Biodistribution of nanocarriers coated with anti-ICAM-1 and anti-TfR in mice. Localization ratio (LR) and specificity index (SI) of brain, lungs, and liver are shown in (A) and (B), respectively. Data are mean ± S.E.M. (n ≥ 3 mice). * compares anti-TfR NCs to anti-ICAM NCs; # compares dually-coated nanocarriers (either Ab/IgG or Ab1/Ab2) to their respective parental, single-targeted nanocarriers; % compares anti-ICAM/anti-TfR NCs to control Ab/IgG NCs. *,#,%, p < 0.05; **,##,%%, p < 0.01; ***,###,%%%, p < 0.001, by Student’s t-test. NCs = nanocarriers.
Ab = antibody.