Lack of negative slope in I-V plots for BK channels at positive potentials in the absence of intracellular blockers

Abstract

Large-conductance, voltage- and Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ (BK) channels display near linear current–voltage (I-V) plots for voltages between −100 and +100 mV, with an increasing sublinearity for more positive potentials. As is the case for many types of channels, BK channels are blocked at positive potentials by intracellular Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. This fast block progressively reduces single-channel conductance with increasing voltage, giving rise to a negative slope in the I-V plots beyond about +120 mV, depending on the concentration of the blockers. In contrast to these observations of pronounced differences in the magnitudes and shapes of I-V plots in the absence and presence of intracellular blockers, Schroeder and Hansen (2007. J. Gen. Physiol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200709802) have reported identical I-V plots in the absence and presence of blockers for BK channels, with both plots having reduced conductance and negative slopes, as expected for blockers. Schroeder and Hansen included both Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the intracellular solution rather than a single blocker, and they also studied BK channels expressed from α plus β1 subunits, whereas most previous studies used only α subunits. Although it seems unlikely that these experimental differences would account for the differences in findings between previous studies and those of Schroeder and Hansen, we repeated the experiments using BK channels comprised of α plus β1 subunits with joint application of 2.5 mM Ca²⁺ plus 2.5 mM Mg²⁺, as Schroeder and Hansen did. In contrast to the findings of Schroeder and Hansen of identical I-V plots, we found marked differences in the single-channel I-V plots in the absence and presence of blockers. Consistent with previous studies, we found near linear I-V plots in the absence of blockers and greatly reduced currents and negative slopes in the presence of blockers. Hence, studies of conductance mechanisms for BK channels should exclude intracellular Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺, as they can reduce conductance and induce negative slopes.

INTRODUCTION

Large-conductance, voltage- and Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ (BK) channels are widely distributed and involved in many physiological processes (Pallotta et al., 1981; Golowasch et al., 1986; Cox et al., 1997a; Gribkoff et al., 1997; Vergara et al., 1998; Xia et al., 2002; Magleby, 2003; Cox, 2005; Cui, 2010; Latorre et al., 2010). Depending on the tissue, functional BK channels can be comprised of four pore-forming α subunits alone, or four α subunits plus accessory β subunits, with the β1 subunit increasing the apparent Ca²⁺ sensitivity of BK channels in smooth muscle (Knaus et al., 1995; McManus et al., 1995; Nimigean and Magleby, 1999; Lu et al., 2006). The conductance properties of BK channels have been of considerable interest because BK channels have the highest single-channel conductance of K⁺-selective channels, of 200–300 pS in symmetrical 150-mM K⁺ solutions (Pallotta et al., 1981; Eisenman et al., 1986; Cox et al., 1997b; Hille, 2001; Brelidze et al., 2003; Nimigean et al., 2003; Geng et al., 2011). Our study was undertaken to address contradictory observations concerning the shape of I-V curves for BK channels.

Schroeder and Hansen (2006, 2007, 2008) report that the single-channel current amplitudes of BK channels comprised of α plus β1 subunits increase as the membrane voltage is increased from 0 to +100 mV, and then progressively decrease with increasing voltage, leading to a negative slope in the I-V plots for large positive potentials. The intracellular solutions for the experiments in their papers all contained 2.5 mM Ca²⁺ and 2.5 mM Mg²⁺. As a control experiment to test for the possible effects of intracellular Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, Schroeder and Hansen (2007) obtained I-V plots in the absence of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ and reported I-V plots with current amplitudes and negative slope identical to those they obtained in the presence of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ (their Fig. 7 B).

Schroeder and Hansen’s (2007) observations of reduced currents and negative slope at positive potentials in the presence of intracellular Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ are consistent with previous studies on fast block by Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in BK channels (Marty, 1983; Morales et al., 1996; Cox et al., 1997b; Zhang et al., 2006). However, Schroeder and Hansen’s (2007) observation of the same reduced currents and negative slopes in the absence and presence of intracellular Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ contrasts with many previous studies that show near linear I-V plots between −100 and +100 mV and a small sublinearity for more positive potentials, and this was the case for BK channels with and without β1 subunits (Marty, 1981; Wong et al., 1982; Yellen, 1984a,b; Villarroel et al., 1988; Ferguson, 1991; McManus et al., 1995; Morales et al., 1996; Zeng et al., 2003 [in supplemental material]; Brelidze and Magleby, 2004; Zhang et al., 2006; Carvacho et al., 2008; Geng et al., 2011). Nevertheless, in many of the previous studies, a sufficiently positive voltage range was not always explored to reveal a negative slope if present, and most studies were done in the absence of the β1 subunit.

Whether reduced currents and negative slope can be observed for BK channels in the absence of intracellular blockers has profound implications for the gating of BK channels. Schroeder and Hansen (2007) propose that the negative slope comes from fast gating, whereas previous studies propose that it arises from fast cation block. Resolving this question is important, as further studies have built upon the work of Schroeder and Hansen by assuming that the negative slope arises from fast gating rather than from Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ block (Schroeder and Hansen, 2008, 2009; Abenavoli et al., 2009; Nelson, 2011). In this Communication, we further examine the shape of the I-V plot for BK channels expressed with α plus β1 subunits. We find a near linear I-V plot at positive voltages in the absence of blockers and reduced currents and negative slope at more positive potentials with intracellular Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. Hence, studies of normal conductance mechanisms for BK channels should be based on data obtained in the absence of intracellular Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺, as these blockers can reduce conductance and induce negative slopes at positive potentials.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The patch-clamp technique (Hamill et al., 1981) was used to record single-channel currents from inside-out patches of membrane obtained from Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing BK channels after injection of cRNAs coding for both α and β1 subunits. The mouse Slo1 α subunit (same as GenBank accession no. U09383) was provided by Merck Pharmaceuticals, and the β1 subunit (identical to NCBI Protein database accession no. gi:31981659) was provided by R. Brenner (The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX). The extracellular solution contained 150 mM KCl and 10 mM HEPES, with pH adjusted to 7.2 with KOH. The intracellular solution in the absence of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ contained 150 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, and 10 mM EDTA, with pH adjusted to 7.2 with KOH. The intracellular solution with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ contained 150 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 2.5 mM CaCl₂, and 2.5 mM MgCl₂, with pH adjusted to 7.2 with KOH. The single-channel records were collected and analyzed with a cutoff frequency of 10 kHz (Axopatch 200B; Molecular Devices) and filtered at 5 kHz for display. Single-channel currents were sampled at 200,000/s with pClamp9 software (Molecular Devices). Single-channel current amplitudes were determined from all-points histograms as the distance between the peaks of histograms fitted to the open and closed current levels. Similar I-V plots were found when the single-channel currents were measured by eye with cursor lines through the open and closed current levels. Detailed descriptions of the methods have been presented previously (Nimigean and Magleby, 1999; Brelidze and Magleby, 2004).

RESULTS

To reexamine whether a negative slope is observed at large positive potentials in the absence of intracellular Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, we studied BK channels comprised of mouse α plus β1 subunits expressed in Xenopus oocytes using single-channel recording from excised inside-out patches of membrane so that the intracellular solution could be changed. Data were collected up to sufficiently high potentials (+200 mV) so that a negative slope would be observed if present.

Near linear I-V plots in the absence of intracellular blockers with a small increasing sublinearity at higher positive potentials

In the absence of intracellular blockers, a near linear I-V curve was observed for positive potentials up to +100 mV, with a small but increasing sublinearity for higher potentials up to +200 mV (Fig. 1 B, open circles). As is typical for BK channels, a large single-channel conductance (256 pS at +80 mV) was observed in the absence of blockers. These observations are consistent with those of Zeng et al., (2003, Fig. S1 C) who also studied BK channels comprised of α plus β1 subunits at high positive potentials in the absence of blockers. The observations in Fig. 1 B (open circles) are also consistent with other previous studies exploring a smaller range of positive potentials in the absence of blockers for BK channels comprised of α plus β1 subunits and of α subunits alone (Marty, 1981; Pallotta et al., 1981; Wong et al., 1982; Yellen, 1984a,b; Villarroel et al., 1988; Ferguson, 1991; McManus et al., 1995; Morales et al., 1996; Zeng et al., 2003 [in supplemental material]; Brelidze and Magleby, 2004; Zhang et al., 2006; Carvacho et al., 2008; Geng et al., 2011).

Figure 1.

Intracellular Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ induce a negative slope at high positive potentials for I-V plots from BK channels that is not observed in their absence. (A) Representative single-channel current records from BK channels at the indicated voltages without and with 2.5 mM Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the intracellular solution. The solutions also contained 150 mM KCl and 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.2. The presented current recordings were filtered at 5 kHz for display, but the data were collected and analyzed with 10 kHz low-pass filtering for the I-V plots. The divalent cation blockers reduce the outward single-channel current amplitudes, with a greater fractional decrease at +160 mV than at +80 mV. (B) I-V plots of single-channel current amplitudes indicate that 2.5 mM of intracellular Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ induce a negative slope for potentials greater than +120 mV. A negative slope is not observed in the absence of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ (open circles). The dashed lines are cubic spline fits constrained to pass through the origin. Each plotted point is the mean from five or more patches. The absence of visible error bars indicates that the SEM is less than the symbol size.

The observations in Fig. 1 B (open circles) and previous studies of near linear I-V curves with a small sublinearity at more positive potentials in the absence of blockers differ from those of Schroeder and Hansen (2007) who report reduced conductance and negative slopes in the absence of blockers. It should be noted that in some cases with very low concentrations of intracellular blockers, the sublinearity can be greater than in Fig. 1 B (open circles), but, in contrast to Schroeder and Hansen (2007), there was not a marked reduction in conductance for voltages less than +100 mV (Cox et al., 1997b).

Schroeder and Hansen (2007) used less filtering in their analysis than we used for Fig. 1, or has typically been used in previous studies. However, this difference in filtering would not explain why they observed a negative slope of the observed mean current amplitude in the absence of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ whereas we did not, as differences in filtering should not change the mean single-channel current amplitude (Fig. 9 in Blatz and Magleby, 1986). Schroeder and Hansen (2007) studied human BK channels stably expressed in HEK293 cells, whereas for most previous studies, BK channels were expressed from transfection with DNA or injected cRNA. It cannot be ruled out, but seems highly unlikely, that a different expression system would induce identical I-V plots with reduced conductance and negative slope both in the absence and presence of intracellular Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺.

The intracellular blockers Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ reduce the single-channel conductance and induce a negative slope at positive potentials

Changing the intracellular solution in the previous experiment to one containing 2.5 mM Ca²⁺ and 2.5 mM Mg²⁺ reduced the single-channel currents in a voltage-dependent manner, giving rise to a reduced conductance at positive potentials and a negative slope in the I-V plots beyond about +120 mV (Fig. 1 B, closed circles). The reduction in conductance by the blockers was apparent well before the appearance of the negative slope, with a conductance at +80 mV of 161 pS compared with 259 pS in the absence of blockers. The reduced conductance and negative slope in the I-V plots in Fig. 1 B (closed circles) is a characteristic feature of intracellular block, as reported previously (Marty, 1983; Golowasch et al., 1986; Morales et al., 1996; Cox et al., 1997b; Zhang et al., 2006). The reduced conductance and negative slope in the presence of intracellular Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in Fig. 1 B (closed circles) are essentially the same as reported by Schroeder and Hansen (2007) both in the presence and absence of intracellular blockers.

DISCUSSION

In contrast to the marked differences in I-V plots in the absence and presence of intracellular Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in Fig. 1 and in the literature, Schroeder and Hansen (2007) have reported essentially identical I-V plots in the absence and presence of intracellular blockers, with both I-V plots displaying the same reduced conductance and negative slope as would be expected if intracellular blockers were present under both conditions. We are not aware of reports other than Schroeder and Hansen’s in which essentially identical I-V plots have been observed in the absence and presence of millimolar concentrations of intracellular Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ with 150 mM KCl in the solutions. High concentrations of intracellular K⁺ (added as KCl) can reduce, but not eliminate, the action of intracellular blockers through apparent competitive inhibition of K⁺ displacing the blockers (Ferguson, 1991; Zhang et al., 2006).

Schroeder and Hansen (2006, 2007, 2009) used a β-distribution analysis to examine very fast flickering in the single-channel current to characterize the negative slope in the presence of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. They suggested that the negative slope may arise from the depletion of K⁺ from the selectivity filter at higher voltages, leading to instability and fast gating of the selectivity filter. An alternative explanation for the negative slope is that it may arise from fast Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ block, as a negative slope is not observed in the absence of these ions (Fig. 1 B, open circles). Support for such a possibility is the observation that the characteristic concentration and voltage dependence of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ block, including the negative slope, are well described by quantitative blocking models (Zhang et al., 2006). Nevertheless, this does not establish the mechanism.

An electrostatic displacement of K⁺ from the inner cavity by cation blockers would reduce single-channel currents by reducing the K⁺ available to enter the selectivity filter. Such a reduction in K⁺ might then induce fast flickery gating, leading to a further decrease in current. If this were the case, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and H⁺ block should be associated with increased open-channel noise. Such increased noise is not apparent with 5–10-kHz filtering when millimolar Ca²⁺ is added to the intracellular solution (Zhang et al., 2006) or when currents are reduced 40% from H⁺ block by changing the pH from 9 to 5 (Brelidze and Magleby, 2004). However, 5–10-kHz filtering could prevent detection of the very high frequency selectivity filter gating proposed by Schroeder and Hansen (2007). A detailed study of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ block by high frequency β analysis may be able to resolve this question.

Schroeder and Hansen (2007) have performed such an analysis and found that the fractional reduction in current caused by very fast flickering is the same with and without divalent cations (their Fig. 7 C). Based on this observation, they rule out that the negative slope arises from Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ block. However, because the I-V plots in their data had identical reduced conductance and negative slope with and without blockers, in contrast to the observations of others and in Fig. 1, it seems that their data should not be used to test whether Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ can induce a negative slope. To determine whether Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ can induce a high frequency flickery gating, a comparison should be made between data obtained from BK channels that display normal conductance and near linear I-V plots in the absence of blockers to data obtained with intracellular blockers that display reduced conductance and negative slopes.

Unlike fast block by Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and H⁺, which does not appear to increase the open-channel noise at 5–10-kHz filtering, intracellular Na⁺ (5 mM) gives a pronounced flickery block with mean blocked and unblocked lifetimes of ∼10 µs at +80 mV (Yellen, 1984a,b). If the Na⁺-blocking and -unblocking lifetimes are exponentially distributed, there would be many blocking and unblocking events of sufficient duration to produce flickery block with the 4-kHz filtering in the experiments of Yellen (1984a,b). In addition to a flickery block, Na⁺ block also differs from Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ block in that for membrane potentials greater than +140 mV, the I-V inflects upwards giving an N shape, attributed to Na⁺ passing through the channel (punch through) at the higher membrane potentials (French and Shoukimas, 1985; Nimigean and Miller, 2002).

As shown in Fig. 1 B (closed circles), Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ block does reduce single-channel current amplitudes. Is this observation then sufficient to exclude that rapid selectivity filter gating reduces the observed single-channel currents, as proposed by Schroeder and Hansen (2007)? In the absence of intracellular Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and also the near absence of H⁺ (pH 9), a small sublinearity still remains in the I-V plots at high voltages (Brelidze and Magleby, 2004). If the (perhaps unwarranted) assumption is made that the I-V plot would be linear in the absence of blockers and rapid selectivity filter gating, then the deviation from linearity in the observed currents in the absence of blockers might reflect rapid selectivity filter gating, but other factors could also contribute to the sublinearity (see discussions in Nimigean et al., 2003; Brelidze and Magleby, 2004, 2005; Geng et al., 2011).

In conclusion, previous studies and Fig. 1 show that I-V curves from BK channels display reduced conductance and a negative slope at high positive potentials in the presence of intracellular blockers such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, but do not display reduced conductance and negative slopes in the absence of such blockers. These findings differ from those of Schroeder and Hansen (2007) of a negative slope both in the absence and presence of blockers.