Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1992 Oct;12(10):4503–4514. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.10.4503

Involvement of the SIN4 global transcriptional regulator in the chromatin structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Y W Jiang 1, D J Stillman 1
PMCID: PMC360376  PMID: 1406639

Abstract

We have cloned and sequenced the SIN4 gene and determined that SIN4 is identical to TSF3, identified as a negative regulator of GAL1 gene transcription (S. Chen, R.W. West, Jr., S.L. Johnson, H. Gans, and J. Ma, submitted for publication). Yeast strains bearing a sin4 delta null mutation have been constructed and are temperature sensitive for growth and display defects in both negative and positive regulation of transcription. Transcription of the CTS1 gene is reduced in sin4 delta mutants, suggesting that Sin4 functions as a positive transcriptional regulator. Additionally, a Sin4-LexA fusion protein activates transcription from test promoters containing LexA binding sites. The sin4 delta mutant also shows phenotypes common to histone and spt mutants, including suppression of delta insertion mutations in the HIS4 and LYS2 promoters, expression of promoters lacking upstream activation sequence elements, and decreased superhelical density of circular DNA molecules. These results suggest that the sin4 delta mutation may alter the structure of chromatin, and these changes in chromatin structure may affect transcriptional regulation.

Full text

PDF
4503

Images in this article

4508Image
on p.4508
4510Image
on p.4510

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abraham J., Feldman J., Nasmyth K. A., Strathern J. N., Klar A. J., Broach J. R., Hicks J. B. Sites required for position-effect regulation of mating-type information in yeast. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1983;47(Pt 2):989–998. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1983.047.01.113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Abrams E., Neigeborn L., Carlson M. Molecular analysis of SNF2 and SNF5, genes required for expression of glucose-repressible genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Nov;6(11):3643–3651. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.11.3643. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Andrews B. J., Herskowitz I. Identification of a DNA binding factor involved in cell-cycle control of the yeast HO gene. Cell. 1989 Apr 7;57(1):21–29. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90168-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Aparicio O. M., Billington B. L., Gottschling D. E. Modifiers of position effect are shared between telomeric and silent mating-type loci in S. cerevisiae. Cell. 1991 Sep 20;66(6):1279–1287. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90049-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bender A., Sprague G. F., Jr MAT alpha 1 protein, a yeast transcription activator, binds synergistically with a second protein to a set of cell-type-specific genes. Cell. 1987 Aug 28;50(5):681–691. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90326-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Boeke J. D., LaCroute F., Fink G. R. A positive selection for mutants lacking orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase activity in yeast: 5-fluoro-orotic acid resistance. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;197(2):345–346. doi: 10.1007/BF00330984. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bradford M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976 May 7;72:248–254. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Breeden L., Mikesell G. E. Cell cycle-specific expression of the SWI4 transcription factor is required for the cell cycle regulation of HO transcription. Genes Dev. 1991 Jul;5(7):1183–1190. doi: 10.1101/gad.5.7.1183. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Breeden L., Nasmyth K. Cell cycle control of the yeast HO gene: cis- and trans-acting regulators. Cell. 1987 Feb 13;48(3):389–397. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90190-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Breeden L., Nasmyth K. Regulation of the yeast HO gene. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1985;50:643–650. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1985.050.01.078. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Brent R., Ptashne M. A eukaryotic transcriptional activator bearing the DNA specificity of a prokaryotic repressor. Cell. 1985 Dec;43(3 Pt 2):729–736. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90246-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Brill S. J., Sternglanz R. Transcription-dependent DNA supercoiling in yeast DNA topoisomerase mutants. Cell. 1988 Jul 29;54(3):403–411. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90203-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Buchman A. R., Kimmerly W. J., Rine J., Kornberg R. D. Two DNA-binding factors recognize specific sequences at silencers, upstream activating sequences, autonomously replicating sequences, and telomeres in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Jan;8(1):210–225. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.1.210. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Carlson M., Botstein D. Two differentially regulated mRNAs with different 5' ends encode secreted with intracellular forms of yeast invertase. Cell. 1982 Jan;28(1):145–154. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90384-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Chasman D. I., Lue N. F., Buchman A. R., LaPointe J. W., Lorch Y., Kornberg R. D. A yeast protein that influences the chromatin structure of UASG and functions as a powerful auxiliary gene activator. Genes Dev. 1990 Apr;4(4):503–514. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.4.503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Clark-Adams C. D., Norris D., Osley M. A., Fassler J. S., Winston F. Changes in histone gene dosage alter transcription in yeast. Genes Dev. 1988 Feb;2(2):150–159. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.2.150. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Clark-Adams C. D., Winston F. The SPT6 gene is essential for growth and is required for delta-mediated transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Feb;7(2):679–686. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.2.679. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Conrad M. N., Wright J. H., Wolf A. J., Zakian V. A. RAP1 protein interacts with yeast telomeres in vivo: overproduction alters telomere structure and decreases chromosome stability. Cell. 1990 Nov 16;63(4):739–750. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90140-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Denis C. L., Malvar T. The CCR4 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for both nonfermentative and spt-mediated gene expression. Genetics. 1990 Feb;124(2):283–291. doi: 10.1093/genetics/124.2.283. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Dohrmann P. R., Butler G., Tamai K., Dorland S., Greene J. R., Thiele D. J., Stillman D. J. Parallel pathways of gene regulation: homologous regulators SWI5 and ACE2 differentially control transcription of HO and chitinase. Genes Dev. 1992 Jan;6(1):93–104. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.1.93. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Eisenmann D. M., Dollard C., Winston F. SPT15, the gene encoding the yeast TATA binding factor TFIID, is required for normal transcription initiation in vivo. Cell. 1989 Sep 22;58(6):1183–1191. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90516-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Fassler J. S., Winston F. Isolation and analysis of a novel class of suppressor of Ty insertion mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1988 Feb;118(2):203–212. doi: 10.1093/genetics/118.2.203. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Fassler J. S., Winston F. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPT13/GAL11 gene has both positive and negative regulatory roles in transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Dec;9(12):5602–5609. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.12.5602. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Fedor M. J., Lue N. F., Kornberg R. D. Statistical positioning of nucleosomes by specific protein-binding to an upstream activating sequence in yeast. J Mol Biol. 1988 Nov 5;204(1):109–127. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90603-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Foulkes N. S., Sassone-Corsi P. More is better: activators and repressors from the same gene. Cell. 1992 Feb 7;68(3):411–414. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90178-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Gietz R. D., Sugino A. New yeast-Escherichia coli shuttle vectors constructed with in vitro mutagenized yeast genes lacking six-base pair restriction sites. Gene. 1988 Dec 30;74(2):527–534. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90185-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Godowski P. J., Picard D., Yamamoto K. R. Signal transduction and transcriptional regulation by glucocorticoid receptor-LexA fusion proteins. Science. 1988 Aug 12;241(4867):812–816. doi: 10.1126/science.3043662. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Guarente L., Hoar E. Upstream activation sites of the CYC1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are active when inverted but not when placed downstream of the "TATA box". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Dec;81(24):7860–7864. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.24.7860. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Guarente L., Lalonde B., Gifford P., Alani E. Distinctly regulated tandem upstream activation sites mediate catabolite repression of the CYC1 gene of S. cerevisiae. Cell. 1984 Feb;36(2):503–511. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90243-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Han M., Chang M., Kim U. J., Grunstein M. Histone H2B repression causes cell-cycle-specific arrest in yeast: effects on chromosomal segregation, replication, and transcription. Cell. 1987 Feb 27;48(4):589–597. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90237-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Han M., Grunstein M. Nucleosome loss activates yeast downstream promoters in vivo. Cell. 1988 Dec 23;55(6):1137–1145. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90258-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Han M., Kim U. J., Kayne P., Grunstein M. Depletion of histone H4 and nucleosomes activates the PHO5 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 1988 Jul;7(7):2221–2228. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03061.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hanes S. D., Brent R. DNA specificity of the bicoid activator protein is determined by homeodomain recognition helix residue 9. Cell. 1989 Jun 30;57(7):1275–1283. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90063-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Happel A. M., Swanson M. S., Winston F. The SNF2, SNF5 and SNF6 genes are required for Ty transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1991 May;128(1):69–77. doi: 10.1093/genetics/128.1.69. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Henikoff S. Unidirectional digestion with exonuclease III creates targeted breakpoints for DNA sequencing. Gene. 1984 Jun;28(3):351–359. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(84)90153-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Herskowitz I. A regulatory hierarchy for cell specialization in yeast. Nature. 1989 Dec 14;342(6251):749–757. doi: 10.1038/342749a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Herskowitz I. Life cycle of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Rev. 1988 Dec;52(4):536–553. doi: 10.1128/mr.52.4.536-553.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Hope I. A., Struhl K. Functional dissection of a eukaryotic transcriptional activator protein, GCN4 of yeast. Cell. 1986 Sep 12;46(6):885–894. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90070-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Huet J., Sentenac A. TUF, the yeast DNA-binding factor specific for UASrpg upstream activating sequences: identification of the protein and its DNA-binding domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jun;84(11):3648–3652. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.11.3648. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Ito H., Fukuda Y., Murata K., Kimura A. Transformation of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations. J Bacteriol. 1983 Jan;153(1):163–168. doi: 10.1128/jb.153.1.163-168.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Johnson L. M., Kayne P. S., Kahn E. S., Grunstein M. Genetic evidence for an interaction between SIR3 and histone H4 in the repression of the silent mating loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Aug;87(16):6286–6290. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.16.6286. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Keleher C. A., Goutte C., Johnson A. D. The yeast cell-type-specific repressor alpha 2 acts cooperatively with a non-cell-type-specific protein. Cell. 1988 Jun 17;53(6):927–936. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(88)90449-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Keleher C. A., Redd M. J., Schultz J., Carlson M., Johnson A. D. Ssn6-Tup1 is a general repressor of transcription in yeast. Cell. 1992 Feb 21;68(4):709–719. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90146-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kim U. J., Han M., Kayne P., Grunstein M. Effects of histone H4 depletion on the cell cycle and transcription of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 1988 Jul;7(7):2211–2219. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03060.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Kruger W., Herskowitz I. A negative regulator of HO transcription, SIN1 (SPT2), is a nonspecific DNA-binding protein related to HMG1. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Aug;11(8):4135–4146. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.8.4135. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Kuranda M. J., Robbins P. W. Chitinase is required for cell separation during growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem. 1991 Oct 15;266(29):19758–19767. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Laurent B. C., Treitel M. A., Carlson M. Functional interdependence of the yeast SNF2, SNF5, and SNF6 proteins in transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Apr 1;88(7):2687–2691. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.7.2687. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Lech K., Anderson K., Brent R. DNA-bound Fos proteins activate transcription in yeast. Cell. 1988 Jan 29;52(2):179–184. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90506-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Lipkin S. M., Nelson C. A., Glass C. K., Rosenfeld M. G. A negative retinoic acid response element in the rat oxytocin promoter restricts transcriptional stimulation by heterologous transactivation domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Feb 15;89(4):1209–1213. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.4.1209. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Lustig A. J., Kurtz S., Shore D. Involvement of the silencer and UAS binding protein RAP1 in regulation of telomere length. Science. 1990 Oct 26;250(4980):549–553. doi: 10.1126/science.2237406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Malone E. A., Clark C. D., Chiang A., Winston F. Mutations in SPT16/CDC68 suppress cis- and trans-acting mutations that affect promoter function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Nov;11(11):5710–5717. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.11.5710. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Myers A. M., Tzagoloff A., Kinney D. M., Lusty C. J. Yeast shuttle and integrative vectors with multiple cloning sites suitable for construction of lacZ fusions. Gene. 1986;45(3):299–310. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90028-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Nasmyth K. A. Molecular genetics of yeast mating type. Annu Rev Genet. 1982;16:439–500. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.16.120182.002255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Nasmyth K. A. The regulation of yeast mating-type chromatin structure by SIR: an action at a distance affecting both transcription and transposition. Cell. 1982 Sep;30(2):567–578. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90253-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Nasmyth K., Adolf G., Lydall D., Seddon A. The identification of a second cell cycle control on the HO promoter in yeast: cell cycle regulation of SW15 nuclear entry. Cell. 1990 Aug 24;62(4):631–647. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90110-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Nasmyth K., Dirick L. The role of SWI4 and SWI6 in the activity of G1 cyclins in yeast. Cell. 1991 Sep 6;66(5):995–1013. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90444-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Nasmyth K., Seddon A., Ammerer G. Cell cycle regulation of SW15 is required for mother-cell-specific HO transcription in yeast. Cell. 1987 May 22;49(4):549–558. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90457-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Nasmyth K., Shore D. Transcriptional regulation in the yeast life cycle. Science. 1987 Sep 4;237(4819):1162–1170. doi: 10.1126/science.3306917. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Nasmyth K., Stillman D., Kipling D. Both positive and negative regulators of HO transcription are required for mother-cell-specific mating-type switching in yeast. Cell. 1987 Feb 27;48(4):579–587. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90236-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Nasmyth K. The determination of mother cell-specific mating type switching in yeast by a specific regulator of HO transcription. EMBO J. 1987 Jan;6(1):243–248. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04745.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Neigeborn L., Carlson M. Genes affecting the regulation of SUC2 gene expression by glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1984 Dec;108(4):845–858. doi: 10.1093/genetics/108.4.845. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Neigeborn L., Rubin K., Carlson M. Suppressors of SNF2 mutations restore invertase derepression and cause temperature-sensitive lethality in yeast. Genetics. 1986 Apr;112(4):741–753. doi: 10.1093/genetics/112.4.741. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. O'Hara P. J., Horowitz H., Eichinger G., Young E. T. The yeast ADR6 gene encodes homopolymeric amino acid sequences and a potential metal-binding domain. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Nov 11;16(21):10153–10169. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.21.10153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Ogas J., Andrews B. J., Herskowitz I. Transcriptional activation of CLN1, CLN2, and a putative new G1 cyclin (HCS26) by SWI4, a positive regulator of G1-specific transcription. Cell. 1991 Sep 6;66(5):1015–1026. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90445-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Osborne B. I., Guarente L. Transcription by RNA polymerase II induces changes of DNA topology in yeast. Genes Dev. 1988 Jun;2(6):766–772. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.6.766. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Park E. C., Szostak J. W. Point mutations in the yeast histone H4 gene prevent silencing of the silent mating type locus HML. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Sep;10(9):4932–4934. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.9.4932. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Peck L. J., Wang J. C. Energetics of B-to-Z transition in DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Oct;80(20):6206–6210. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.20.6206. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Peterson C. L., Herskowitz I. Characterization of the yeast SWI1, SWI2, and SWI3 genes, which encode a global activator of transcription. Cell. 1992 Feb 7;68(3):573–583. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90192-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Rine J., Herskowitz I. Four genes responsible for a position effect on expression from HML and HMR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1987 May;116(1):9–22. doi: 10.1093/genetics/116.1.9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Roeder G. S., Beard C., Smith M., Keranen S. Isolation and characterization of the SPT2 gene, a negative regulator of Ty-controlled yeast gene expression. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Jul;5(7):1543–1553. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.7.1543. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Roth S. Y., Dean A., Simpson R. T. Yeast alpha 2 repressor positions nucleosomes in TRP1/ARS1 chromatin. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 May;10(5):2247–2260. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.5.2247. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Roth S. Y., Shimizu M., Johnson L., Grunstein M., Simpson R. T. Stable nucleosome positioning and complete repression by the yeast alpha 2 repressor are disrupted by amino-terminal mutations in histone H4. Genes Dev. 1992 Mar;6(3):411–425. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.3.411. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Rothstein R. Targeting, disruption, replacement, and allele rescue: integrative DNA transformation in yeast. Methods Enzymol. 1991;194:281–301. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(91)94022-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Rowley A., Singer R. A., Johnston G. C. CDC68, a yeast gene that affects regulation of cell proliferation and transcription, encodes a protein with a highly acidic carboxyl terminus. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Nov;11(11):5718–5726. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.11.5718. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Rubin G. M. Three forms of the 5.8-S ribosomal RNA species in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur J Biochem. 1974 Jan 3;41(1):197–202. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03260.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Sherman F. Getting started with yeast. Methods Enzymol. 1991;194:3–21. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(91)94004-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Sherman F., Hicks J. Micromanipulation and dissection of asci. Methods Enzymol. 1991;194:21–37. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(91)94005-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Shimizu M., Roth S. Y., Szent-Gyorgyi C., Simpson R. T. Nucleosomes are positioned with base pair precision adjacent to the alpha 2 operator in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 1991 Oct;10(10):3033–3041. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07854.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Shore D., Nasmyth K. Purification and cloning of a DNA binding protein from yeast that binds to both silencer and activator elements. Cell. 1987 Dec 4;51(5):721–732. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90095-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Shore D., Stillman D. J., Brand A. H., Nasmyth K. A. Identification of silencer binding proteins from yeast: possible roles in SIR control and DNA replication. EMBO J. 1987 Feb;6(2):461–467. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04776.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Shure M., Pulleyblank D. E., Vinograd J. The problems of eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA packaging and in vivo conformation posed by superhelix density heterogeneity. Nucleic Acids Res. 1977;4(5):1183–1205. doi: 10.1093/nar/4.5.1183. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Sikorski R. S., Hieter P. A system of shuttle vectors and yeast host strains designed for efficient manipulation of DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1989 May;122(1):19–27. doi: 10.1093/genetics/122.1.19. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Sternberg P. W., Stern M. J., Clark I., Herskowitz I. Activation of the yeast HO gene by release from multiple negative controls. Cell. 1987 Feb 27;48(4):567–577. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90235-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Stillman D. J., Bankier A. T., Seddon A., Groenhout E. G., Nasmyth K. A. Characterization of a transcription factor involved in mother cell specific transcription of the yeast HO gene. EMBO J. 1988 Feb;7(2):485–494. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02836.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Struhl K. Molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in yeast. Annu Rev Biochem. 1989;58:1051–1077. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.58.070189.005155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Sussel L., Shore D. Separation of transcriptional activation and silencing functions of the RAP1-encoded repressor/activator protein 1: isolation of viable mutants affecting both silencing and telomere length. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Sep 1;88(17):7749–7753. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.17.7749. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Suzuki Y., Nogi Y., Abe A., Fukasawa T. GAL11 protein, an auxiliary transcription activator for genes encoding galactose-metabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Nov;8(11):4991–4999. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.11.4991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Swanson M. S., Carlson M., Winston F. SPT6, an essential gene that affects transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encodes a nuclear protein with an extremely acidic amino terminus. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Sep;10(9):4935–4941. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.9.4935. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Thomas B. J., Rothstein R. Elevated recombination rates in transcriptionally active DNA. Cell. 1989 Feb 24;56(4):619–630. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90584-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Treacy M. N., Neilson L. I., Turner E. E., He X., Rosenfeld M. G. Twin of I-POU: a two amino acid difference in the I-POU homeodomain distinguishes an activator from an inhibitor of transcription. Cell. 1992 Feb 7;68(3):491–505. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90186-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Vidal M., Strich R., Esposito R. E., Gaber R. F. RPD1 (SIN3/UME4) is required for maximal activation and repression of diverse yeast genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Dec;11(12):6306–6316. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.12.6306. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Vogel K., Hinnen A. The yeast phosphatase system. Mol Microbiol. 1990 Dec;4(12):2013–2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00560.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Wang H., Clark I., Nicholson P. R., Herskowitz I., Stillman D. J. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SIN3 gene, a negative regulator of HO, contains four paired amphipathic helix motifs. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Nov;10(11):5927–5936. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.11.5927. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Wang H., Nicholson P. R., Stillman D. J. Identification of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA-binding protein involved in transcriptional regulation. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Apr;10(4):1743–1753. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.4.1743. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Wang H., Stillman D. J. In vitro regulation of a SIN3-dependent DNA-binding activity by stimulatory and inhibitory factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec;87(24):9761–9765. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.24.9761. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. West R. W., Jr, Yocum R. R., Ptashne M. Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL1-GAL10 divergent promoter region: location and function of the upstream activating sequence UASG. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Nov;4(11):2467–2478. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.11.2467. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Winston F., Chaleff D. T., Valent B., Fink G. R. Mutations affecting Ty-mediated expression of the HIS4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1984 Jun;107(2):179–197. doi: 10.1093/genetics/107.2.179. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Worcel A., Strogatz S., Riley D. Structure of chromatin and the linking number of DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Mar;78(3):1461–1465. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.3.1461. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES