Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1989 Oct;9(10):4141–4151. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.10.4141

Structure and expression of STK, a src-related gene in the simple metazoan Hydra attenuata.

T C Bosch 1, T F Unger 1, D A Fisher 1, R E Steele 1
PMCID: PMC362492  PMID: 2479820

Abstract

Both cDNA clones and a genomic DNA clone encoding a 509-amino-acid protein that is 64% similar to chicken pp60c-src were isolated from the simple metazoan Hydra attenuata. We have designated this gene STK, for src-type kinase. Features of the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the STK gene suggest that it is likely to be myristoylated and regulated by phosphorylation in a manner similar to that found for pp60c-src. The genomic sequence encoding the protein was found to be interrupted by at least two introns, one of which was located in a position identical to that of one of the introns in the chicken src gene. The STK gene was expressed during early development of H. attenuata and at high levels in the epithelial cells of adult polyps. Probing of Hydra proteins with an antibody to phosphotyrosine indicated that the major phosphotyrosine-containing protein in H. attenuata may be the STK protein itself. H. attenuata is the simplest organism from which a protein-tyrosine kinase gene has been isolated. The presence of such a gene in the evolutionarily ancient phylum Cnidaria suggests that protein-tyrosine kinase genes arose concomitantly with or shortly after the appearance of multicellular organisms.

Full text

PDF
4141

Images in this article

4145Image
on p.4145
4146Image
on p.4146
4147Image
on p.4147
4147Image
on p.4147
4148Image
on p.4148

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Anderson S. K., Gibbs C. P., Tanaka A., Kung H. J., Fujita D. J. Human cellular src gene: nucleotide sequence and derived amino acid sequence of the region coding for the carboxy-terminal two-thirds of pp60c-src. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 May;5(5):1122–1129. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.5.1122. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Azarnia R., Reddy S., Kmiecik T. E., Shalloway D., Loewenstein W. R. The cellular src gene product regulates junctional cell-to-cell communication. Science. 1988 Jan 22;239(4838):398–401. doi: 10.1126/science.2447651. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Barnekow A., Schartl M. Cellular src gene product detected in the freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustris. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Jun;4(6):1179–1181. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.6.1179. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Benton W. D., Davis R. W. Screening lambdagt recombinant clones by hybridization to single plaques in situ. Science. 1977 Apr 8;196(4286):180–182. doi: 10.1126/science.322279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Burnette W. N. "Western blotting": electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated protein A. Anal Biochem. 1981 Apr;112(2):195–203. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(81)90281-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Buss J. E., Der C. J., Solski P. A. The six amino-terminal amino acids of p60src are sufficient to cause myristylation of p21v-ras. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Sep;8(9):3960–3963. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.9.3960. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Buss J. E., Kamps M. P., Gould K., Sefton B. M. The absence of myristic acid decreases membrane binding of p60src but does not affect tyrosine protein kinase activity. J Virol. 1986 May;58(2):468–474. doi: 10.1128/jvi.58.2.468-474.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Castellanos R. M., Mazón M. J. Identification of phosphotyrosine in yeast proteins and of a protein tyrosine kinase associated with the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem. 1985 Jul 15;260(14):8240–8242. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Caveney S. The role of gap junctions in development. Annu Rev Physiol. 1985;47:319–335. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ph.47.030185.001535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Chomczynski P., Sacchi N. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem. 1987 Apr;162(1):156–159. doi: 10.1006/abio.1987.9999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cooper J. A., King C. S. Dephosphorylation or antibody binding to the carboxy terminus stimulates pp60c-src. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Dec;6(12):4467–4477. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.12.4467. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Cotton P. C., Brugge J. S. Neural tissues express high levels of the cellular src gene product pp60c-src. Mol Cell Biol. 1983 Jun;3(6):1157–1162. doi: 10.1128/mcb.3.6.1157. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. David C. N., Campbell R. D. Cell cycle kinetics and development of Hydra attenuata. I. Epithelial cells. J Cell Sci. 1972 Sep;11(2):557–568. doi: 10.1242/jcs.11.2.557. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Davis R. W., Thomas M., Cameron J., St John T. P., Scherer S., Padgett R. A. Rapid DNA isolations for enzymatic and hybridization analysis. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):404–411. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65051-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Devereux J., Haeberli P., Smithies O. A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Jan 11;12(1 Pt 1):387–395. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.1part1.387. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Downward J., Parker P., Waterfield M. D. Autophosphorylation sites on the epidermal growth factor receptor. Nature. 1984 Oct 4;311(5985):483–485. doi: 10.1038/311483a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Feinberg A. P., Vogelstein B. "A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity". Addendum. Anal Biochem. 1984 Feb;137(1):266–267. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90381-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Field K. G., Olsen G. J., Lane D. J., Giovannoni S. J., Ghiselin M. T., Raff E. C., Pace N. R., Raff R. A. Molecular phylogeny of the animal kingdom. Science. 1988 Feb 12;239(4841 Pt 1):748–753. doi: 10.1126/science.3277277. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Fields S., Winter G. Nucleotide-sequence heterogeneity and sequence rearrangements in influenza virus cDNA. Gene. 1981 Nov;15(2-3):207–214. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(81)90130-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Filshie B. K., Flower N. E. Junctional structures in hydra. J Cell Sci. 1977 Feb;23:151–172. doi: 10.1242/jcs.23.1.151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Fults D. W., Towle A. C., Lauder J. M., Maness P. F. pp60c-src in the developing cerebellum. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Jan;5(1):27–32. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.1.27. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Grandori C., Hanafusa H. p60c-src is complexed with a cellular protein in subcellular compartments involved in exocytosis. J Cell Biol. 1988 Dec;107(6 Pt 1):2125–2135. doi: 10.1083/jcb.107.6.2125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Gregory R. J., Kammermeyer K. L., Vincent W. S., 3rd, Wadsworth S. G. Primary sequence and developmental expression of a novel Drosophila melanogaster src gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jun;7(6):2119–2127. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.6.2119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hand A. R., Gobel S. The structural organization of the septate and gap junctions of Hydra. J Cell Biol. 1972 Feb;52(2):397–408. doi: 10.1083/jcb.52.2.397. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hanks S. K., Quinn A. M., Hunter T. The protein kinase family: conserved features and deduced phylogeny of the catalytic domains. Science. 1988 Jul 1;241(4861):42–52. doi: 10.1126/science.3291115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hoffmann F. M., Fresco L. D., Hoffman-Falk H., Shilo B. Z. Nucleotide sequences of the Drosophila src and abl homologs: conservation and variability in the src family oncogenes. Cell. 1983 Dec;35(2 Pt 1):393–401. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90172-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Hopfield J. F., Tank D. W., Greengard P., Huganir R. L. Functional modulation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by tyrosine phosphorylation. Nature. 1988 Dec 15;336(6200):677–680. doi: 10.1038/336677a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Hunter T., Cooper J. A. Epidermal growth factor induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in A431 human tumor cells. Cell. 1981 Jun;24(3):741–752. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90100-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Kamps M. P., Buss J. E., Sefton B. M. Mutation of NH2-terminal glycine of p60src prevents both myristoylation and morphological transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jul;82(14):4625–4628. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.14.4625. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Kamps M. P., Sefton B. M. Identification of multiple novel polypeptide substrates of the v-src, v-yes, v-fps, v-ros, and v-erb-B oncogenic tyrosine protein kinases utilizing antisera against phosphotyrosine. Oncogene. 1988 Apr;2(4):305–315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Kamps M. P., Taylor S. S., Sefton B. M. Direct evidence that oncogenic tyrosine kinases and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase have homologous ATP-binding sites. Nature. 1984 Aug 16;310(5978):589–592. doi: 10.1038/310589a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Kaplan J. M., Mardon G., Bishop J. M., Varmus H. E. The first seven amino acids encoded by the v-src oncogene act as a myristylation signal: lysine 7 is a critical determinant. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Jun;8(6):2435–2441. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.6.2435. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Katamine S., Notario V., Rao C. D., Miki T., Cheah M. S., Tronick S. R., Robbins K. C. Primary structure of the human fgr proto-oncogene product p55c-fgr. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Jan;8(1):259–266. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.1.259. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Kawakami T., Pennington C. Y., Robbins K. C. Isolation and oncogenic potential of a novel human src-like gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Dec;6(12):4195–4201. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.12.4195. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kozak M. An analysis of 5'-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Oct 26;15(20):8125–8148. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.20.8125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Krieg P. A., Melton D. A. In vitro RNA synthesis with SP6 RNA polymerase. Methods Enzymol. 1987;155:397–415. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)55027-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680–685. doi: 10.1038/227680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Lenhoff H. M., Brown R. D. Mass culture of hydra: an improved method and its application to other aquatic invertebrates. Lab Anim. 1970 Apr;4(1):139–154. doi: 10.1258/002367770781036463. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Lev Z., Leibovitz N., Segev O., Shilo B. Z. Expression of the src and abl cellular oncogenes during development of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 May;4(5):982–984. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.5.982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Levin D. E., Hammond C. I., Ralston R. O., Bishop J. M. Two yeast genes that encode unusual protein kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Sep;84(17):6035–6039. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.17.6035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Maness P. F., Aubry M., Shores C. G., Frame L., Pfenninger K. H. c-src gene product in developing rat brain is enriched in nerve growth cone membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jul;85(14):5001–5005. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.14.5001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Marth J. D., Peet R., Krebs E. G., Perlmutter R. M. A lymphocyte-specific protein-tyrosine kinase gene is rearranged and overexpressed in the murine T cell lymphoma LSTRA. Cell. 1985 Dec;43(2 Pt 1):393–404. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90169-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Martinez R., Mathey-Prevot B., Bernards A., Baltimore D. Neuronal pp60c-src contains a six-amino acid insertion relative to its non-neuronal counterpart. Science. 1987 Jul 24;237(4813):411–415. doi: 10.1126/science.2440106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Melton D. A., Krieg P. A., Rebagliati M. R., Maniatis T., Zinn K., Green M. R. Efficient in vitro synthesis of biologically active RNA and RNA hybridization probes from plasmids containing a bacteriophage SP6 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Sep 25;12(18):7035–7056. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.18.7035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Needleman S. B., Wunsch C. D. A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequence of two proteins. J Mol Biol. 1970 Mar;48(3):443–453. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90057-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Parsons S. J., Creutz C. E. p60c-src activity detected in the chromaffin granule membrane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 Jan 29;134(2):736–742. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80482-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Patschinsky T., Hunter T., Esch F. S., Cooper J. A., Sefton B. M. Analysis of the sequence of amino acids surrounding sites of tyrosine phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Feb;79(4):973–977. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.4.973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Quintrell N., Lebo R., Varmus H., Bishop J. M., Pettenati M. J., Le Beau M. M., Diaz M. O., Rowley J. D. Identification of a human gene (HCK) that encodes a protein-tyrosine kinase and is expressed in hemopoietic cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jun;7(6):2267–2275. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.6.2267. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Salim M., Maden B. E. Nucleotide sequence of Xenopus laevis 18S ribosomal RNA inferred from gene sequence. Nature. 1981 May 21;291(5812):205–208. doi: 10.1038/291205a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Schartl M., Barnekow A. The expression in eukaryotes of a tyrosine kinase which is reactive with pp60v-src antibodies. Differentiation. 1982;23(2):109–114. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1982.tb01273.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Schieven G., Thorner J., Martin G. S. Protein-tyrosine kinase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science. 1986 Jan 24;231(4736):390–393. doi: 10.1126/science.2417318. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Semba K., Nishizawa M., Miyajima N., Yoshida M. C., Sukegawa J., Yamanashi Y., Sasaki M., Yamamoto T., Toyoshima K. yes-related protooncogene, syn, belongs to the protein-tyrosine kinase family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Aug;83(15):5459–5463. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.15.5459. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Short J. M., Fernandez J. M., Sorge J. A., Huse W. D. Lambda ZAP: a bacteriophage lambda expression vector with in vivo excision properties. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Aug 11;16(15):7583–7600. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.15.7583. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Simon M. A., Drees B., Kornberg T., Bishop J. M. The nucleotide sequence and the tissue-specific expression of Drosophila c-src. Cell. 1985 Oct;42(3):831–840. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90279-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Smart J. E., Oppermann H., Czernilofsky A. P., Purchio A. F., Erikson R. L., Bishop J. M. Characterization of sites for tyrosine phosphorylation in the transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus (pp60v-src) and its normal cellular homologue (pp60c-src). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Oct;78(10):6013–6017. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.10.6013. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Sorge L. K., Levy B. T., Maness P. F. pp60c-src is developmentally regulated in the neural retina. Cell. 1984 Feb;36(2):249–257. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90218-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Steele R. E., Thomas P. S., Reeder R. H. Anucleolate frog embryos contain ribosomal DNA sequences and a nucleolar antigen. Dev Biol. 1984 Apr;102(2):409–416. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(84)90205-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Steele R. E. Two divergent cellular src genes are expressed in Xenopus laevis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Mar 11;13(5):1747–1761. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.5.1747. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Sternberg M. J., Taylor W. R. Modelling the ATP-binding site of oncogene products, the epidermal growth factor receptor and related proteins. FEBS Lett. 1984 Oct 1;175(2):387–392. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)80774-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Sudol M., Alvarez-Buylla A., Hanafusa H. Differential developmental expression of cellular yes and cellular src proteins in cerebellum. Oncogene Res. 1988 May;2(4):345–355. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Sudol M., Hanafusa H. Cellular proteins homologous to the viral yes gene product. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Aug;6(8):2839–2846. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.8.2839. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Sukegawa J., Semba K., Yamanashi Y., Nishizawa M., Miyajima N., Yamamoto T., Toyoshima K. Characterization of cDNA clones for the human c-yes gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jan;7(1):41–47. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.1.41. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Takeya T., Hanafusa H. Structure and sequence of the cellular gene homologous to the RSV src gene and the mechanism for generating the transforming virus. Cell. 1983 Mar;32(3):881–890. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90073-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Tanaka A., Gibbs C. P., Arthur R. R., Anderson S. K., Kung H. J., Fujita D. J. DNA sequence encoding the amino-terminal region of the human c-src protein: implications of sequence divergence among src-type kinase oncogenes. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 May;7(5):1978–1983. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.5.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Towler D. A., Adams S. P., Eubanks S. R., Towery D. S., Jackson-Machelski E., Glaser L., Gordon J. I. Myristoyl CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase activities from rat liver and yeast possess overlapping yet distinct peptide substrate specificities. J Biol Chem. 1988 Feb 5;263(4):1784–1790. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Tripp M. L., Piñon R., Meisenhelder J., Hunter T. Identification of phosphoproteins correlated with proliferation and cell cycle arrest in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: positive and negative regulation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Aug;83(16):5973–5977. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.16.5973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Vieira J., Messing J. Production of single-stranded plasmid DNA. Methods Enzymol. 1987;153:3–11. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)53044-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Volckaert G., Tavernier J., Derynck R., Devos R., Fiers W. Molecular mechanisms of nucleotide-sequence rearrangements in cDNA clones of human fibroblast interferon mRNA. Gene. 1981 Nov;15(2-3):215–223. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(81)90131-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Voronova A. F., Sefton B. M. Expression of a new tyrosine protein kinase is stimulated by retrovirus promoter insertion. Nature. 1986 Feb 20;319(6055):682–685. doi: 10.1038/319682a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Ware V. C., Tague B. W., Clark C. G., Gourse R. L., Brand R. C., Gerbi S. A. Sequence analysis of 28S ribosomal DNA from the amphibian Xenopus laevis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Nov 25;11(22):7795–7817. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.22.7795. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Wilks A. F. Two putative protein-tyrosine kinases identified by application of the polymerase chain reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Mar;86(5):1603–1607. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.5.1603. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Wood R. L. The cell junctions of hydra as viewed by freeze-fracture replication. J Ultrastruct Res. 1977 Mar;58(3):299–315. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5320(77)90021-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Yamanashi Y., Fukushige S., Semba K., Sukegawa J., Miyajima N., Matsubara K., Yamamoto T., Toyoshima K. The yes-related cellular gene lyn encodes a possible tyrosine kinase similar to p56lck. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jan;7(1):237–243. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.1.237. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Yarden Y., Ullrich A. Growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Annu Rev Biochem. 1988;57:443–478. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.57.070188.002303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Ziegler S. F., Marth J. D., Lewis D. B., Perlmutter R. M. Novel protein-tyrosine kinase gene (hck) preferentially expressed in cells of hematopoietic origin. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jun;7(6):2276–2285. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.6.2276. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES