Abstract
Background
Unsafe health care provision is a main cause of increased mortality rate amongst hospitalized patients all over the world. A system approach to medical error and its reduction is crucial that is defined by clinical and administrative activities undertaken to identify, evaluate, and reduce the risk of injury. The aim of this study was to develop and implement a risk management system in a large teaching hospital in Iran, especially of the basis of WHO guidelines and patient safety context.
Methods
WHO draft guideline and patient safety reports from different countries were reviewed for defining acceptable framework of risk management system. Also current situation of mentioned hospital in safety matter and dimensions of patient safety culture was evaluated using HSOPSC questionnaire of AHRQ. With adjustment of guidelines and hospital status, the conceptual framework was developed and next it was validated in expert panel. The members of expert panel were selected according to their role and functions and also their experiences in risk management and patient safety issues. The validated framework consisted of designating a leader and coordinator core, defining communications, and preparing the infrastructure for patient safety education and culture-building. That was developed on the basis of some values and commitments and included reactive and proactive approaches.
Results
The findings of reporting activities demonstrated that at least 3.6 percent of hospitalized patients have experienced adverse events and 5.3 percent of all deaths in the hospital related with patient safety problems. Beside the average score of 12 dimensions of patient safety culture was 46.2 percent that was considerably low. The “non-punitive responses to error” had lowest positive score with 21.2 percent.
Conclusion
It is of paramount importance for all health organizations to lay necessary foundations in order to identify safety risks and improve the quality of care. Inadequate participation of staff in education, reporting and analyzing, underreporting and uselessness of aggregated data, limitation of human and financial resources, punitive directions and management challenges for solutions were the main executive problems which could affect the effectiveness of system.
Keywords: Patient safety, Risk management, Adverse event
Background
Unsafe and potentially life threatening health care provision is a main cause of death and increased mortality rate amongst hospitalized patients in different countries [1,2]. Results of different studies have shown that a substantial number of patients are affected or even die as a result of defective health care in hospitals [3-18]. Adverse events in hospitals are now widely agreed to be a serious problem, annually killing more people than breast cancer or AIDS [19]. Studies revealed that 2.9% to 16.6% of patients suffer from at least one of such complications and 5% to 13% of them die as a result. It is estimated that some 50% of this complications can be prevented [3,15,17]. Measuring the indicators and extent of adverse events may create a sense of urgency for Systematic intervention [1,2]. It is generally believed that errors and mismanagements of patients are directly related to defects and insufficiencies of the health care system and in many cases, they are originated from similar defects in the system [18].
A system approach to medical error and its reduction is crucial. To meet such important objective, establishment of a risk management system is necessary [20]. Risk management in health care is defined by clinical and administrative activities undertaken to identify, evaluate, and reduce the risk of injury to patients, staff, and visitors and the risk of loss to the organization itself [21]. 7 steps in the Risk Management process are establishment the context, identifying, analyzing, evaluating, and treating the risks, continuous monitoring and review, and communication and consultation [22].
This study aimed to develop and implement a risk management system in a large teaching hospital, specifically according to World Health Organization guidelines and patient safety reports. As to our knowledge, it was the first such experience of its type in Iran and we aimed to assess the limitations and insufficiencies of it. Analysis of results and findings of implementation of this system will be presented in separate articles.
Materials and methods
Conceptual framework
WHO draft guideline that is published in world alliance for patient safety program and patient safety reports from different countries were reviewed for defining acceptable framework of risk management system. Also current situation of mentioned hospital which is a large teaching hospital with more than 600 beds and expert university faculties, was evaluated in safety matter by direct interview with medical, nursing and management staff, and with focus group discussion in clinical governance committee and visit of wards and divisions. With adjustment of guidelines and hospital status, the conceptual framework was developed and next, it was validated in expert panel including senior hospital management and deputy managers of health care, education, supportive affaires; operation rooms and emergency ward managers; clinical governance committee; nursing supervisors; and faculty staff that involved in mortality and morbidity boards and other safety issues. The members of expert panel were selected according to their role and functions and also their experiences in risk management and patient safety areas.
For validation of the model and gathering of expert opinions, a likert questionnaire was used whose content validity approved by experts and its reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient equal to 0.76 shows appropriate internal consistency and reliability of the questionnaire for validation of the model.
The framework is shown in Figure 1. The policy development and executive program in risk management system consisted of designating a leader and coordinator core and defining its role, and defining communications with hospital boards and committees, describing processes and preparing the infrastructure for patient safety education and culture-building. Risk management has had reactive and proactive approaches including adverse event reporting and learning, root cause investigation and failure mode and effect analysis.
Figure 1.
The Validated model for risk management system.
Values and commitments of the System
Patient safety enhancement, learning from events and errors, providing feedback to health care workers and confidentiality were four basic principles of the system that have been emphasized. Root cause analysis of reported events and other safety information and dissemination of results have met such important issues. Providing feedback has been done through safety alerts, presentation of notable cases in safety boards, and official informing of mentioned solutions to target groups. There were many problems in providing feedback. First, disseminating information in way that didn’t cause sham and blame and lead to disclosure of confidential data, needed to expert staff for providing reports, newsletters or alerts. Besides, high workload of most staff and large amount of documentation tasks have caused that patient safety alerts not to be listened. In order to overcome these problems, safety walkrounds with senior management was organized to emphasize on patient safety issues and its documents.
Priority of safety in hospital, make and maintain of nonpunitive approach, and provision of substantial resources and efficient staff, were the main hospital mandates. Patient safety information and reports was de-identified and no penal decisions were taken for reporters. Despite of system emphasizing on nonpunitive approach, some members of analysis teams and management staff have likewise focused on individual errors and necessity of organization encounter with mistakes in early stage of system implementation. With insistence of leadership on system based approach and search for system defects which underlie individual errors, gradually, this attitude has altered.
Fortunately, senior management of hospital through multiple meetings and discussion about safety data of hospital, had a good deal with system but there was some resistance in middle manager level that presented itself with lack of support of safety programs, resource limitation and punitive directions. Emphasizing on confidentiality and prioritizing of system failures, usage of national accreditation rules for safety requirements and reliance to leadership role of respective university were helpful for elimination of resistances.
Patient safety education and culture-building
We put especial emphasis on different educational and training methods. Holding conferences, workshops, continuous and short training courses on different aspects of risk management system with the goal of educating all health care providers were the first step to define principles, concepts, and values of the system and culture-building promoting patient safety. Moreover, assisting the patient safety personnel to challengingly visit and auditing different health care delivery sectors and dialogue with the aim of learning from events and analyzing them was used as proactive education and culture building. Furthermore, safety walkrounds in the presence of senior managers of hospital in regular visits were designed and implemented. The main objective of this plan was demonstration of commitment of hospital management in terms of providing patient safety and provision of and monitoring its requirements. It is noteworthy that instructions to use different educational tools such as designing pamphlets and educational material were demonstrated. Despite of planning for education, participation of staff was weak and passive. It seems patient safety education should be consisted in work program of staff, or safety learning may be considered as a personal promotion indicator in future plans. High workload and organization culture, that safety doesn’t being prioritized, were the other reasons of weak participation. For evaluation of patient safety culture in mentioned hospital, a cross sectional survey was conducted using standard questionnaire of Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality that evaluates 12 patient safety culture dimensions and 2 outcomes. In total, 90 individual responded (overall response rate = 60 percent), including 64 nurses, 7 physicians, 19 of other staff.
Reactive approach
In our experience, a voluntary adverse event reporting system was implemented in hospital. Reporting was performed mainly in two different ways of voluntary report using forms and secondly, documenting the issue and its consequences in patient safety log. Moreover, fatal and serious events should be reported to clinical governance and patient safety department by the head nurse to be followed up. After in receipt of the report and prioritizing of them, primary intervention measures were conducted in order to describe the detail of the incident thorough interviews with the responsible personnel, local inspection and reviewing records. Following data compiling, an expert assembly was formed to analyze the incident in depth and suggest strategies to overcome insufficiencies and defects; and ultimately, they supervised their implementation and outcome. Table 1 shows the aggregated data from all hospital wards. The participation of different wards in reporting process has extremely varied that might be produced by difference of clinical areas and workloads, faculty attitudes and cultural factors. In order to overcome low participation in some wards, several walkrounds with senior management of hospital were considered to promote patient safety and reporting culture. Since underreporting was predictable, internal alternative sources of safety information were also used for achieving event information. The mortality and morbidity board that inspect all expired patients, in previous 6 mounts, referred 33 suspicious cases to patient safety office for complementary investigation and root cause analysis. Besides, The committee of complains referred cases which correlated with medical errors and complains or self consent for discharge. Malpractice claims from external authorities were also started as a patient file and promptly conducted an investigation, interviewing all personnel involved to understand and correctly document exactly what happened.
Table 1.
Reported adverse events in 18 months
| Type of adverse event | Emergency ward | Internal med. Wards | Surgery wards | Intensive care wards | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of wrong infusion |
3 |
21 |
9 |
37 |
70 |
| Number of unsafe patient transport |
4 |
10 |
1 |
6 |
21 |
| Number of wrong sampling |
14 |
5 |
2 |
17 |
38 |
| Number of Unsuccessful urinary catheterization |
8 |
9 |
0 |
4 |
21 |
| Number of Unsuccessful IV- line catheterization |
17 |
87 |
32 |
20 |
156 |
| Number of urinary tract rupture during catheterization |
1 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
| Number of Bed sore occurred in hospital |
131 |
503 |
245 |
66 |
945 |
| Number of burning induced cautery |
0 |
2 |
2 |
39 |
43 |
| Number of adverse event from intubation |
0 |
2 |
2 |
6 |
10 |
| Number of falling |
4 |
24 |
8 |
0 |
36 |
| Number of kardex mistakes |
113 |
0 |
0 |
31 |
144 |
| Number of transfusion errors |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
3 |
| Number of other reported events |
0 |
190 |
33 |
228 |
451 |
| Total | 296 | 857 | 334 | 455 | 1942 |
Although reporting was voluntary, providing root cause analysis of catastrophic events which accompanied by an action plan was required. Expert group of RCA consisted of patient safety staff, clinical care provision teams, nursing staff, and managers of the hospital. Root cause analysis of most reported sentinel events was regularly conducted to identify human, organizational, and technical factors and to uncover the underlying systems failures, with the goal of redesigning system to reduce the likelihood of patient injury, and finally the results were fed back to caregivers and external authority in case of health care deputy of university.
Inadequate participation of staff in reporting and analyzing, because of fear of being blame and expectation that reports are ineffective, and limitation of resources and resistance of hospital management for solutions were the main executive problems. Also high turnover of medical staff, residents and interns, was considered as a reason of low participation of medical group in risk management processes. It seems that patient safety issues should be included in educational curriculum of medical students.
Proactive approach
Using the technique of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis can be considered as a step-by-step approach to recognize different modes of the potential errors and failures in clinical service delivery. In this study, different interactions and functions of health care delivery in hospital are prioritized based on their importance and are systematically analyzed to define potential errors and malfunctions leading to the events, assess probable their consequences and distinguish contributory factors. Consequently, FMEA team, which was comprised of expert staff who were familiar with considered procedure, was committed for finding strategies to deal with predictable errors and control of their consequences. Therefore, this was highlighted for quality improvement as an ongoing process of risk management system. Organizing FMEA teams in each ward with faculty supervision was the final recommendation that could prevent coordination and orientation problems.
Results
The findings of reporting activities in defined framework of risk management are shown in Table 1.
According to number of patients, the incidence rate of adverse events was calculated to 3.6% of hospitalized patients that is much less than expected rates.
A root cause analysis was conducted for some cases which referred from mortality board of hospital (33 cases). Although due to underreporting, the referred and reported events could not provide a representative database for patient safety accidents in hospital, however, this can be concluded that at least 5.3 percent of deaths in hospital related with adverse events. On the other hand, in at least 0.2 percent of hospitalized patients, adverse events played a role in patients death in past 6 mounts.
The results of survey on patient safety culture in hospital indicate that the patient safety culture scores were considerably low (average score of 12 dimensions of patient safety culture was 46.2 percent). The lowest scores were “non-punitive responses to error” (21.2 percent), “staff and related subjects” (26.1 percent), “teamwork across hospital units (29.1 percent) and “management support for patient safety” (29.7 percent). The dimension “teamwork within hospital units” generated the highest score (69.9 percent). In addition, 44.3 percent of the staff of hospital graded the safety performance of hospital as very good. Moreover, no events were reported by 57 percent of respondents during past 12 month (Table 2).
Table 2.
Positive scores of patient safety culture dimensions
| Teamwork within units |
69.86 |
| Supervisor/manager expectations & actions promoting patient safety |
51.91 |
| Organizational learning and continuous improvement |
67.90 |
| Management support for patient safety |
29.69 |
| Overall perceptions of patient safety |
44.63 |
| Feedback & communication about error |
65.93 |
| Communication openness |
50.91 |
| Frequency of events reported |
50.33 |
| Teamwork across units |
29.09 |
| Staffing |
26.05 |
| Handoffs & transitions |
46.39 |
| Nonpunitive response to errors | 21.19 |
Discussion
Health and clinical service delivery organizations are obliged to provide a safe environment for patients as well as staff [23]. Several different studies revealed that risk management is the basis for minimization of medical errors and enhancement of patient safety in hospitals which needs to be implemented as strategies and practical plans; and, simultaneously, clinical staff should be trained and well oriented of different risk management guidelines and scheme [24-26]. The results of a study in Iran indicated that no minimum risk reduction requirements are complied with in different wards of hospitals. Therefore, different risk assessment plans and also method for staff training and supervision was suggested [27]. Furthermore, Verbano et al., having assessed human errors and validity of risk management in health care provision institutes in Italy, concluded that attitudes and cultures towards risks and its management measures can differ vastly from one to another. Therefore, patient safety culture should be developed based on clinical governance policy and programs, comprehensive and short courses for risk management training, and implementation of clinical risk management [28]. Results of different research studies have demonstrated that educating staff regarding safety measures can lead to patient safety improvement [29]. The findings of another study indicated that a 4 weeks training program on safety significantly improved judgment and understanding of nurses, and as a result, they adhered more strictly to safety measures [30]. The leader and the manager of the organization or hospital play a key role in implementation of different safety measures through high priority of safety [31]. The results of risk management study in Baghiatollah hospital in 2007 demonstrated that patient safety improvement in hospitals requires a systematic approach and involvement of senior managers of hospital in safety management systems and their strict commitment [32]. In report of Surveillance Systems for Adverse Events and Medical Errors in the Unites States, there were many possible explanations for underreporting. The most commonly mentioned ones included: the fear of being blamed, the possibility of legal liability, and an expectation that reports will be futile. Moreover, the necessity of establishment of a confidential environment without “blame and shame” culture was highlighted [33]. Study on 700 hospital beds in 2007, revealed that achievement to an acceptable safety level in hospitals needs a close working relationship between clinical staff and support teams of hospitals [34]. In a different study in 44 hospitals of Pennsylvania in 2005; it was also concluded that for enhancement of patient safety, structural and organizational reforms and such as improvements in staff training programs, management information system and improvement of workplace situations is necessary, and this can only be successfully achieved when it is fully supported by the hospital management and well funded [35]. In all hospitals, a safety guideline needs to be designed and supported by high ranking officials and the ultimate goals and objectives need to be clearly defined [36].
A study on patient safety culture at the similar hospitals in Iran revealed that safety culture score in 10 dimensions is low to moderate, and lowest score was in nonpunitive response to errors and teamwork between hospital wards [37]. This subject was noticeable in our hospital which was presented in inappropriate time apportion and weak participation in reporting and analyzing patient safety information by all staff. This has been usually correlated with useless of data gathering.
Frankel and et al. indicate that safety walkrounds appears to be an effective tool for identifying safety issues, engaging leadership, and supporting a culture of safety [38]. His study has revealed that safety climate scale scores in hospitals have been increased 18 months post-walkrounds implementation. Walkround implementation requires significant organizational will [39]. Safety walkrounds helps educate leadership and frontline staff in patient safety issues and results in cultural changes, as manifested in more open discussion of adverse events and an improved rate of safety-based changes [40].
Weakness of patient safety culture and low knowledge resulted in weak participation in reporting and analysis. Uselessness of aggregated data and dominance of blame and penalty culture in hospital brought about under reporting and hiding events. Unremarkable commitment of hospital management on patient safety measures and monitoring of activities in this field led to ineffectiveness of safety improvement. Thus hospital risk management system should be focused on education and culture building in hospital. Furthermore, according to dominance of blame culture and existing tendency for hiding of information by all caregivers and also weakness of hospital information infrastructure, the voluntary reporting system was considered as the basis of data collection process. Because of predictable underreporting, other sources of information such as mortality and morbidity board, committee of complains and Malpractice claims were perceived. Because of cultural issues and expected loss of information, exploit of a proactive approach was considered necessary which applied by establishment of FMEA teams. However, the model introduced in this article can provide a practical framework in risk management system at the national level and for developing countries, especially at the initial steps of their system development.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contribution
HA: had the main role in design, implementation of this project, performance analysis of data and writing of manuscript. NK: supervisor of this project and deliver advantage guidance to progress this idea. HR: the corresponding author of this paper and had a benefit guidance in selecting methods and approved this idea. MJ and ARJ: had a good cooperation in this project and data gathering. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Contributor Information
Hossein Adibi, Email: adibi@tums.ac.ir.
Nader Khalesi, Email: khalesi_nader@yahoo.com.
Hamid Ravaghi, Email: hravaghi@tums.ac.ir.
Mahdi Jafari, Email: mejafaris@gmail.com.
Ali Reza Jeddian, Email: jeddian@farabi.tums.ac.ir.
Acknowledgment
This study was part of a PhD thesis supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Grant No: TUMS/SHMIS-1390/543). The assistance of Dr. Ali Tootee in preparation and editing of manuscript and contribution of clinical governance office of Shariaty hospital in project, respectively, is gratefully acknowledged.
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