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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Biomarkers. 2012 Aug 20;17(8):671–691. doi: 10.3109/1354750X.2012.715672

Table 1.

Clinical Studies of Glutathione Levels in Brain Cancers

Study	Patients / Tumor^a	Tumor Glutathione^b	γGT^c	Control^d	Ratio T/C^e
(Constantin et al. 2012)	53 Grade 2 glioma		N

(Dudek et al. 2001)	20 AST	15.61 ± 4.90 nmol/mg-protein	Y	P	0.31^*
	26 GBM	16.30 ± 4.29			0.32^*
	16 MEN	29.36 ± 8.46			0.57^*
	10 Other	16.90 ± 4.16			0.33^*

(Dudek et al. 2002)	23 AST	14.2 ± 5.3 nmol/mg-protein	Y	P	0.27^*
	31 GBM	14.72 ± 3.2			0.29^*
	7 Other	16.11 ± 4.9			0.32^*

(Dudek et al. 2004)	30 AST	26.42 ± 5.83 nmol/mg-protein^f	Y	P	0.50^*
	37 GBM	12.52 ± 3.91			0.24^*
	22 MEN	31.45 ± 8.52			0.59^*
	16 Other	31.46–20.69 ± 5.19			0.39^*

(Dudek et al. 2005)	45 MET	3.6 – 28.4 nmol/mg-protein	Y	P	0.07 – 0.53^*

(Hazany et al. 2007)	5 MEN	MEN > Other
(Hazany et al. 2007)	20 Other

(Kudo et al. 1990)	7 AST	321.9 ± 11.8^* μg/g-tissue	Y	P	0.78
	10 GBM	195.2 ± 57.1^*			0.46^*
	5 MEN	614.4 ± 237.4			1.5
	9 Other
	5 MET	271.6 ± 143.8			0.66

(Landolt et al. 1994)	11 AST	431 ± 71 μg/g-tissue	Y	P	0.90
(Landolt et al. 1994)		918 ± 135 μg/g-DNA			0.53^*

(Louw et al. 1997)	6 AST Grade II	4580 ± 1675 nmol/g-tissue	Y
(Louw et al. 1997)	Grade III/IV	1131 ± 108^*

(Opstad et al. 2003)	6 AST Grade II	1.0 ± 0.26 mM		H	0.83
(Opstad et al. 2003)	6 MEN	3.3 ± 1.5^*			2.8^*

(Pope et al. 2012)	27 glioma		Y

(Suess et al. 1991)	14 glioma	1.547 ± 0.306 nmol/mg-tissue	Y	P	0.57
(Suess et al. 1991)	8 MEN	3.861 ± 0.793^*			1.49^*

(Wright et al. 2010)	9 AST Grade II	0.52 ± 0.15 mM	N
	Grade III	0.55 ± 0.11
	12 GBM	0.93 ± 0.11
	20 MEN	2.04 ± 0.25
	8 MET	0.96 ± 0.30

(Zengin et al. 2009)	16 AST/GBM	4.923 ± 0.23 μg/mg-protein	Y	P	0.61^*
	14 MEN	5.749 ± 8.609			0.67^*
	13 Other	6.051 ± 0.63			0.69^*
	11 MET	5.117 ± 0.25			0.63^*

^a

Number of patients with cancer in the study. Tumor type: AST, astrocytoma; GBM, gliobastoma multiforme; MEN, meningioma; MET, metastases to brain.

^b

Concentration of glutathione or thiols in tissue. Numbers in italics indicates reports of non-protein sulfhydryls rather than glutathione.

^c

Denotes whether degradation by γ-glutamyltranspeptidase was prevented (Y) or not (N) by sample processing methods.

^d

Disease-free brain tissue used as control: Peritumoral (P) or tissue from healthy patient (H).

^e

Ratio of tumor glutathione to control tissue levels. Gray shading indicates statistically significant T/C<1

^f

Units given in (Dudek, 2005) are IU/mg-protein; however, based on previous publications by this author, assumed to be nmol/mg-protein.

^*

Asterisk denotes statistically significant differences between tumor and control levels