Abstract
The human major histocompatibility complex contains approximately 20 class I genes, pseudogenes, and gene fragments. These include the genes for the three major transplantation antigens, HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, as well as a number of other genes or pseudogenes of unknown biological significance. Most of the latter have C + G-rich sequences in their 5' ends that are unmethylated in the B-lymphoblastoid cell line 3.1.0. We investigated one of these genes, HLA-H, in more detail. The gene is, overall, strongly homologous in sequence to HLA-A but differs in several potentially significant ways, including changes in conserved promoter sequences, a single-base deletion producing a translation termination codon in exon 4, and a region of sequence divergence downstream of the transcribed portion of the gene. Nevertheless, mouse L cells transfected with the gene accumulated small amounts of apparently full-length polyadenylated RNA. A portion of this RNA begins at the transcription site predicted by analogy to certain class I cDNA clones, while another portion appears to begin shortly upstream. L cells transfected with a hybrid gene containing the first three exons of HLA-H and the last five exons of HLA-B27 accumulated full-length HLA transcripts at the same level as cells transfected with an HLA-B27 gene; both levels are at least 15- to 20-fold higher than that directed by HLA-H alone. In addition, we isolated a cDNA clone for HLA-H that contains a portion of intron 3 attached to a normally spliced sequence comprising exons 4 through 8. These results suggest that low levels of translatable mRNA for the truncated class I heavy chain encoded by HLA-H are produced under physiologic circumstances and that sequences 3' of intron 3 decrease the levels of stable transcripts.
Full text
PDF![243](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9fdf/360732/eefb3e484e97/molcellb00037-0263.png)
![244](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9fdf/360732/8cfd08be2fc9/molcellb00037-0264.png)
![245](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9fdf/360732/4d943c126f85/molcellb00037-0265.png)
![246](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9fdf/360732/5d72d02de767/molcellb00037-0266.png)
![247](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9fdf/360732/5d83454859bb/molcellb00037-0267.png)
![248](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9fdf/360732/475304c6d989/molcellb00037-0268.png)
![249](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9fdf/360732/19d7d90d0a72/molcellb00037-0269.png)
![250](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9fdf/360732/3e4a74b88ab3/molcellb00037-0270.png)
![251](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9fdf/360732/67255b208971/molcellb00037-0271.png)
![252](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9fdf/360732/e9135bb73f24/molcellb00037-0272.png)
![253](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9fdf/360732/2cb154f92eed/molcellb00037-0273.png)
Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Abe K., Wei J. F., Wei F. S., Hsu Y. C., Uehara H., Artzt K., Bennett D. Searching for coding sequences in the mammalian genome: the H-2K region of the mouse MHC is replete with genes expressed in embryos. EMBO J. 1988 Nov;7(11):3441–3449. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03218.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bird A. P. CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation. Nature. 1986 May 15;321(6067):209–213. doi: 10.1038/321209a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bird A. P., Taggart M. H., Nicholls R. D., Higgs D. R. Non-methylated CpG-rich islands at the human alpha-globin locus: implications for evolution of the alpha-globin pseudogene. EMBO J. 1987 Apr;6(4):999–1004. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04851.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carle G. F., Frank M., Olson M. V. Electrophoretic separations of large DNA molecules by periodic inversion of the electric field. Science. 1986 Apr 4;232(4746):65–68. doi: 10.1126/science.3952500. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carroll M. C., Katzman P., Alicot E. M., Koller B. H., Geraghty D. E., Orr H. T., Strominger J. L., Spies T. Linkage map of the human major histocompatibility complex including the tumor necrosis factor genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Dec;84(23):8535–8539. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.23.8535. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chen Y. T., Obata Y., Stockert E., Old L. J. Thymus-leukemia (TL) antigens of the mouse. Analysis of TL mRNA and TL cDNA TL+ and TL- strains. J Exp Med. 1985 Oct 1;162(4):1134–1148. doi: 10.1084/jem.162.4.1134. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Church G. M., Gilbert W. Genomic sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):1991–1995. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coppin H. L., Denny D. W., Jr, Weissman S. M., McDevitt H. O. HLA-B locus polymorphism: studies with a specific hybridization probe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(24):8614–8618. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.24.8614. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Daar I. O., Maquat L. E. Premature translation termination mediates triosephosphate isomerase mRNA degradation. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Feb;8(2):802–813. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.2.802. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Devereux J., Haeberli P., Smithies O. A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Jan 11;12(1 Pt 1):387–395. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.1part1.387. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dobbe L. M., Stam N. J., Neefjes J. J., Giphart M. J. Biochemical complexity of serum HLA class I molecules. Immunogenetics. 1988;27(3):203–210. doi: 10.1007/BF00346587. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Duceman B., Wang A. M. A novel human major histocompatibility complex class I-type DNA sequence. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Nov 11;16(21):10391–10391. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.21.10391. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ellis S. A., Taylor C., McMichael A. Recognition of HLA-B27 and related antigen by a monoclonal antibody. Hum Immunol. 1982 Aug;5(1):49–59. doi: 10.1016/0198-8859(82)90030-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Favaloro J., Treisman R., Kamen R. Transcription maps of polyoma virus-specific RNA: analysis by two-dimensional nuclease S1 gel mapping. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):718–749. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65070-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Feinberg A. P., Vogelstein B. A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal Biochem. 1983 Jul 1;132(1):6–13. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90418-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Flavell R. A., Allen H., Huber B., Wake C., Widera G. Organization and expression of the MHC of the C57 black/10 mouse. Immunol Rev. 1985 Jul;84:29–50. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1985.tb01124.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fukumaki Y., Collins F., Kole R., Stoeckert C. J., Jr, Jagadeeswaran P., Duncan C. H., Weissman S. M., Jagadeeswaran P., Pan J., Forget B. G. Sequences of human repetitive DNA, non-alpha-globin genes, and major histocompatibility locus genes. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1983;47(Pt 2):1079–1086. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ganguly S., Vasavada H. A., Weissman S. M. Multiple enhancer-like sequences in the HLA-B7 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jul;86(14):5247–5251. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.14.5247. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Geraghty D. E., Koller B. H., Orr H. T. A human major histocompatibility complex class I gene that encodes a protein with a shortened cytoplasmic segment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Dec;84(24):9145–9149. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.24.9145. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hanahan D., Meselson M. Plasmid screening at high colony density. Gene. 1980 Jun;10(1):63–67. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(80)90144-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hayashida H., Miyata T. Unusual evolutionary conservation and frequent DNA segment exchange in class I genes of the major histocompatibility complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 May;80(9):2671–2675. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.9.2671. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hood L., Steinmetz M., Malissen B. Genes of the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse. Annu Rev Immunol. 1983;1:529–568. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.01.040183.002525. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jordan B. R., Caillol D., Damotte M., Delovitch T., Ferrier P., Kahn-Perles B., Kourilsky F., Layet C., Le Bouteiller P., Lemonnier F. A. HLA class I genes: from structure to expression, serology and function. Immunol Rev. 1985 Jul;84:73–92. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1985.tb01126.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kimmel A. R., Berger S. L. Preparation of cDNA and the generation of cDNA libraries: overview. Methods Enzymol. 1987;152:307–316. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)52035-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kimura A., Israël A., Le Bail O., Kourilsky P. Detailed analysis of the mouse H-2Kb promoter: enhancer-like sequences and their role in the regulation of class I gene expression. Cell. 1986 Jan 31;44(2):261–272. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90760-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klein J., Figueroa F. Evolution of the major histocompatibility complex. Crit Rev Immunol. 1986;6(4):295–386. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klein J. Origin of major histocompatibility complex polymorphism: the trans-species hypothesis. Hum Immunol. 1987 Jul;19(3):155–162. doi: 10.1016/0198-8859(87)90066-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koller B. H., Geraghty D. E., DeMars R., Duvick L., Rich S. S., Orr H. T. Chromosomal organization of the human major histocompatibility complex class I gene family. J Exp Med. 1989 Feb 1;169(2):469–480. doi: 10.1084/jem.169.2.469. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koller B. H., Geraghty D. E., Shimizu Y., DeMars R., Orr H. T. HLA-E. A novel HLA class I gene expressed in resting T lymphocytes. J Immunol. 1988 Aug 1;141(3):897–904. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koller B. H., Geraghty D., Orr H. T., Shimizu Y., DeMars R. Organization of the human class I major histocompatibility complex genes. Immunol Res. 1987;6(1-2):1–10. doi: 10.1007/BF02918100. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koller B. H., Orr H. T. Cloning and complete sequence of an HLA-A2 gene: analysis of two HLA-A alleles at the nucleotide level. J Immunol. 1985 Apr;134(4):2727–2733. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koller B. H., Sidwell B., DeMars R., Orr H. T. Isolation of HLA locus-specific DNA probes from the 3'-untranslated region. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Aug;81(16):5175–5178. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.16.5175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Krangel M. S. Secretion of HLA-A and -B antigens via an alternative RNA splicing pathway. J Exp Med. 1986 May 1;163(5):1173–1190. doi: 10.1084/jem.163.5.1173. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kress M., Cosman D., Khoury G., Jay G. Secretion of a transplantation-related antigen. Cell. 1983 Aug;34(1):189–196. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90149-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kress M., Liu W. Y., Jay E., Khoury G., Jay G. Comparison of class I (H-2) gene sequences. Derivation of unique probes for members of this multigene family. J Biol Chem. 1983 Nov 25;258(22):13929–13936. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lalanne J. L., Cochet M., Kummer A. M., Gachelin G., Kourilsky P. Different exon-intron organization at the 5' part of a mouse class I gene is used to generate a novel H-2Kd-related mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Dec;80(24):7561–7565. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.24.7561. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lalanne J. L., Delarbre C., Gachelin G., Kourilsky P. A cDNA clone containing the entire coding sequence of a mouse H-2Kd histocompatibility antigen. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Mar 11;11(5):1567–1577. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.5.1567. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lawlor D. A., Ward F. E., Ennis P. D., Jackson A. P., Parham P. HLA-A and B polymorphisms predate the divergence of humans and chimpanzees. Nature. 1988 Sep 15;335(6187):268–271. doi: 10.1038/335268a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lawrance S. K., Das H. K., Pan J., Weissman S. M. The genomic organisation and nucleotide sequence of the HLA-SB(DP) alpha gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Oct 25;13(20):7515–7528. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.20.7515. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lawrance S. K., Smith C. L., Srivastava R., Cantor C. R., Weissman S. M. Megabase-scale mapping of the HLA gene complex by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Science. 1987 Mar 13;235(4794):1387–1390. doi: 10.1126/science.3029868. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levine F., Erlich H., Mach B., Leach R., White R., Pious D. Deletion mapping of HLA and chromosome 6p genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jun;82(11):3741–3745. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.11.3741. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lindsay S., Bird A. P. Use of restriction enzymes to detect potential gene sequences in mammalian DNA. 1987 May 28-Jun 3Nature. 327(6120):336–338. doi: 10.1038/327336a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Malissen M., Malissen B., Jordan B. R. Exon/intron organization and complete nucleotide sequence of an HLA gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Feb;79(3):893–897. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.3.893. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maniatis T., Hardison R. C., Lacy E., Lauer J., O'Connell C., Quon D., Sim G. K., Efstratiadis A. The isolation of structural genes from libraries of eucaryotic DNA. Cell. 1978 Oct;15(2):687–701. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90036-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maquat L. E., Kinniburgh A. J., Rachmilewitz E. A., Ross J. Unstable beta-globin mRNA in mRNA-deficient beta o thalassemia. Cell. 1981 Dec;27(3 Pt 2):543–553. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90396-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Matsuura A., Shen F. W., Fisher D. A., Hood L., Boyse E. A. Transcripts of Tla genes. Immunogenetics. 1987;25(6):411–415. doi: 10.1007/BF00396109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mayer W. E., Jonker M., Klein D., Ivanyi P., van Seventer G., Klein J. Nucleotide sequences of chimpanzee MHC class I alleles: evidence for trans-species mode of evolution. EMBO J. 1988 Sep;7(9):2765–2774. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03131.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McMichael A. J., Parham P., Rust N., Brodsky F. A monoclonal antibody that recognizes an antigenic determinant shared by HLA A2 and B17. Hum Immunol. 1980 Sep;1(2):121–129. doi: 10.1016/0198-8859(80)90099-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Melton D. A., Krieg P. A., Rebagliati M. R., Maniatis T., Zinn K., Green M. R. Efficient in vitro synthesis of biologically active RNA and RNA hybridization probes from plasmids containing a bacteriophage SP6 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Sep 25;12(18):7035–7056. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.18.7035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mizuno S., Trapani J. A., Koller B. H., Dupont B., Yang S. Y. Isolation and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding a novel HLA class I gene. J Immunol. 1988 Jun 1;140(11):4024–4030. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- N'Guyen C., Sodoyer R., Trucy J., Strachan T., Jordan B. R. The HLA-AW24 gene: sequence, surroundings and comparison with the HLA-A2 and HLA-A3 genes. Immunogenetics. 1985;21(5):479–489. doi: 10.1007/BF00430931. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Norrander J., Kempe T., Messing J. Construction of improved M13 vectors using oligodeoxynucleotide-directed mutagenesis. Gene. 1983 Dec;26(1):101–106. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(83)90040-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Orr H. T., DeMars R. Class I-like HLA genes map telomeric to the HLA-A2 locus in human cells. Nature. 1983 Apr 7;302(5908):534–536. doi: 10.1038/302534a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pellegrino M. A., Russo C., Allison J. P. HLA antigens in serum. Methods Enzymol. 1984;108:614–624. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(84)08122-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pontarotti P., Chimini G., Nguyen C., Boretto J., Jordan B. R. CpG islands and HTF islands in the HLA class I region: investigation of the methylation status of class I genes leads to precise physical mapping of the HLA-B and -C genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Jul 25;16(14B):6767–6778. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.14.6767. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ragoussis J., Bloemer K., Pohla H., Messer G., Weiss E. H., Ziegler A. A physical map including a new class I gene (cda12) of the human major histocompatibility complex (A2/B13 haplotype) derived from a monosomy 6 mutant cell line. Genomics. 1989 Apr;4(3):301–308. doi: 10.1016/0888-7543(89)90334-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rappold G. A., Stubbs L., Labeit S., Crkvenjakov R. B., Lehrach H. Identification of a testis-specific gene from the mouse t-complex next to a CpG-rich island. EMBO J. 1987 Jul;6(7):1975–1980. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02460.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Robinson P. J., Bevec D., Mellor A. L., Weiss E. H. Sequence of the mouse Q4 class I gene and characterization of the gene product. Immunogenetics. 1988;27(2):79–86. doi: 10.1007/BF00351079. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith C. L., Lawrance S. K., Gillespie G. A., Cantor C. R., Weissman S. M., Collins F. S. Strategies for mapping and cloning macroregions of mammalian genomes. Methods Enzymol. 1987;151:461–489. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(87)51038-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Southern E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol. 1975 Nov 5;98(3):503–517. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80083-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Srivastava R., Chorney M. J., Lawrance S. K., Pan J., Smith Z., Smith C. L., Weissman S. M. Structure, expression, and molecular mapping of a divergent member of the class I HLA gene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jun;84(12):4224–4228. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.12.4224. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Srivastava R., Duceman B. W., Biro P. A., Sood A. K., Weissman S. M. Molecular organization of the class I genes of human major histocompatibility complex. Immunol Rev. 1985 Jul;84:93–121. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1985.tb01127.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Steinmetz M., Moore K. W., Frelinger J. G., Sher B. T., Shen F. W., Boyse E. A., Hood L. A pseudogene homologous to mouse transplantation antigens: transplantation antigens are encoded by eight exons that correlate with protein domains. Cell. 1981 Sep;25(3):683–692. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90175-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stroynowski I., Forman J., Goodenow R. S., Schiffer S. G., McMillan M., Sharrow S. O., Sachs D. H., Hood L. Expression and T cell recognition of hybrid antigens with amino-terminal domains encoded by Qa-2 region of major histocompatibility complex and carboxyl termini of transplantation antigens. J Exp Med. 1985 May 1;161(5):935–952. doi: 10.1084/jem.161.5.935. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tykocinski M. L., Max E. E. CG dinucleotide clusters in MHC genes and in 5' demethylated genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 May 25;12(10):4385–4396. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.10.4385. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Waneck G. L., Stein M. E., Flavell R. A. Conversion of a PI-anchored protein to an integral membrane protein by a single amino acid mutation. Science. 1988 Aug 5;241(4866):697–699. doi: 10.1126/science.3399901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weiss E. H., Golden L., Fahrner K., Mellor A. L., Devlin J. J., Bullman H., Tiddens H., Bud H., Flavell R. A. Organization and evolution of the class I gene family in the major histocompatibility complex of the C57BL/10 mouse. Nature. 1984 Aug 23;310(5979):650–655. doi: 10.1038/310650a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weiss E. H. Molecular biology of the mouse Q region. Immunol Res. 1987;6(3):179–191. doi: 10.1007/BF02918090. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wigler M., Sweet R., Sim G. K., Wold B., Pellicer A., Lacy E., Maniatis T., Silverstein S., Axel R. Transformation of mammalian cells with genes from procaryotes and eucaryotes. Cell. 1979 Apr;16(4):777–785. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90093-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Winoto A., Steinmetz M., Hood L. Genetic mapping in the major histocompatibility complex by restriction enzyme site polymorphisms: most mouse class I genes map to the Tla complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jun;80(11):3425–3429. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.11.3425. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yoshie O., Schmidt H., Lengyel P., Reddy E. S., Morgan W. R., Weissman S. M. Transcripts of human HLA gene fragments lacking the 5'-terminal region in transfected mouse cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Feb;81(3):649–653. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.3.649. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]