Abstract
Identification of gene function has often relied on isolation of mutant cells in which expression of the gene was inactivated. Gene targeting by homologous recombination in tissue culture now may provide a technology to rapidly and directly produce such mutant mammalian cells. We demonstrate that selection of embryonic stem and pre-B cell lines for expression of a promoterless construct containing murine N-myc genomic sequences fused to a gene encoding neomycin resistance allows highly efficient recovery of variants in which the endogenous N-myc gene is disrupted. The high frequency of N-myc gene disruption by this method should permit targeted disruption of both allelic N-myc copies in various cell lines to study N-myc function.
Full text
PDF





Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Alt F. W., DePinho R., Zimmerman K., Legouy E., Hatton K., Ferrier P., Tesfaye A., Yancopoulos G., Nisen P. The human myc gene family. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1986;51(Pt 2):931–941. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1986.051.01.106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Alt F. W., Rosenberg N., Casanova R. J., Thomas E., Baltimore D. Immunoglobulin heavy-chain expression and class switching in a murine leukaemia cell line. Nature. 1982 Mar 25;296(5855):325–331. doi: 10.1038/296325a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Capecchi M. R. Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science. 1989 Jun 16;244(4910):1288–1292. doi: 10.1126/science.2660260. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DePinho R. A., Hatton K. S., Tesfaye A., Yancopoulos G. D., Alt F. W. The human myc gene family: structure and activity of L-myc and an L-myc pseudogene. Genes Dev. 1987 Dec;1(10):1311–1326. doi: 10.1101/gad.1.10.1311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DePinho R. A., Legouy E., Feldman L. B., Kohl N. E., Yancopoulos G. D., Alt F. W. Structure and expression of the murine N-myc gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Mar;83(6):1827–1831. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.6.1827. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dildrop R., Ma A., Zimmerman K., Hsu E., Tesfaye A., DePinho R., Alt F. W. IgH enhancer-mediated deregulation of N-myc gene expression in transgenic mice: generation of lymphoid neoplasias that lack c-myc expression. EMBO J. 1989 Apr;8(4):1121–1128. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03482.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Downs K. M., Martin G. R., Bishop J. M. Contrasting patterns of myc and N-myc expression during gastrulation of the mouse embryo. Genes Dev. 1989 Jun;3(6):860–869. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.6.860. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hann S. R., Abrams H. D., Rohrschneider L. R., Eisenman R. N. Proteins encoded by v-myc and c-myc oncogenes: identification and localization in acute leukemia virus transformants and bursal lymphoma cell lines. Cell. 1983 Oct;34(3):789–798. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90535-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Holmes K. L., Pierce J. H., Davidson W. F., Morse H. C., 3rd Murine hematopoietic cells with pre-B or pre-B/myeloid characteristics are generated by in vitro transformation with retroviruses containing fes, ras, abl, and src oncogenes. J Exp Med. 1986 Aug 1;164(2):443–457. doi: 10.1084/jem.164.2.443. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jakobovits A., Schwab M., Bishop J. M., Martin G. R. Expression of N-myc in teratocarcinoma stem cells and mouse embryos. Nature. 1985 Nov 14;318(6042):188–191. doi: 10.1038/318188a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jasin M., Berg P. Homologous integration in mammalian cells without target gene selection. Genes Dev. 1988 Nov;2(11):1353–1363. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.11.1353. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Joyner A. L., Skarnes W. C., Rossant J. Production of a mutation in mouse En-2 gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Nature. 1989 Mar 9;338(6211):153–156. doi: 10.1038/338153a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kim H. S., Smithies O. Recombinant fragment assay for gene targetting based on the polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Sep 26;16(18):8887–8903. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.18.8887. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Legouy E., DePinho R., Zimmerman K., Collum R., Yancopoulos G., Mitsock L., Kriz R., Alt F. W. Structure and expression of the murine L-myc gene. EMBO J. 1987 Nov;6(11):3359–3366. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02657.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mansour S. L., Thomas K. R., Capecchi M. R. Disruption of the proto-oncogene int-2 in mouse embryo-derived stem cells: a general strategy for targeting mutations to non-selectable genes. Nature. 1988 Nov 24;336(6197):348–352. doi: 10.1038/336348a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ramsay G., Stanton L., Schwab M., Bishop J. M. Human proto-oncogene N-myc encodes nuclear proteins that bind DNA. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Dec;6(12):4450–4457. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.12.4450. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Robertson E., Bradley A., Kuehn M., Evans M. Germ-line transmission of genes introduced into cultured pluripotential cells by retroviral vector. Nature. 1986 Oct 2;323(6087):445–448. doi: 10.1038/323445a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rossant J., Joyner A. L. Towards a molecular-genetic analysis of mammalian development. Trends Genet. 1989 Aug;5(8):277–283. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(89)90102-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schwab M., Varmus H. E., Bishop J. M. Human N-myc gene contributes to neoplastic transformation of mammalian cells in culture. Nature. 1985 Jul 11;316(6024):160–162. doi: 10.1038/316160a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schwartzberg P. L., Goff S. P., Robertson E. J. Germ-line transmission of a c-abl mutation produced by targeted gene disruption in ES cells. Science. 1989 Nov 10;246(4931):799–803. doi: 10.1126/science.2554496. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sedivy J. M., Sharp P. A. Positive genetic selection for gene disruption in mammalian cells by homologous recombination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jan;86(1):227–231. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.1.227. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Slamon D. J., Boone T. C., Seeger R. C., Keith D. E., Chazin V., Lee H. C., Souza L. M. Identification and characterization of the protein encoded by the human N-myc oncogene. Science. 1986 May 9;232(4751):768–772. doi: 10.1126/science.3008339. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smithies O., Gregg R. G., Boggs S. S., Koralewski M. A., Kucherlapati R. S. Insertion of DNA sequences into the human chromosomal beta-globin locus by homologous recombination. Nature. 1985 Sep 19;317(6034):230–234. doi: 10.1038/317230a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stone J., de Lange T., Ramsay G., Jakobovits E., Bishop J. M., Varmus H., Lee W. Definition of regions in human c-myc that are involved in transformation and nuclear localization. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 May;7(5):1697–1709. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.5.1697. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thomas P. S. Hybridization of denatured RNA and small DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Sep;77(9):5201–5205. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.9.5201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yancopoulos G. D., Nisen P. D., Tesfaye A., Kohl N. E., Goldfarb M. P., Alt F. W. N-myc can cooperate with ras to transform normal cells in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Aug;82(16):5455–5459. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.16.5455. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zimmer A., Gruss P. Production of chimaeric mice containing embryonic stem (ES) cells carrying a homoeobox Hox 1.1 allele mutated by homologous recombination. Nature. 1989 Mar 9;338(6211):150–153. doi: 10.1038/338150a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zimmerman K. A., Yancopoulos G. D., Collum R. G., Smith R. K., Kohl N. E., Denis K. A., Nau M. M., Witte O. N., Toran-Allerand D., Gee C. E. Differential expression of myc family genes during murine development. 1986 Feb 27-Mar 5Nature. 319(6056):780–783. doi: 10.1038/319780a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]