18 questions for the second one (Table II). The questionnaires for these two groups differ from each other in the content. In spite of the low access to AED in Poland, the places of interview were not intentionally specified. The trial was conducted from 1.02.2010 to 30.04.2010 in Poznan, Szczecin and Slupsk.

Table I.

Questionnaire for customers (1^st group)

This is a questionnaire concerning the use of an automatic defibrillator (AED). The results of this questionnaire will be used for my Bachelor's degree thesis. This questionnaire is completely anonymous. There are no “good’’ or “bad’’ answers. Choose the answer you agree the most with. Please check only one answer. Thank you for filling in this questionnaire.

1. Do you know what sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) means?  a) Yes.  b) No.

2. Do you know that SCA is a direct life-threatening condition?  a) Yes.  b) No.

3. Do you know what an automatic external defibrillator (AED) is?  a) Yes.  b) No.

4. Do you know that it is placed in the facility that you are now in?  a) Yes.  b) No.

5. Do you know where you should look for it?  a) Yes.  b) No.

6. Have you ever completed first aid training?  a) Yes.  b) No.

7. If yes, please define when:  a) before the year 2000,  b) years 2001-2005,  c) after the year 2006.

8. Do you know in which conditions the AED should be used?  a) Yes.  b) No.

9. Do you know how to use the AED?  a) Yes.  b) No.

10. Would you use the AED, knowing about its accessibility, in the situation of sudden cardiac arrest?  a) Yes.  b) No.  c) I do not know.

11. If not, please state why:  a) I don't remember how to use it,  b) I don't know how to use it,  c) I am afraid of using it incorrectly,  d) I am afraid of the consequences,

12. Please state your gender:  a) female,  b) male.

13. Please define your level of education:  a) primary,  b) professional abilities,  c) secondary,  d) higher.

14. Please define your type of education:  a) medical degree,  b) paramedical degree (paramedic, nurse),  c) non-medical.

15. Please define your place of living:  a) in the country,  b) town < 2000 inhabitants,  c) city 20 000-100 000 citizens,  d) city > 100 000 citizens.

16. Please state your age:  a) < 18 years old,  b) 19-30 years old,  c) 31-50 years old,  d) 51-70 years old,  e) > 71 years old.

Table II.

Questionnaire for employees (2^nd group)

This is a questionnaire concerning the use of an automatic defibrillator (AED). The results of this questionnaire will be used for my Bachelor's degree thesis. This questionnaire is completely anonymous. There are no “good’’ or “bad’’ answers. Choose the answer you agree the most with. Please check only one answer. Thank you for filling out this questionnaire.

1. Do you know what sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) means?  a) Yes.  b) No.

2. Do you know that SCA is a direct life-threatening condition?  a) Yes.  b) No.

3. Are you informed, as an employee, about the presence of an automatic defibrillator (AED) at your work?  a) Yes.  b) No.

4. Do you know where it is located?  a) Yes.  b) No.

5. How long have you been working here?  a) < 1 year.  b) 1-3 years.  c) 3-5 years.  d) > 5 years.

6. Has there been any training concerning AED organized during this time?  a) Yes.  b) No.

7. Please specify when.  a) < 1 year ago.  b) 1-3 years ago.  c) 3-5 years ago.  d) > 5 years ago.

8. Did you take part in it?  a) Yes.  b) No.

9. If not, what was the reason?  a) Lack of access.  b) Insufficient funds.  c) Lack of time.

10. Do you know in which conditions the AED should be used?  a) Yes.  b) No.

11. Do you know how to use an AED?  a) Yes.  b) No.

12. Would you use an AED, being aware of its accessibility, in the situation of sudden cardiac arrest?  a) Yes.  b) No.  c) I do not know.

13. If not, please give the reason:  a) I don't remember how to use it,  b) I don't know how to use it,  c) I am afraid of using it incorrectly,  d) I am afraid of the consequences.

14. Please state your gender:  a) female,  b) male.

15. Please define your level of education:  a) primary,  b) professional abilities,  c) secondary,  d) higher.

16. Please define your type of education:  a) medical degree,  b) paramedical degree (paramedic, nurse),  c) non-medical.

17. Please define your place of living:  a) in the country,  b) town < 2000 inhabitants,  c) city 20 000-100 000 citizens,  d) city > 100 000 citizens.

18. Please state your age:  a) < 19 years old,  b) 19-30 years old,  c) 31-50 years old,  d) 51-70 years old,  e) > 70 years old.

Results

Knowledge concerning sudden cardiac arrest

The interviewees from the first group were questioned on their knowledge concerning SCA. 65.71% of the respondents answered correctly. Among this group 64.88% were men, 35.12% were women, 52.88% had secondary education, 39.79% a higher education, 4.19% primary education and 3.19% professional abilities. The level of participants’ knowledge increased with the size of the city. In a city with over 100 000 citizens the correct answer was given by 55.61% of respondents, 17.79% in a city of 20 000 to 100 000 residents, 13.90% in a town with less than 20 000 residents and by 10.70% of those who live in the country. The highest number of correct answers was given by the interviewees in the age group 19-30 years old (73.38%), then those 31-50 years old (18.71%), followed by the group under 19 years old (5.76%). The lowest level of knowledge was among people 51-70 years old (2.16%). 74.39% of respondents knew that SCA is a direct life-threatening condition. 57.59% of this group were men, 42.41% women.

General knowledge concerning automatic external defibrillators

31.71% of respondents in the first group knew what an automatic external defibrillator was. Among them 71.38% were people in the age group 19-30 years old, 18.17% were 31-50 years old, 5.76% were under 19 years old and 2.16% were between 51 and 70 years old. The knowledge of AED increased with the size of the city. More than half of those questioned who possessed the knowledge lived in a city with over 100 000 citizens, 19.79% in a city with a population of 2000-100 000, 13.90% in a town with less than 2000 residents and 10.70% lived in the country. There was a major positive correlation between the knowledge of the subject and education. 52.88% of interviewees had completed secondary education, 39.79% higher education, 4.19% primary education and 3.14% possessed professional abilities. The highest level of knowledge was among the participants within the group 19-30 years old, with secondary education, living in cities with more than 100 000 residents (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Knowledge of the what the AED is according to the age, place of stay and the level of education of the questioned

The device was accessible to the participants during the trial but only 5.28% of those questioned knew what an AED looked like and where it could possibly be located. Fifty-six percent of participants had completed first aid training, but only 41.88% knew what an AED was. Forty-two percent of these people were trained in 2006 and 2007, 24% between 2000 and 2005, and 34% before 2000, when knowledge of automatic defibrillation was not widespread. The defense training class in high school does not provide any kind of knowledge about automatic defibrillation.

In comparison, 83.49% of respondents in the second group who worked in the trial facilities knew exactly where an AED could be located. Within that group most people (73.33%) had worked there for more than 5 years, 1.22% more than a year, 7.78% between three and 5 years, and 6.67% between 1 and 3 years (Figure 3). Despite the training provided by the employer about the AED, there was no positive correlation between the level of knowledge and who completed the course.

Figure 3.

Job seniority of questioned employees who possess knowledge of AED presence at the work place

Knowledge of the circumstances and clinical conditions of automated external defibrillator usage

22.76% of participants within the first group correctly answered the question “Do you know under what circumstances an AED should be used?”. Among them 13.56% knew where they should look for it. The largest number of correct answers was given by people who graduated from high school (50%) and had higher education (40%). Only 13% of correct answers were given by people who graduated from primary school or possessed professional skills.

Sixty percent of these people were 19-30 years old, 24% 31-50 years old, 12% less than 19 years old and 4% were aged 51-70 years.

There was a positive correlation between the level of knowledge and the size of the city where the participants live. 60.34% of the trial participants who had any knowledge of AED lived in a city with a population over 100 000, 17.24% in a city with 20 000-100 000 residents, 13.79% lived in the country and 8.62% lived in a town with a population less than 20 000. 32.48% of those questioned who had knowledge on how to use an AED had completed a first aid course: 36.84% before 2000, 41.67% in 2006 or later and 24.24% between 2000 and 2005 (Figure 4).

Figure 4.

Knowledge of the circumstances in which the AED should be used according to the date of the first aid course graduation

In comparison 78.90% of the questioned employees (second group) answered correctly about the circumstances under which an AED should be used. 33.72% of them had completed AED training.

Use of automated external defibrillator in case of sudden circulatory arrest

For a rescuer, an eyewitness, a SCA is undoubtedly a stressful situation. Knowing that any attempt to resuscitate may save the victim is the deciding factor for most eyewitnesses. An automatic external defibrillator highly facilitates resuscitation and is able to give directions regarding what steps should be taken. The AED helps to resuscitate according to an approved algorithm so it has a proven efficacy. In the condition of SCA not everybody among trial participants would have decided to use the AED (Figure 5). Only 25.44% of those questioned would do this (65.79% of men and 34.21% of women). The largest group had higher education (58.62%), then secondary education (36.21%), professional abilities (3.45%) and primary education (1.72%). 63.64% lived in a city with more than 100 000 residents, 18.18% in a town with a population of less than 20 000 residents, 12.73% in the country and 5.45% in a city with 20 000-100 000 residents.

Figure 5.

Results of the answers to the question: “Would you use the AED, knowing of its accessibility, in the situation of SCA?”

Young people (age 19-31 years) tend to have the best knowledge on how to use an AED. They made up 66.67% of the participants, 25% were 31-50 years old, 5% were younger than 18 years old and 3.33% were between 51 and 70 years old.

57.84% of those questioned could not decide if they would use the defibrillator under the circumstances of a SCA (55.5% women, 44.5% men). The greatest doubts were among the age group 19-30 years old (68.24%), residents of a city with a population over 100 000 (51.35%) and those who had completed higher education (49.66%).

The AED would not be used by 16.38% of those questioned (61.40% women, 38.60% men), 82% of people between 19 and 30 years old, 12% of those 31-50 years old and 6% less than 19 years old. Forty-eight percent of them come from a city with a population exceeding 100 000, 30% from a city with a population between 20 000 and 100 000, 16% from a town and 6% from the country. Sixty-two percent have completed secondary education, 28% higher education, 6% primary education or have personal abilities. Interviewees who were asked why they would not use the defibrillator answered accordingly: they did not know how to use it (40.20%), they were afraid of using it incorrectly (24.66%), they were afraid of the consequences of using it (2.70%) or they did not remember how to use the device (1.68%).

Among those who completed the first aid course 35.04% would employ the automatic defibrillator during the resuscitation. Half of this group was trained in 2000 or earlier, 31.82% between 2000 and 2006 and 16.67% in 2006 or later. 15.79% of those questioned who would use an AED knew how to use it, 7.89% knew its possible location and 19.47% knew exactly where it was.

The Public Access to Defibrillation program is not conducted effectively. Action must be taken in order to increase communities’ awareness concerning automatic defibrillation. Training about the AED and practical exercises have to be organized and they should cover especially the residents of the countryside, people under 30 years old and students of primary, junior high and high schools. There should be additional classes to refresh the knowledge and skills for those who have completed the training previously. The proper marking of disposed defibrillators is essential.

Discussion

The Access to Defibrillation program has been ongoing in Poland for a few years. Despite the fact that SCA happens mostly outside of the hospital, still very few people can effectively give first aid when needed. Better and more adequate training that covers a large part of the community would be helpful. In general, people do not realize how important is the time elapsed between the SCA occurrence (during VF) and first defibrillation [12]. The training equipment is expensive and not always available [13, 14]. Commercial campaigns and scientific programs on public television could improve the community awareness [15].

The greatest knowledge of SCA, as well as of AED, and the best practical skills were among residents aged between 18 and 30 years who had completed secondary or higher education in cities with a population over 100 000. The better results may be due to the fact that in this age group many people have completed the first aid course on their own initiative or as members of the community and rescue organizations. The participants expressed their interest in extending their skills regarding first aid procedures. There was a common opinion that such training should be organized as part of obligatory classes during education at different levels (primary, secondary and higher). Based on the research one may draw the conclusion that along with the size of the investigated city there was an increase of participants’ knowledge level regarding the AED device: more than half of those questioned who possessed that knowledge lived in a city with over 100 000 citizens, 19.79% in a city with a population of 2000-100 000, 13.90% in a town with less than 20 00 residents and 10.70% lived in the country. This situation may be a result of the general health awareness correlation that is present in some populations. Nevertheless, this finding needs further investigation and evaluation.

The group with the smallest knowledge about SCA included people living mostly in the country. Barely any kind of training is provided to them or the rescue teams covering those remote areas, and these teams are very rarely equipped with defibrillators. Death occurring as a result of not being able to give first aid during the first few minutes after SCA is very common in those areas. That is why the introduction of a “First Responder” unit equipped with an automatic defibrillator would be a good solution. Simultaneously, people should be educated about the basic life support techniques and defibrillator use. It seems to be necessary to introduce obligatory classes for students in primary and secondary schools in the country. Such training should be carried out by appropriately qualified staff and must be free of charge. Otherwise it will be treated as, yet another, redundant expense.

In spite of the difficulty of the topic, adequately qualified staff are needed to interpret the rules and algorithms in an easy and understandable way [16, 17]. The most effective methods of teaching first aid for children and adults are simulations of real incidents, because in this way the trainee learns how to practically use previously gained theoretical knowledge [18, 19]. A cheaper method, involving a film presenting the action and handling of the defibrillator, is available; however, this method is far less effective. Introducing these practical classes, especially in remote areas, could be well appreciated and accepted.

Only a small interest in the subject of SCA and its management is observed among interviewees aged above 50 years. This group is at higher risk of SCA because of age and other, mostly cardiological, illnesses, which may cause haemodynamic failure. Despite this fact, a low percentage of respondents (4.39%) knew that there was a defibrillator in the trial facility, and only a little more (10.14%) knew where it could be found.

There were only two trial places where the AED was properly marked with graphic symbols which could be seen from a distance; however, the device was not near the potential rescuer. Only in one case could the participant open the box and take out the defibrillator without engaging other people. In all other trial places only the staff members were authorized to use the AED. Some people simply did not know what the AED symbol was.

The research shows that people who had completed a first aid course had larger and deeper knowledge. These who completed the training in 2006 or later proved to have better theoretical knowledge about the AED. However, when further practical knowledge was tested, fewer correct answers were given. Around 2000 defibrillation was not the most common topic discussed in Polish medical society. The percentage of those who possessed theoretical knowledge increased along with the date of training.