(a) The cellular residence time distributions over the entire cell population for each flow rate simulated. The ○ indicates the mean residence time, while the △ represents the maximum residence time, and the ▽ shows the minimum residence time. (b) A histogram of the cellular residence times at 0.2 μl/min (). (c)-(e) Histograms of cellular residence times at 0.1 μl/min (), 0.3 μl/min (), and 0.5 μl/min (), respectively.