Abstract
Background:
Several studies have demonstrated that YWHAZ (14-3-3ζ), included in the 14-3-3 family of proteins, has been implicated in the initiation and progression of cancers. We tested whether YWHAZ acted as a cancer-promoting gene through its activation/overexpression in gastric cancer (GC).
Methods:
We analysed 7 GC cell lines and 141 primary tumours, which were curatively resected in our hospital between 2001 and 2003.
Results:
Overexpression of the YWHAZ protein was frequently detected in GC cell lines (six out of seven lines, 85.7%) and primary tumour samples of GC (72 out of 141 cases, 51%), and significantly correlated with larger tumour size, venous and lymphatic invasion, deeper tumour depth, and higher pathological stage and recurrence rate. Patients with YWHAZ-overexpressing tumours had worse overall survival rates than those with non-expressing tumours in both intensity and proportion expression-dependent manner. YWHAZ positivity was independently associated with a worse outcome in multivariate analysis (P=0.0491, hazard ratio 2.3 (1.003–5.304)). Knockdown of YWHAZ expression using several specific siRNAs inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of YWHAZ-overexpressing GC cells. Higher expression of the YWHAZ protein was significantly associated with the lower expression of miR-375 in primary GC tissues (P=0.0047).
Conclusion:
These findings suggest that YWHAZ has a pivotal role in tumour cell proliferation through its overexpression, and highlight its usefulness as a prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target in GC.
Keywords: YWHAZ (14-3-3ζ), gastric carcinoma, malignant outcome, prognostic factor
Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world (Parkin et al, 2005). Recent advances in diagnostic techniques and peri-operative management have increased early detection of gastric cancer and decreased the mortality rate. However, patients with advanced disease still frequently develop recurrent disease after extended radical resections, and consequently have extremely poor survival rates (Martin et al, 2002).
Many genes have been analysed in an attempt to understand the molecular mechanisms of human gastric cancers and improve its clinical outcomes; however, only a few with frequent alterations have been identified (Ushijima and Sasako, 2004). Oncogenic activation of β-catenin and K-ras (Park et al, 1999; Lee et al, 2002), amplifications of MET and ERBB2, mutations of TP53, APC, and E-cadherin (Becker et al, 1994; Maesawa et al, 1995), inactivation of the mismatch repair gene hMLH1 associated with microsatellite instability (MSI) (Fang et al, 2003), and hypermethylation of p16 have been repeatedly reported (Oue et al, 2002; Ding et al, 2003). As shown in these reports, studies have attempted to identify the biological factors involved in the malignant potential of gastric cancer. However, in clinical settings, only a few genes have been assayed as therapeutic targets and/or diagnostic biomarkers (Bang et al, 2010), suggesting that novel genes associated with the progression of gastric cancer need to be identified.
Recently, YWHAZ has been identified as a clinically relevant prognostic marker for breast cancer, lung cancer, and head and neck cancer (Fan et al, 2007; Matta et al, 2008; Lu et al, 2009; Neal et al, 2009) and could allow for the identification of patients with a potentially poor prognosis to receive more aggressive treatment. Moreover, it has been reported that YWHAZ can be post-transcriptionally regulated by microRNA miR-375 in vitro, leading to reductions in cell growth in gastric cancer cell lines (Tsukamoto et al, 2010). However, to date, there has been no report on the clinical and prognostic significance of YWHAZ in patients with primary gastric cancer. These findings prompted us to determine the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of YWHAZ overexpression/activation in primary gastric cancer.
Consequently, we demonstrated that YWHAZ was frequently overexpressed in gastric cancer lines and primary gastric cancers. The overexpression of YWHAZ was a poor prognosticator independent of other prognostic factors. Moreover, downregulation of YWHAZ expression was demonstrated to suppress cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in gastric cancer cell lines, and the overexpression of YWHAZ may be significantly associated with the lower expression of miR-375 seen in primary samples. Our results provided evidence that YWHAZ may be an important molecular marker for determining malignant properties and a target for molecular therapy in patients with gastric cancer.
Materials and methods
Gastric cancer cell lines and primary tissue samples
A total of seven gastric cancer cell lines such as KatoIII, NUGC4, HGC27, MKN7, MKN28, MKN45, and MKN74 were used. HGC27 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Minimum Essential Medium (DMEM): F12 medium and the others were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 medium (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). All media were purchased from Sigma, and supplemented with 100 ml l−1 FBS (Trace Scientific, Melbourne, Australia). All cell lines were cultured in 50 ml l−1 carbon dioxide at 37 °C in a humidified chamber. Primary tumour samples of gastric cancer had been obtained from 109 consecutive gastric cancer patients who underwent curative gastrectomy (R0) at the Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (Kyoto, Japan) between 2001 and 2003, and were embedded in paraffin after 24 h of formalin fixation. Relevant clinical and survival data were available for all patients. Written consent was always obtained in a formal styleafter approval by the local Ethics Committee. None of these patients underwent endoscopic mucosal resection, palliative resection, preoperative chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, and none of them had synchronous or metachronous multiple cancers in other organs. Disease stage was defined in accordance with the International Union against Cancer Tumour-lymph node-metastases (TNM) classification (7th edition SobinLH). The median follow-up period for surviving patients was 54.6 months (ranging from 0.5–66.7 months).
Western blotting
Anti-YWHAZ rabbit polyclonal antibody and anti-GAPDH antibody were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). YWHAZ antibody is an affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against a peptide mapping within a relatively divergent domain of YWHAZ. Cells were lysed and their proteins were extracted by M-PER Mammalian Protein Extraction Reagent (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA). We used the MKN74 cell line as a positive control as its strong protein expression has been reported previously (Tsukamoto et al, 2010).
Immunohistochemistry
Tumour samples were fixed with 10% formaldehyde in PBS, embedded in paraffin, sectioned into 5-μm thick slices, and subjected to immunohistochemical staining of the YWHAZ protein with the avidin–biotin–peroxidase method as described by Naoi et al (Naoi et al, 2008).
In brief, after deparaffinization, endogenous peroxidases were quenched by incubating the sections for 20 min in 3% H2O2. Antigen retrieval was performed by heating the samples in 10 mmol l−1 citrate buffer (pH 6.0) at 95 °C for 60 min. After treatment with Block Ace (Dainippon Sumitomo Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan) for 30 min at room temperature, sections were incubated at 4 °C overnight with an anti-YWHAZ (1 : 500) antibody. The avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex system (Vectastain Elite ABC universal kit; Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA) was used for colour development with diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride. Slides were counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. A formalin-fixed gastric cancer cell line overexpressing YWHAZ (MKN28), in which >50% of cells showed staining of each protein, was used as a positive control, whereas a formalin-fixed gastric cancer cell line with low expression of YWHAZ (HGC27) and MKN28 staining without the YWHAZ antibody was included as a negative control. For scoring YWHAZ expression, the intensity (intensity score: 0=negative, 1=weak, 2=moderate, and 3=strong) and percentage of the total cell population (proportion score: 0<10%, 10%⩽1⩽33%, 34%⩽2⩽66%, 67%⩽3⩽100%) that expressed YWHAZ was evaluated for each case. In primary cases, YWHAZ protein expression was negative in most of the non-tumorous gastric mucosa and stroma. In all cases analysed, cases showing the negative expression as non-tumorous gastric mucosa and stroma were regarded as intensity score 0, whereas cases showing the strongest YWHAZ protein expression were regarded as intensity score 3. The remaining cases were divided into intensity score 1 and 2, respectively, according to the level of YWHAZ protein expression. The expression of YWHAZ was regarded as high expression (intensity plus proportion scores ⩾4 of tumour cells showing immunopositivity) or low expression (intensity plus proportion scores ⩽3 of tumour cells showing immunopositivity) using high-powered ( × 200) microscopy (Tsuda, 2008). The expression of YWHAZ was evaluated considering the status of both cytoplasm and nucleus expression. If YWHAZ protein expression was recognised in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, the level of higher protein expression status in the cytoplasm and nucleus was employed. Morever, if YWHAZ protein expression was recognised in either the cytoplasm or nucleus, the level of its protein expression was employed.
Loss-of-function by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and cell growth analysis
For knocking down endogenous YWHAZ expression, each of the small interfering RNA (siRNAs) targeting YWHAZ (Stealth RNAi siRNA no. HSS111442, no. HSS111443, and no HSS111444; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) or a negative control (Negative universal control Med, Invitrogen) was transfected into cells (10 nmol l−1) using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Knockdown of the YWHAZ gene was confirmed by western blotting. For measurements of cell growth, the number of viable cells at various time points after transfection was assessed by the colorimetric water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST) assay (Cell counting kit-8; Dojindo Laboratories, Kumamoto, Japan) (Komatsu et al, 2009).
Transwell migration and invasion assays
Transwell migration and invasion assays were carried out in 24-well modified Boyden chambers (transwell-chamber, BD Transduction, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). The upper surface of 6.4-mm diameter filters with 8 μm pores was precoated with (invasion assay) or without (migration assay) Matrigel (BD Transduction). siRNA transfectants (2 × 104 cells per well) were transferred into the upper chamber. Following 48 h of incubation, migrated or invasive cells on the lower surface of filters were fixed and stained with the Diff-Quik stain (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan), and stained cell nuclei were counted directly in triplicate. We assessed the invasive potential by calculating the number of cells, which is the ratio of the percentage invasion through the Matrigel-coated filters relative to migration through the uncoated filters of test cells over that in the control counterparts.
Tissue RNA extraction and protocol for the detection of microRNAs
For formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, total RNA was extracted from four slices 15-μm thick (total thickness of 60 μm) using a RecoverAll Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit (Ambion, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and eluted into 60 μl of Elution Solution according to the manufacturer's instructions. The amounts of miRNAs were quantified in duplicate via qRT-PCR using human TaqMan MicroRNA Assay Kits (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The reverse transcription reaction was carried out with a TaqMan MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems) in 15 μl containing 5 μl of RNA extract, 0.15 μl of 100 mℳ dNTPs, 1 μl of Multiscribe Reverse Transcriptase (50 U μl−1), 1.5 μl of 10 × Reverse Transcription Buffer, 0.19 μl of RNase inhibitor (20 U μl−1), 3 μl of gene-specific primer, and 4.16 μl of Nuclease-free water. For the synthesis of cDNA, the reaction mixtures were incubated at 16 °C for 30 min, at 42 °C for 30 min, at 85 °C for 5 min, and then held at 4 °C. Next, 1.33 μl of cDNA solution was amplified using 10 μl of TaqMan 2 × Universal PCR Master Mix with no AmpErase UNG (Applied Biosystems), 1 μl of gene-specific primers/probe, and 7.67 μl of Nuclease-free water in a final volume of 20 μl. Quantitative PCR was run on a 7300 Real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems) and the reaction mixtures were incubated at 95 °C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s and 60 °C for 1 min. Cycle threshold (Ct) values were calculated with SDS 1.4 software (Applied Biosystems). The expression of miRNAs from tissue samples was normalised using the 2-ΔΔCT method relative to U6 small nuclear RNA (RNU6B).
Statistical analysis
The clinicopathological variables pertaining to the corresponding patients were analysed for significance by the χ2 or Fisher's exact test. For the analysis of survival, Kaplan–Meier survival curves were constructed for groups based on univariate predictors and differences between the groups were tested with the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed using the likelihood ratio test of the stratified Cox proportional hazards model. Differences between subgroups were tested with the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test. Differences were assessed with a two-sided test and considered significant at the P<0.05 level.
Results
Protein expression of YWHAZ in gastric cancer cell lines
Western blotting analysis was performed using a YWHAZ-specific antibody (Figure 1A) to test how much of the YWHAZ protein was expressed in seven gastric cancer cells such as KatoIII, NUGC4, HGC27, MKN7, MKN28, MKN45, and MKN74. YWHAZ overexpression was observed in almost all cells except for the HGC27 cell line (six out of seven lines, 85.7%), suggesting that this gene is a target for activation in gastric cancer cell lines.
Figure 1.
(A) Western blotting analysis using the YWHAZ-specific antibody to test how much YWHAZ protein is expressed in seven gastric cancer cells such as KatoIII, NUGC4, HGC27, MKN7, MKN28, MKN45, and MKN74. (B). A formalin-fixed gastric cancer MKN45 cell line presenting overexpression of YWHAZ, in which >50% of cells showed staining, was used as a positive control, whereas MKN45 staining without the YWHAZ antibody presenting low expression of YWHAZ was included as a negative control.
A formalin-fixed gastric cancer MKN45 cell line presenting the overexpression of YWHAZ, in which >50% of cells showed staining, was used as a positive control, whereas a formalin-fixed gastric cancer HGC27 cell line (data not shown) and MKN45 staining without the YWHAZ antibody presenting low expression of YWHAZ was included as a negative control (Figure 1B).
Immunohistochemical analysis of YWHAZ expression in the primary tumours of gastric cancer
As the YWHAZ protein was overexpressed in some gastric cancer cell lines, it was hypothesised that YWHAZ was also highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues and assumed to be part of carcinogenesis and malignant outcomes. The clinicopathological significance of YWHAZ expression was examined in primary tumour samples of gastric cancer based on the immunohistochemical staining pattern of this protein. Specific immunostaining of the YWHAZ protein in primary samples was confirmed using cell lines as positive or negative controls (Figure 2A). Expression of the YWHAZ protein was observed in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of cancer cells. We classified 141 gastric cancer tumours into positive and negative groups according to the intensity and proportion of YWHAZ staining among tumour cells as described in the Materials and Methods. In primary cases, YWHAZ protein expression was negative in most of the non-tumorous gastric mucosal cell population (intensity score 0) and weakly positive in the gastric fundic gland. Supplementary Table 1 shows the distribution of patients with YWHAZ immunoreactivity in tumour cells according to the extent of intensity and proportion. Kaplan–Meier survival estimates showed that YWHAZ immunoreactivity in tumour cells was significantly associated with a worse overall survival according to the extent of the intensity and proportion (Figures 2C, 2D). In the total scores of the intensity plus proportion, the high expression group of YWHAZ, presenting scores ⩾4 of tumour cells showing immunopositivity, significantly presented poorer prognosis than the low expression group (P=0.0018, log-rank test) (Figure 2B). Concerning separate analyses of YWHAZ protein expression between the cytoplasm and nucleus, as shown in Supplementary Figure 1A and 1B, high expression of the YWHAZ protein in the cytoplasm (P=0.0461, log-rank test) was associated more with poor prognosis than that in the nucleus (P=0.4049, log-rank test). According to our results, expression of the YWHAZ protein in the cytoplasm may have a pivotal role on malignant outcomes in patients with gastric cancer.
Figure 2.
(A) Specific immunostaining of the YWHAZ protein in primary samples was confirmed. Expression of the YWHAZ protein was observed in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of cancer cells. For scoring YWHAZ expression, the intensity was scored as follows: 0=negative, 1=weak, 2=moderate, 3=strong. (B) In the total scores of intensity plus proportion, the high expression group of YWHAZ, presenting scores >4 of tumour cells showing immunopositivity, presented significantly poorer prognosis than the low expression group (P=0.0190, log-rank test). Kaplan–Meier survival estimates showed that YWHAZ immunoreactivity in tumour cells was significantly associated with a worse overall survival according to the extent of intensity (C) and proportion (D).
Association between YWHAZ protein levels and clinicopathological characteristics in primary cases of gastric cancer
The relationship between expression of the YWHAZ protein and clinicopathological characteristics is summarised in Table 1. Protein expression of YWHAZ was significantly associated with larger tumour size, venous invasion, lymphatic invasion, deeper depth of invasion, and higher pathological stage and recurrence rate, whereas other characteristics including histological grade were not. In the Cox proportional hazard regression model (Table 2), univariate analyses demonstrated that YWHAZ protein expression, age, location, tumour size, venous invasion, lymphatic invasion, pT category, pN category, and the stage of TNM classification were significantly associated with cause-specific survival. When the data were stratified for multivariate analysis using both forward and backward stepwise Cox regression procedures, YWHAZ immunoreactivity in tumour cells remained significant at P<0.05 (hazard ratio, 2.3 (1.003–5.304)) for overall survival in all patients, suggesting that immunoreactivity is an independent predictor of overall survival.
Table 1. Association between clinicopathologic characteristics and YWHAZ expression.
| |
|
YWHAZ immunoreactivity |
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | High expression | Low expression | P-value* | |
| Total |
141 |
72 |
69 |
|
|
Sex | ||||
| Male | 94 | 51 (71%) | 43 (62%) | |
| Female |
47 |
21 (29%) |
26 (38%) |
0.2836 |
|
Age (year) | ||||
| Mean | 63 (range: 27–89) | |||
| <60 | 56 | 26 (36%) | 30 (43%) | |
| ⩾60 |
85 |
46 (64%) |
39 (57%) |
0.3714 |
|
Location | ||||
| Upper | 20 | 13 (18%) | 7 (10%) | |
| Middle | 71 | 36 (50%) | 35 (51%) | |
| Lower |
50 |
23 (32%) |
27 (39%) |
0.5014 |
|
Histopathological grading | ||||
| Differentiated | 69 | 40 (56%) | 29 (42%) | |
| Undifferentiated |
72 |
32 (44%) |
40 (58%) |
0.1082 |
|
Tumour size (mm) | ||||
| <35 | 74 | 31 (43%) | 43 (62%) | |
| ⩾35 |
67 |
41 (57%) |
26 (38%) |
0.0220 |
|
Venous invasion | ||||
| 0 | 98 | 42 (58%) | 56 (81%) | |
| 1–3 |
43 |
30 (42%) |
13 (19%) |
0.0032 |
|
Lymphatic invasion | ||||
| 0 | 75 | 31 (43%) | 44 (64%) | |
| 1–3 |
66 |
41 (57%) |
25 (36%) |
0.0137 |
|
pT categories | ||||
| pT1 | 78 | 30 (42%) | 48 (70%) | |
| pT2 | 11 | 5 (7%) | 6 (9%) | |
| pT3 | 23 | 17 (24%) | 6 (9%) | |
| pT4 |
29 |
20 (27%) |
9 (12%) |
0.0095 |
|
pN categories | ||||
| N0 | 92 | 40 (56%) | 52 (75%) | |
| N1 | 17 | 11 (15%) | 6 (9%) | |
| N2 | 10 | 5 (7%) | 5 (7%) | |
| N3 |
22 |
16 (22%) |
6 (9%) |
0.1227 |
|
p stage | ||||
| I | 86 | 33 (46%) | 53 (77%) | |
| II | 17 | 11 (15%) | 6 (9%) | |
| III |
38 |
28 (39%) |
10 (14%) |
0.0017 |
|
Recurrence | ||||
| Absent | 111 | 51 (71%) | 60 (87%) | |
| Present | 30 | 21 (29%) | 9 (13%) | 0.0329 |
Note: significant values are in boldface type.
*P-values are from χ2 or Fisher's exact test and were significant at <0.05.
Table 2. Multivariate analysis using the stepwise Cox regression procedures.
| |
Univariatea |
Multivariateb |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | P-value | HR | 95% CI | P-value |
|
Sex | ||||
| Male vs female |
0.8064 |
2.673 |
1.098–6.504 |
0.0302 |
|
Age | ||||
| ⩾60 vs <60 |
0.0243 |
2.841 |
1.121–7.194 |
0.0277 |
|
Location | ||||
| U vs ML |
0.0370 |
|
— |
|
|
Histological type | ||||
| Undifferentiated vs differentiated |
0.9078 |
|
— |
|
|
Tumour size (mm) | ||||
| ⩾35 vs <35 |
<0.0001 |
|
— |
|
|
Venous invasion | ||||
| Positive vs negative |
<0.0001 |
2.865 |
1.183–6.944 |
0.0195 |
|
Lymphatic invasion | ||||
| Positive vs negative |
<0.0001 |
|
— |
|
|
pT-stage | ||||
| T3–4 vs T1–2 |
<0.0001 |
20.833 |
2.577–166.667 |
0.0044 |
|
pN-stage | ||||
| N2-3 vs N0-1 |
<0.0001 |
7.692 |
2.770–21.28 |
<0.0001 |
|
YWHAZ expression | ||||
| High vs low | 0.0190 | 2.307 | 1.003–5.304 | 0.0491 |
Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; HR=hazard ratio.
Note: significant values are in boldface type.
The Kaplan–Meier method, and significance was determined by log-rank test.
Multivariate survival analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazard model.
Suppression of cell proliferation by downregulation of YWHAZ expression
To gain insight into the potential role of YWHAZ as an oncogene whose overexpression could be associated with gastric carcinogenesis, we first performed a cell proliferation assay using siRNA specific to YWHAZ to investigate whether knockdown of YWHAZ expression could suppress the proliferation of gastric cancer cells showing overexpression of the gene. In the MKN74 and MKN28 cell lines, expression of the YWHAZ protein was efficiently knocked down 24–72 h after transient introduction of a YWHAZ-specific siRNA (siRNA-YWHAZ) over a control siRNA (siRNA-control) (Figure 3A). The proliferation of MKN74 and MKN28 cells was significantly lower than those of controls by 42.1 and 28.7%, respectively, after the knockdown of endogenous YWHAZ expression.
Figure 3.
(A) Loss-of-function screening was done using small interfering RNAs targeting YWHAZ in MKN74 and MKN28 cells. The knockdown of a target gene was confirmed by western blotting. For measurements of cell growth, the number of viable cells at various time points after transfection was assessed by the colorimetric water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST) assay. (B) Transwell migration and invasion assays. (C) Evaluation of whether miR-375 expression is associated with the extent of YWHAZ immunoreactivity in primary gastric cancer tumours.
Suppression of cell migration and invasion by downregulation of YWHAZ expression
Next, a Matrigel invasion assay was performed to examine the invasive potential of MKN74 (data not shown) and MKN28 cells (Figure 3B) transfected with siRNA-YWHAZ. The number of cells that migrated through the uncoated (migration assay) or Matrigel-coated (invasion assay) membrane into the lower chamber was significantly lower in siRNA-YWHAZ transfected cells than in siRNA-control transfected cells, suggesting that YWHAZ has an invasive potential in gastric cancer cells.
Evaluation of whether miR-375 expression is associated with the extent of YWHAZ immunoreactivity in primary gastric cancer tumours
As shown in a previous report, tumour-suppressive miR-375 is downregulated in gastric cancer tumours and regulates cell survival by targeting YWHAZ in gastric cancer cell lines (Tsukamoto et al, 2010). However, it remains unknown whether miR-375 expression is associated with the extent of YWHAZ immunoreactivity in primary gastric cancer tumours. As a result, the expression of miR-375 in 10 tumours with overexpression of the YWHAZ protein was significantly lower than that in 10 tumours with low expression of the YWHAZ protein (P=0.0047, Figure 3C).
Discussion
The YWHAZ gene, which encodes the 14-3-3ζ protein, is located on chromosome 8q22.3 and this area is frequently amplified in breast and other cancers (Pollack et al, 2002; Garnis et al, 2004). YWHAZ is included in the 14-3-3 family of proteins, which are a family of evolutionarily highly conserved acidic proteins expressed in all eukaryotic organisms (Aitken, 2006). Moore and Perez first discovered 14-3-3 in 1967 when they fractionated soluble proteins from brain tissue (Moore et al, 1968). In mammals, there are seven distinct isoforms: β, γ, ɛ, ζ, η, σ, and τ that are encoded by seven different genes. 14-3-3 proteins have been found to interact with target proteins involved in the regulation of multiple cellular processes, such as cell cycle control, protein trafficking, anti-apoptosis, metabolism, signal transduction, inflammation, and cell adhesion/motility (Wilker and Yaffe, 2004; Morrison, 2009).
YWHAZ has been identified as a clinically relevant prognostic marker for breast cancer (Lu et al, 2009; Neal et al, 2009), lung cancer (Fan et al, 2007), and head and neck cancer (Matta et al, 2008) and may allow for the identification of patients whose tumours are resistant to standard chemotherapies to receive more aggressive treatment (Frasor et al, 2006; Li et al, 2010). YWHAZ has been implicated in the initiation and progression of cancer and has been shown to be overexpressed in multiple cancer tissues and cell lines such as oesophageal cancer (Sharma et al, 2003), pancreatic cancer (Shen et al, 2004), colon cancer (Lu et al, 2007), and oral cancer (Arora et al, 2005), even if gene amplification was not always detected. Mechanisms independent of the increased gene copy number, such as the modulation of gene transcription, protein translation, or RNA and protein stability may also contribute to increased protein expression. These findings prompted us to determine the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of YWHAZ overexpression/activation in primary gastric cancer. However, to date, there has been no report on the clinical significance of YWHAZ in patients with primary gastric cancer.
In the present study, it was hypothesised that the overexpression/activation of YWHAZ may promote tumour cell proliferation and/or survival in gastric cancer. To test this hypothesis, we examined the expression status of YWHAZ and the clinicopathological, as well as biological significance of its expression in cell lines and primary tumours of gastric cancer. Consequently, it was demonstrated that YWHAZ was frequently overexpressed in 51% (72/141) of gastric cancer patients and this overexpression was a poor prognosticator independent of other prognostic factors. The prognosis of gastric cancer patients was involved in both the intensity and proportion of YWHAZ activity in an expression-dependent manner. In addition, downregulation of YWHAZ expression suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in gastric cancer cell lines, although several previous studies reported similar results in other cancers. Namely, the overexpression of YWHAZ in breast cancer cell lines enhanced anchorage-independent growth and inhibited stress-induced apoptosis, whereas downregulation of YWHAZ reduced anchorage-independent growth and sensitised cells to stress-induced apoptosis (Neal et al, 2009). Also, in lung cancer, knockdown of YWHAZ sensitised cells to stress-induced apoptosis and enhanced cell adhesion and cell–cell contacts (Li et al, 2008; Niemantsverdriet et al, 2008).
The significance of YWHAZ overexpression in gastric cancers remains unknown. In this study, we also determined the expression of tumour-suppressive microRNA miR-375 in primary gastric tumours based on the extent of YWHAZ expression. It has been reported that YWHAZ can be post-transcriptionally regulated by microRNA miR-375 in vitro, leading to the downregulation of both YWHAZ mRNA and protein, effectively altering the available pool of YWHAZ and reducing cell growth in gastric cancer cell lines (Tsukamoto et al, 2010). However, in primary samples, the association between YWHAZ and miR-375 has been not reported and remains unknown. As a result, we confirmed that the higher expression of the YWHAZ protein was significantly associated with the lower expression of miR-375 in primary samples. This result implies that epigenetic regulation through microRNAs is one of the mechanisms for the overexpression of YWHAZ in primary gastric cancer.
Other fascinating reports are that the overexpression of YWHAZ occurs in the premalignant hyperplastic stages of oral and oesophageal cancers (Bajpai et al, 2008; Matta et al, 2007; Ralhan et al, 2009) and in atypical ductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of breast cancer (Wulfkuhle et al, 2002; Danes et al, 2008). These findings suggested that YWHAZ may contribute to carcinogenesis and the development of early stage cancers. Moreover, YWHAZ overexpression was found to be a ‘second hit' in a subset of ERBB2-overexpressing DCIS lesions facilitating the transition from noninvasive DCIS to life-threatening invasive breast cancer through the activated TGF-β/Smads pathway leading to epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) (Lu et al, 2009). Indeed, co-overexpression of YWHAZ and ERBB2 in breast cancers from patients was significantly correlated with distant metastasis, poor prognosis, and higher rates of recurrence in breast cancer patients (Lu et al, 2009). In gastric cancer, overexpression of the ERBB2 protein, which was also shown as HER2, was associated with poor prognosis (Yonemura et al, 1991; Uchino et al, 1993). In addition, a recent study demonstrated that a monoclonal antibody against HER2, Trastuzumab, in combination with chemotherapy (ToGa study) can be considered as a new standard option for patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer (Bang et al, 2010); moreover, this treatment contributes to survival prolongation. Therefore, YWHAZ may be a key molecule for selecting prospective patients with malignant outcomes associated with HER2 expression in this chemotherapy. This issue is currently being evaluated.
In conclusion, this is the first report demonstrating that YWHAZ has a pivotal oncogenic role and is a potential therapeutic target in gastric cancer. We showed frequent overexpression of the YWHAZ protein and its prognostic value in patients with gastric cancer. Although studies of larger cohorts are needed to validate these findings before moving to a clinical setting, our results may provide the possibility that YWHAZ is an important molecular marker for determining malignant properties and targets for molecular therapy in patients with this lethal disease.
Footnotes
Supplementary Information accompanies this paper on British Journal of Cancer website (http://www.nature.com/bjc)
This work is published under the standard license to publish agreement. After 12 months the work will become freely available and the license terms will switch to a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.
Supplementary Material
References
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