Tolerability and efficacy of glycemic control with saxagliptin in older patients (aged ≥ 65 years) with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Purpose

To assess safety and efficacy of saxagliptin in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Patients and methods

This was a post hoc analysis of pooled data from older patients (≥65 years of age) from five 24-week phase III trials: three studies of saxagliptin versus placebo as an add-on therapy to metformin, glyburide, or a thiazolidinedione; and two studies of saxagliptin versus placebo as monotherapy in drug-naïve patients. Separate analyses were conducted on one study of initial combination therapy with saxagliptin plus metformin versus metformin monotherapy in drug-naïve patients. The safety analysis population for the five-study pool included 428 patients ≥ 65 years of age with baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA_1c) 7.0% to 10.5% who received saxagliptin 2.5 or 5 mg or placebo, and for the study of initial combination therapy included 69 patients ≥ 65 years of age with baseline HbA_1c 8.0% to 12.0% who received saxagliptin 5 mg in combination with metformin or metformin monotherapy. The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline HbA_1c.

Results

In the five-study pool, the differences in the adjusted mean change from baseline HbA_1c among older patients receiving saxagliptin versus placebo were −0.60% (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.99% to −0.21%) for saxagliptin 2.5 mg and −0.55% (−0.97% to −0.14%) for saxagliptin 5 mg; in the initial combination study, the difference was −1.22% (−2.27% to −0.17%) among older patients receiving saxagliptin 5 mg plus metformin versus metformin monotherapy. The results were generally similar in older and younger patients. Saxagliptin was well tolerated; the incidence and types of adverse events were similar for saxagliptin and comparators. Hypoglycemia was reported in 3.0% to 9.4% of patients receiving saxagliptin (0%–8.0% for comparators) and was confirmed (finger stick glucose ≤ 50 mg/dL, with associated symptoms) in 0% to 0.7% (0%–0.7% for comparators); hypoglycemic episodes did not vary by age category and did not require medical intervention.

Conclusion

Saxagliptin was effective and well tolerated, with a low risk of hypoglycemia, when used as monotherapy, add-on therapy, or initial combination therapy with metformin in older patients with T2DM.

Introduction

Elderly adults are becoming an increasingly large segment of the US population,¹ and those aged ≥ 65 years are almost seven times more likely to have diabetes compared with adults 20 to 44 years of age (27% vs 4%).² Elderly adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are more likely to have comorbid conditions, such as hypertension and coronary heart disease, than those without T2DM³ and are also likely to experience complications due to polypharmacy, mobility impairment and falls, cognitive impairment, chronic pain, and depression.^4–8 These factors present challenges for glycemic control and successful management of T2DM in elderly patients.

There remains a need for treatment options that are well tolerated and efficacious in the geriatric population, especially because of the more challenging needs and higher risk of comorbid complications in these patients.⁵ Currently available and commonly employed therapies include the biguanide metformin, insulin, insulin secretagogues (sulfonylureas and meglitinides), thiazolidinediones, and incretin-based therapies (long-acting glucagon-like protein-1 [GLP-1] agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 [DPP-4] inhibitors).

DPP-4 inhibitors have become widely accepted in clinical practice possibly because of their low risk of hypoglycemia, favorable adverse event (AE) profile, and once-daily oral administration.^5,9 The general glycemic goal recommended by the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes for most patients is HbA_1c < 7%, and the goal recommended by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology is HbA_1c ≤ 6.5%,¹⁰ but the goal for each patient should be individualized, based on such factors as life expectancy, comorbidities, and a history of severe hypoglycemia.^5,10 Accordingly, the American Diabetes Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes also recommend treatment options that avoid hypoglycemia, particularly in the elderly,⁵ given that conditions associated with age, such as renal impairment, polypharmacy, and cognitive dysfunction, may contribute to an increased risk of hypoglycemia.^4,6–8 DPP-4 inhibitors are considered promising options in the elderly population.¹¹ In recent analyses of patients ≥ 65 years of age, DPP-4 inhibitors achieved glycemic control without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia or other AEs.^12–16

Saxagliptin is a potent, selective DPP-4 inhibitor approved in 2009 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an adjunct to diet and exercise, to improve glycemic control in adults with T2DM.¹⁷ Saxagliptin significantly improves glycemic control, as demonstrated by decreases in HbA_1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and postprandial glucose PPG).^18–24

In placebo-controlled phase III trials, saxagliptin has been assessed as monotherapy in drug-naïve patients,^18,24 as an add-on therapy in patients who did not achieve adequate glycemic control on monotherapy with other oral antidiabetic drugs,^19–21 and as initial combination therapy with metformin in drug-naïve patients.²² Each saxagliptin regimen in these trials was well tolerated; there was minimal risk of hypoglycemia with saxagliptin versus comparators except for a numerically higher incidence in the study of saxagliptin used as add-on to a sulfonylurea.²¹

Data on the safety and efficacy of saxagliptin in older patients are limited. One previous retrospective subgroup analysis of pooled data from five core placebo-controlled, phase III saxagliptin studies in patients aged ≥ 65 years receiving saxagliptin 5 mg has been reported.²⁵ Saxagliptin is approved to be used at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg in the United States and at 5 mg in many other countries. In addition, saxagliptin is approved for use as an add-on agent or for first-line therapy.²⁶ To provide relevant clinical-use data, the current post hoc analysis assessed efficacy and safety outcomes with saxagliptin 2.5 mg and 5 mg, in the subgroup of patients aged ≥ 65 years, from the five placebo-controlled core saxagliptin studies as well as an additional core study evaluating saxagliptin used as initial combination therapy with metformin versus metformin monotherapy in drug-naïve patients. The five placebo-controlled trials, which shared similar methodology, were pooled to achieve a large sample of older patients for statistical analysis. The remaining study was assessed separately due to differences in methodology (including the lack of a placebo control); it will be referred to subsequently as the initial combination study.

Material and methods

Study designs

The core saxagliptin phase III program consisted of a set of multicenter, randomized, double-blind, 24-week trials (Table 1). Saxagliptin, at daily doses of 2.5 and 5 mg, was assessed in two placebo-controlled trials of monotherapy in drug-naïve patients (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers NCT00121641, NCT00316082)^18,24 and in three placebo-controlled trials of add-on therapy in patients who did not achieve adequate glycemic control on monotherapy with metformin (immediate-release [IR] formulation) 500 to 2500 mg (NCT00121667), a thiazolidinedione (pioglitazone 30 or 45 mg or rosiglitazone 4 or 8 mg) (NCT00295633), or a sulfonylurea (glyburide at a submaximal dose of 7.5 mg, uptitrated to 15 mg per protocol in the placebo arm as needed) (NCT00313313).^19–21 In the add-on studies, patients remained on their initial metformin, thiazolidinedione, or sulfonylurea therapy as saxagliptin or placebo was initiated. In the initial combination study, saxagliptin 5 mg was assessed as initial combination therapy with metformin IR 500–2000 mg versus metformin monotherapy in drug-naïve patients (NCT00327015).²² One of the monotherapy studies²⁴ also included a treatment arm in which saxagliptin was titrated from 2.5 to 5 mg; the other monotherapy study,¹⁸ the metformin add-on study,²⁰ and the initial combination study²² also included treatment arms in which saxagliptin was given at 10 mg.

Table 1.

Pivotal phase III Studies (24 Weeks) of saxagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Study	Entry conditions	Number of patients aged ≥ 65 years	Number of patients aged < 65 years	Treatment groups
				Saxagliptin	Comparator
SAXA vs PBO as monotherapy in drug-naïve patients
NCT0012164118	HbA1c 7%–10% (n = 401)a	63	338	2.5, 5, or 10 mg QD 2.5 mg QD	PBO PBO
NCT0031608224	HbA1c 7%–10% (n = 365)	64	301	2.5/5 mg QDb 5 mg QD	PBO PBO
SAXA vs PBO as add-on to continuing therapy with another oral antidiabetic drug
NCT0012166720 (add-on to MET)	MET (1500–2550 mg/d ≤ 8 wk) HbA1c 7%–10% (n = 743)	117	626	2.5, 5, or 10 mg QD + MET	PBO + MET
NCT0029563319 (add-on to TZD)	TZD (stable dose)c ≥12 wk HbA1c 7%–10.5% (n = 565)	87	478	2.5 or 5 mg QD + TZDc	PBO + TZDc
NCT0031331321 (add-on to SU)	SU (submaximal)d ≥2 mo HbA1c 7.5%–10.0% (n = 768)	137	631	2.5 or 5 mg QD + SUd	PBO + SUd
SAXA as initial combination therapy with MET vs MET monotherapy in drug-naïve patients
NCT0032701522	HbA1c 8.0%–12.0% (n = 1306)	166	1140	10 mg QD 5 or 10 mg QD + METe	PBO + METe

Notes:

^aOnly patients from the main treatment cohort of this trial were included in the present analysis; data from the open-label cohort (older patients treated with saxagliptin 10 mg QD; n = 2) were excluded;

^beligibility for titration from 2.5 to 5 mg/d evaluated at weeks 4, 8, and 12; these patients (age ≥ 65 years; n = 71 and n = 12, respectively) are included in the safety analyses but not the efficacy analyses;

^cstable fixed dosage of pioglitazone 30 or 45 mg/d or rosiglitazone 4 or 8 mg/d; switch from rosiglitazone to pioglitazone permitted as needed;

^dglyburide 7.5 mg/d; uptitration to 10, 12.5, or 15 mg/d permitted if mean fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or ≥95 mg/dL at week 2 or 4; uptitration not permitted after down-titration for hypoglycemia; no titration after rescue with MET;

^eMET titration: forced 500 to 1000 mg/d at week 1, then elective, weekly, to a maximum 2000 mg/d, to achieve mean fasting glucose ≤ 110 mg/dL.

Abbreviations: HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; MET, metformin; PBO, placebo; QD, once daily; SAXA, saxagliptin; SU, sulfonylurea; TZD, thiazolidinedione.

Individual study methodology has been previously reported.^18–22,24 Briefly, the study populations included men and women aged 18 to 77 years with T2DM and inadequate glycemic control, a fasting C-peptide concentration ≥ 1 ng/mL, and a body mass index (BMI) ≤40 kg/m² (≤45 kg/m² in the study of saxagliptin added on to thiazolidinedione¹⁹). Patients were treated on an outpatient basis. Exclusion criteria were similar across the studies.^18–22,24 Rescue therapy was initiated if patients did not meet prespecified and progressively stringent glycemic goals while on study medication (FPG > 240 mg/dL at week 4 or 6; >220 mg/dL at week 8; >200 mg/dL at week 12, 16, 20, or 24). The study protocols and patient informed consent were approved by the respective institutional review board. The studies were conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki.

Efficacy and safety parameters

Efficacy results were assessed across all six studies.^18–22,24 The primary efficacy endpoint was change in HbA_1c from baseline to week 24. The secondary efficacy endpoints included changes in FPG from baseline to week 24, in PPG at 120 minutes (PPG-120) following a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and in PPG area under the curve from 0 to 180 minutes (PPG-AUC_0–180) in the OGTT; the proportion of patients achieving a therapeutic glycemic target (HbA_1c < 7.0%) was also reported. The safety and tolerability assessments included overall AEs, serious AEs (SAEs), and discontinuations due to AEs. Hypoglycemic AEs, including all reported cases of hypoglycemia and confirmed hypoglycemia (defined as finger stick glucose value ≤ 50 mg/dL associated with symptoms), were recorded.

Statistical methods

For the present post hoc analysis, the subgroup analysis of these six core studies, efficacy and safety outcomes were analyzed in older patients with T2DM (≥65 years of age); the data for younger patients (<65 years of age) are presented for reference. The age-categorized data from the placebo-controlled trials of saxagliptin as monotherapy and as add-on therapy are pooled; data from the initial combination study are presented separately.

The overall efficacy and safety results have previously been reported for all six studies.^18–22,24 The present post hoc analysis of outcomes in older patients included only data from patients receiving saxagliptin at the currently approved doses of 2.5 or 5 mg. Data from patients randomized to treatment with saxagliptin 2.5 mg with possible titration to 5 mg²⁴ (n = 12) were excluded from the efficacy but not the safety analyses because the doses were not constant across the evaluation period; data from patients receiving saxagliptin 10 mg^18,20,22 were excluded from the efficacy and safety analyses because 10 mg is not an FDA-approved dose. A baseline plus one or more postbaseline measurement(s) were required for inclusion in the efficacy analysis. Safety analyses included patients who received one or more dose(s) of study medication.

In an intent-to-treat analysis of the five pooled studies, the evaluation for change from baseline to week 24 in HbA_1c, FPG, PPG-AUC_0–180, and –PPG-120 used analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with treatment, subgroup, study, and treatment-by-subgroup as factors and baseline as a covariate. A nominal test was performed for the treatment-by-subgroup interactions including treatment-by-age interaction. Two-sided 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are presented for the within-group adjusted mean change from baseline to week 24 and for the difference between the adjusted mean change from baseline to week 24 with the saxagliptin regimen minus that of the comparator regimen. For the proportion of patients who achieved HbA_1c < 7.0%, 95% CIs are presented for the difference versus comparators, using an exact CI for the initial combination study and the Mantel–Haenszel CI for the risk difference for the five pooled studies. Missing data were imputed using last observation carried forward (LOCF) methodology. In patients who required rescue medication, the last value before rescue medication was used in the analysis.

Results

Study population

Patient disposition for each of the individual studies has been described previously.^18–22,24 There were a total of 468 older patients (16.5% of the overall study population) in the five pooled placebo-controlled studies of saxagliptin as monotherapy and add-on therapy, and 166 older patients (12.7% of the overall study population) in the study of saxagliptin as initial combination therapy with metformin. In the pooled studies and initial combination study, the majority of older patients were aged 65 to 75 years with only 23 and 16 patients, respectively, aged ≥ 75 years. Because of treatment arm exclusions, as detailed in the Methods, the safety analysis included 428 older patients from the five pooled studies and 69 older patients from the initial combination study; 416 older patients in the five pooled studies and 69 from the initial combination study were included in the efficacy analyses. In all, 341/428 (79.7%) older patients in the pooled studies and 58/69 (84.1%) in the initial combination study completed 24 weeks of treatment.

Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics are shown in Tables 2A and B. In the five-study pool and the initial combination study, the mean age of the older patients was 69 to 70 years. The mean duration of T2DM was 7.2 to 7.3 years in the pooled studies and 0.8 to 1.4 years in the initial combination study. Patients in the initial combination study had higher glycemic values than those in the pooled studies (HbA_1c: 8.9%–9.5% vs 7.9%–8.2%; FPG: 192.5–207.2 mg/dL vs 161.2–171.9 mg/dL). In the pooled population, mean creatinine clearance rates were 80 to 84 mL/min in older patients and 118 to 119 mL/min in younger patients. In the initial combination study, the mean creatinine clearance rates were 82 to 83 mL/min in older patients and 119 to 120 mL/min in younger patients. Concomitant medications were widely used at baseline. In the pooled population, 58% to 69% of older patients and 40% to 41% of younger patients were studied on a background of ≥5 medications. In the initial combination study, the majority of patients in both age groups were studied on a background of ≥2 concomitant medications. Other demographic and baseline characteristics were similar across treatment groups.

Table 2A.

Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of older and younger patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from five pooled studies of saxagliptin vs placebo as monotherapy and as add-on therapy¹⁸–²¹,²⁴

Characteristic	Age ≥ 65 years			Age < 65 years
	SAXA 2.5 mg n = 149	SAXA 5 mg n = 142	PBO n = 137	SAXA 2.5 mg n = 733	SAXA 5 mg n = 740	PBO n = 662
Age (y), mean (SD)	69.1 (3.2)	69.0 (3.4)	69.1 (3.2)	51.8 (8.2)	51.5 (8.6)	51.7 (9.0)
Gender, n (%)
Male	67 (45.0)	69 (48.6)	71 (51.8)	355 (48.4)	358 (48.4)	315 (47.6)
Female	82 (55.0)	73 (51.4)	66 (48.2)	378 (51.6)	382 (51.6)	347 (52.4)
Race, n (%)
White	108 (72.5)	98 (69.0)	97 (70.8)	495 (67.5)	501 (67.7)	438 (66.2)
Asian	21 (14.1)	18 (12.7)	18 (13.1)	133 (18.1)	137 (18.5)	120 (18.1)
Black/African American	4 (2.7)	6 (4.2)	3 (2.2)	26 (3.5)	40 (5.4)	28 (4.2)
Other	16 (10.7)	20 (14.1)	19 (13.9)	79 (10.8)	62 (8.4)	76 (11.5)
Weight (kg), mean (SD)	78.5 (17.1)	77.5 (17.1)	78.2 (15.4)	83.4 (18.8)	83.7 (19.2)	82.3 (19.3)
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)	29.7 (4.8)	29.2 (4.3)	29.2 (4.5)	30.6 (5.2)	30.5 (5.1)	30.5 (5.1)
T2DM duration (yr), mean (SD)	7.3 (6.0)	7.3 (7.4)	7.2 (6.9)	4.8 (5.0)	4.6 (4.7)	5.0 (5.0)
HbA1c (%), mean (SD)	8.1 (1.0)	8.1 (0.9)	7.9 (0.8)	8.2 (1.0)	7.9 (1.0)	8.2 (1.0)
<8.0%, n (%)	74 (49.7)	72 (50.7)	84 (61.3)	334 (45.6)	310 (41.9)	291 (44.0)
≥8.0% to <9.0%, n (%)	50 (33.6)	43 (30.3)	32 (23.4)	238 (32.5)	262 (35.4)	219 (33.1)
≥9.0%, n (%)	25 (16.8)	27 (19.0)	21 (15.3)	160 (21.8)	166 (22.4)	152 (23)
FPG (mg/dL), mean (SD)	163.3 (42.3)	161.2 (35.9)	162.6 (41.4)	170.5 (45.0)	171.9 (46.4)	171.5 (45.1)
CrCl, mL/min, mean (SD)	83.7 (25.11)	80.0 (21.14)	79.9 (18.86)	118.4 (37.16)	119.2 (39.28)	118.3 (40.48)
Number of concomitant medications,* n (%)
0	4 (2.7)	2 (1.4)	1 (0.7)	29 (4.0)	34 (4.6)	18 (2.7)
1	12 (8.1)	7 (4.9)	8 (5.8)	89 (12.1)	88 (11.9)	84 (12.7)
2	12 (8.1)	18 (12.7)	6 (4.4)	114 (15.6)	115 (15.5)	98 (14.8)
3	18 (12.1)	23 (16.2)	9 (6.6)	101 (13.8)	119 (16.1)	98 (14.8)
4	14 (9.4)	10 (7.0)	18 (13.1)	100 (13.6)	89 (12.0)	94 (14.2)
≥5	89 (59.7)	82 (57.7)	95 (69.3)	300 (40.9)	295 (39.9)	270 (40.8)

Notes:

^*Medication with ≥1 dose taken between the first and last day of double-blind treatment; could include diabetes or nondiabetes medications (eg, antihypertensive medication, analgesics/antipyretics, antihyperglycemic medication).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CrCl, creatinine clearance; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; MET, metformin; PBO, placebo; SAXA, saxagliptin; SD, standard deviation; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 2B.

Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of older and younger patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from a study of saxagliptin 5 mg as initial combination therapy with metformin vs metformin monotherapy²²

Characteristic	Age ≥ 65 years		Age < 65 years
	SAXA + MET n = 33	MET n = 36	SAXA + MET n = 287	MET n = 292
Age (y), mean (SD)	68.6 (2.8)	69.6 (4.0)	50.0 (9.2)	49.6 (9.2)
Gender, n (%)
Male	10 (30.3)	14 (38.9)	155 (54.0)	149 (51.0)
Female	23 (69.7)	22 (61.1)	132 (46.0)	143 (49.0)
Race, n (%)
White	30 (90.9)	33 (91.7)	216 (75.3)	218 (74.7)
Asian	1 (3.0)	1 (2.8)	50 (17.4)	51 (17.5)
Black/African American	0	0	7 (2.4)	4 (1.4)
Other	2 (6.1)	2 (5.6)	14 (4.9)	19 (6.5)
Weight (kg), mean (SD)	79.6 (12.9)	79.4 (16.0)	82.3 (16.6)	83.2 (17.7)
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)	30.1 (3.6)	29.4 (3.9)	29.9 (4.5)	30.3 (5.0)
T2DM duration (y), mean (SD)	0.8 (1.7)	1.4 (1.9)	2.1 (3.8)	1.8 (3.3)
HbA1c (%), mean (SD)	9.2 (1.4)	8.9 (1.1)	9.4 (1.2)	9.5 (1.3)
<8.0%, n (%)	5 (15.2)	5 (13.9)	26 (9.1)	32 (11.0)
≥8.0% to <9.0%, n (%)	12 (36.4)	17 (47.2)	80 (27.9)	81 (27.7)
≥9.0%, n (%)	16 (48.5)	14 (38.9)	179 (62.4)	178 (61.0)
FPG (mg/dL), mean (SD)	207.2 (57.3)	192.5 (56.0)	197.9 (56.5)	198.9 (59.0)
CrCl (mL/min), mean (SD)	82.9 (18.09)	81.9 (20.28)	120.2 (36.40)	119.1 (37.43)
Number of concomitant medications*, n (%)
0	5 (15.2)	8 (22.2)	82 (28.6)	57 (19.5)
1	5 (15.2)	5 (13.9)	71 (24.7)	78 (26.7)
2	7 (21.2)	7 (19.4)	58 (20.2)	60 (20.5)
3	6 (18.2)	8 (22.2)	34 (11.8)	36 (12.3)
4	4 (12.1)	2 (5.6)	8 (2.8)	27 (9.2)
≥5	6 (18.2)	6 (16.7)	34 (11.8)	34 (11.6)

Notes:

^*Medication taken during lead-in or double-blind treatment; could include diabetes or nondiabetes medications (eg, antihypertensive medication, analgesics/antipyretics, antihyperglycemic medication).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CrCl, creatinine clearance; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; MET, metformin; PBO, placebo; SAXA, saxagliptin; SD, standard deviation; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Efficacy

Change in glycated hemoglobin

In the five-study pooled analysis, the mean baseline HbA_1c ranged from 7.91% to 8.24% and was similar between the saxagliptin 2.5 mg and 5 mg groups and between age groups (Table 3A). The week 24 adjusted mean changes from baseline HbA_1c were −0.78% and −0.73% for older patients taking saxagliptin 2.5 and 5 mg and were slightly smaller in the younger subgroup. The differences in the adjusted mean changes from baseline HbA_1c with saxagliptin minus that of placebo were −0.60% (95% CI, −0.99% to −0.21%) and −0.55% (95% CI, −0.97% to −0.14%) for older patients taking saxagliptin 2.5 and 5 mg. There was no evidence for a treatment-by-age interaction for HbA_1c in the five-study pool (P = 0.88).

Table 3A.

Glycemic efficacy at 24 weeks in older and younger patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from five pooled studies of saxagliptin vs placebo as monotherapy and as add-on therapy¹⁸–²¹,²⁴

	Age ≥ 65 years			Age < 65 years
	SAXA 2.5 mg	SAXA 5 mg	PBO	SAXA 2.5 mg	SAXA 5 mg	PBO
Primary endpoint
Change in HbA1c (%)	n = 135	n = 138	n = 136	n = 656	n = 723	n = 643
Mean HbA1c at baseline	8.13	8.06	7.91	8.19	8.24	8.23
Mean HbA1c at week 24	7.44	7.29	7.91	7.63	7.55	8.22
Δ	−0.78	−0.73	−0.17	−0.57	−0.68	−0.01
95% 2-sided CI for Δ	(−1.05, −0.50)	(−1.04, −0.42)	(−0.45, 0.10)	(−0.65, −0.50)	(−0.75, −0.61)	(−0.09, 0.07)
Difference in Δ vs PBOa	−0.60	−0.55		−0.56	−0.67
95% 2-sided CI for difference in Δ vs PBO	(−0.99, −0.21)	(−0.97, −0.14)		(−0.67, −0.46)	(−0.77, −0.56)
Secondary endpoints
FPG (mg/dL)	n = 137	n = 140	n = 135	n = 662	n = 731	n = 650
Δ	−11.7	−15.7	−4.1	−10.6	−13.3	2.4
Difference in Δ vs PBOa	−7.6	−11.6		−13.1	−15.7
95% 2-sided CI for difference in Δ vs PBO	(−17.4, 2.2)	(−21.4, −1.9)		(−17.5, −8.6)	(−20.1, −11.3)
PPG-AUC0–180 (mg ⋅ min/dL)	n = 109	n = 100	n = 93	n = 504	n = 542	n = 478
Δ	−8332	−8493	−3522	−6659	−7760	−1387
Difference in Δ vs PBOa	−4810	−4970		−5272	−6373
95% 2-sided CI for difference in Δ vs PBO	(−7697, −1923)	(−7916, −2024)		(−6577, −3967)	(−7659, −5088)
PPG-120 (mg/dL)	n = 112	n = 105	n = 97	n = 520	n = 561	n = 489
Δ	−56.0	−54.0	−20.98	−45.6	−50.7	−7.7
Difference in Δ vs PBOa	−35.0	−33.0		−37.9	−43.1
95% 2-sided CI for difference in Δ vs PBO	(−55.3, −14.8)	(−53.5, −12.4)		(−47.1, −28.7)	(−52.1, −34.0)
Glycemic response	n = 135	n = 138	n = 136	n = 656	n = 724	n = 643
% achieving HbA1c < 7.0%	37.8%	44.9%	16.9%	32.5%	34.5%	19.0%
Difference vs PBOa	21.4%	25.9%		13.3%	14.7%
95% 2-sided CI for difference vs PBO	(9.8, 32.9)	(14.5, 37.3)		(8.6, 18.0)	(9.8, 19.6)

Note:

^aBaseline-adjusted mean change with saxagliptin – baseline-adjusted mean change with control.

Abbreviations: Δ, baseline-adjusted mean change from baseline to week 24; CI, confidence interval; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; PBO, placebo; PPG, postprandial glucose; PPG-120, PPG change from baseline at 120 minutes in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); PPG-AUC_0–180, postprandial glucose-area under the curve for the period 0–180 minutes on OGTT; SAXA, saxagliptin.

In the initial combination study, the adjusted mean changes from baseline HbA_1c at week 24 for saxagliptin 5 mg plus metformin were similar in the older (−2.48%) and younger (−2.55%) groups (Table 3B). The metformin-subtracted adjusted mean change from baseline with saxagliptin 5 mg plus metformin was numerically larger in older versus younger participants (treatment-by-age interaction, P = 0.14).

Table 3B.

Glycemic efficacy at 24 weeks in older and younger patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from a study of saxagliptin 5 mg as initial combination therapy with metformin vs metformin monotherapy²²

	Age ≥ 65 years		Age < 65 years
	SAXA 5 mg + MET	MET	SAXA 5 mg + MET	MET
Primary endpoint
Change in HbA1c (%)	n = 33	n = 36	n = 273	n = 277
Mean HbA1c at baseline	9.18	8.87	9.44	9.51
Mean HbA1c at week 24	7.00	7.43	6.93	7.49
Δ	−2.48	−1.26	−2.55	−2.01
95% 2-sided CI for Δ	(−3.35, −1.60)	(−1.83, −0.68)	(−2.69, −2.40)	(−2.16, −1.87)
Difference in Δ vs MET monotherapya	−1.22		−0.53
95% 2-sided CI for difference in Δ vs MET monotherapy	(−2.27, −0.17)		(−0.74, −0.33)
Secondary endpoints
FPG (mg/dL)	n = 33	n = 36	n = 282	n = 284
Δ	−65.7	−44.9	−58.0	−46.5
Difference in Δ vs MET monotherapya	−20.7		−11.5
95% 2-sided CI for difference in Δ vs MET monotherapy	(−39.7, −1.8)		(−18.1, −4.9)
PPG-AUC0–180 (mg ⋅ min/dL)	n = 10	n = 9	n = 132	n = 126
Δ	−22504	−6841	−20736	−15393
Difference in Δ vs MET monotherapya	−15663		−5343
95% 2-sided CI for difference in Δ vs MET monotherapy	(−24413, −6913)		(−7720, −2965)
PPG-120 (mg/dL)	n = 10	n = 9	n = 136	n = 132
Δ	−136.8	−34.63	−136.2	−99.67
Difference in Δ vs MET monotherapya	−102.2		−36.5
95% 2-sided CI for difference in Δ vs MET monotherapy	(−161.7, −42.7)		(−52.4, −20.7)
Glycemic response	n = 33	n = 36	n = 274	n = 278
% achieving HbA1c < 7.0%	57.6%	38.9%	60.6%	41.4%
Difference vs MET monotherapy	18.7%		19.2%
95% 2-sided CI for difference vs	(−5.7, 40.6)		(10.9, 27.3)
MET monotherapy

Note:

^aBaseline-adjusted mean change with saxagliptin – baseline-adjusted mean change with control.

Abbreviations: Δ, baseline-adjusted mean change from baseline to week 24; CI, confidence interval; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; PBO, placebo; PPG, postprandial glucose; PPG-120, PPG change from baseline at 120 minutes in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); PPG-AUC_0–180, postprandial glucose-area under the curve for the period 0–180 minutes on OGTT; SAXA, saxagliptin.

Other glycemic outcome measures

For both older and younger subjects, reductions from baseline to week 24 in PPG-AUC_0–180 and PPG-120 and the percentage of patients achieving HbA_1c < 7% at week 24 were greater with saxagliptin than with placebo, in the pooled studies. However, the adjusted mean change from baseline FPG for older patients receiving saxagliptin 2.5 mg (−7.6 mg/dL) was associated with a 95% CI that spanned zero (−17.4, 2.2), although it was directionally consistent with that in younger patients (−13.1 mg/dL) (Table 3A). In the initial combination study, the metformin-subtracted reductions from baseline to week 24 in FPG, PPG-AUC_0–180, and PPG-120 were numerically greater with saxagliptin plus metformin in the older population than those observed in the younger patients. The difference in the proportions of patients achieving HbA_1c < 7% with saxagliptin plus metformin versus metformin alone was similar in magnitude in older (18.7%) and younger (19.2%) patients (Table 3B), but the older subgroup had a 95% CI which spanned zero (−5.7%, 40.6%).

Safety and tolerability

Overall, saxagliptin was generally well tolerated as monotherapy or combination therapy in older patients. In both the five-study pool and the initial combination study, the incidence and types of AEs were similar for saxagliptin and the placebo and metformin comparators. The overall incidence of AEs and the specific AEs occurring in ≥5% of patients in any treatment group in the pooled studies and in the initial combination study are shown in Tables 4A and 4B, respectively.

Table 4A.

Adverse events in older and younger patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from five pooled studies of saxagliptin vs placebo as monotherapy and as add-on therapy¹⁸–²¹,²⁴

	Age ≥ 65 years			Age < 65 years
	SAXA 2.5 mg n = 149	SAXA 5 mg n = 142	PBO n = 137	SAXA 2.5 mg n = 733	SAXA 5 mg n = 740	PBO n = 662
Summary of AEs (including hypoglycemia), n (%)
≥1 AE	107 (71.8)	101 (71.1)	111 (81.0)	528 (72.0)	536 (72.4)	453 (68.4)
≥1 treatment-related AE	25 (16.8)	30 (21.1)	27 (19.7)	130 (17.7)	135 (18.2)	107 (16.2)
≥1 SAE	8 (5.4)	4 (2.8)	7 (5.1)	23 (3.1)	26 (3.5)	20 (3.0)
≥1 treatment-related SAE	0	0	0	2 (0.3)	1 (0.1)	1 (0.2)
Discontinuations due to AEs	4 (2.7)	6 (4.2)	3 (2.2)	15 (2.0)	23 (3.1)	11 (1.7)
Discontinuations due to SAEs	0	1 (0.7)	1 (0.7)	5 (0.7)	1 (0.1)	4 (0.6)
Deaths	1 (0.7)	0	0	1 (0.1)	0	2 (0.3)
AEsa (excluding hypoglycemia) occurring in ≥5% of patients in any treatment group, n (%)
Urinary tract infection	8 (5.4)	8 (5.6)	8 (5.8)	37 (5.0)	52 (7.0)	41 (6.2)
Nasopharyngitis	7 (4.7)	7 (4.9)	10 (7.3)	43 (5.9)	42 (5.7)	44 (6.6)
Upper respiratory tract infection	7 (4.7)	6 (4.2)	10 (7.3)	55 (7.5)	62 (8.4)	51 (7.7)
Influenza	5 (3.4)	4 (2.8)	11 (8.0)	29 (4.0)	26 (3.5)	24 (3.6)
Bronchitis	5 (3.4)	2 (1.4)	7 (5.1)	19 (2.6)	17 (2.3)	7 (1.1)
Back pain	2 (1.3)	11 (7.7)	6 (4.4)	31 (4.2)	27 (3.6)	35 (5.3)
Arthralgia	9 (6.0)	6 (4.2)	5 (3.6)	25 (3.4)	26 (3.5)	19 (2.9)
Pain in extremity	3 (2.0)	3 (2.1)	7 (5.1)	26 (3.5)	24 (3.2)	26 (3.9)
Diarrhea	9 (6.0)	6 (4.2)	10 (7.3)	44 (6.0)	30 (4.1)	39 (5.9)
Headache	9 (6.0)	5 (3.5)	9 (6.6)	48 (6.5)	52 (7.0)	38 (5.7)
Dizziness	5 (3.4)	4 (2.8)	10 (7.3)	11 (1.5)	17 (2.3)	19 (2.9)
Hypertension	6 (4.0)	10 (7.0)	4 (2.9)	31 (4.2)	25 (3.4)	24 (3.6)
Cough	5 (3.4)	3 (2.1)	11 (8.0)	30 (4.1)	21 (2.8)	25 (3.8)
Hypoglycemia, n (%)
Reportedb	14 (9.4)	9 (6.3)	11 (8.0)	53 (7.2)	60 (8.1)	43 (6.5)
Confirmedc	1 (0.7)	0	1 (0.7)	6 (0.8)	4 (0.5)	2 (0.3)
Hypoglycemia excluding study of saxagliptin add-on to glyburide, n (%)	n = 106	n = 100	n = 85	n = 528	n = 529	n = 447
Reportedb	8 (7.5)	4 (4.0)	5 (5.9)	23 (4.4)	26 (4.9)	17 (3.8)
Confirmedc	0	0	0	2 (0.4)	0	1 (0.2)

Notes:

^aPresented by preferred term in order of system order class, in the subgroup ≥ 65 years of age;

^bsigns or symptoms of hypoglycemia, with or without documented blood glucose levels;

^cfinger stick glucose ≤ 50 mg/dL, with associated symptoms.

Abbreviations: AEs, adverse events; PBO, placebo; SAEs, serious AEs; SAXA, saxagliptin.

Table 4B.

Adverse events in older and younger patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from a study of saxagliptin 5 mg as initial combination therapy with metformin vs metformin monotherapy²²

	Age ≥ 65 years		Age < 65 years
	SAXA + MET n = 33	MET n = 36	SAXA + MET n = 287	MET n = 292
Summary of AEs (including hypoglycemia), n (%)
≥1 AE	20 (60.6)	18 (50.0)	157 (54.7)	174 (59.6)
≥1 treatment-related AE	5 (15.2)	6 (16.7)	28 (9.8)	53 (18.2)
≥1 SAE	1 (3.0)	2 (5.6)	7 (2.4)	6 (2.1)
≥1 treatment-related SAE	1 (3.0)	0	0	0
Discontinuations due to AEs	1 (3.0)	1 (2.8)	7 (2.4)	10 (3.4)
Discontinuations due to SAEs	0	0	1 (0.3)	1 (0.3)
Deaths	0	1 (2.8)	0	2 (0.7)
AEsa (excluding hypoglycemia) occurring in ≥5% of patients in any treatment group, n (%)
Upper respiratory tract infection	1 (3.0)	0	10 (3.5)	6 (2.1)
Influenza	2 (6.1)	0	9 (3.1)	11 (3.8)
Nasopharyngitis	0	0	22 (7.7)	13 (4.5)
Urinary tract infection	1 (3.0)	0	7 (2.4)	16 (5.5)
Diarrhea	3 (9.1)	3 (8.3)	19 (6.6)	21 (7.2)
Dyspepsia	2 (6.1)	0	6 (2.1)	4 (1.4)
Gastritis	2 (6.1)	0	7 (2.4)	6 (2.1)
Headache	4 (12.1)	1 (2.8)	20 (7.0)	16 (5.5)
Hypertension	1 (3.0)	1 (2.8)	14 (4.9)	10 (3.4)
Hypertensive crisis	2 (6.1)	2 (5.6)	2 (0.7)	0
Anemia	2 (6.1)	0	6 (2.1)	5 (1.7)
Hypoglycemia, n (%)
Reportedb	1 (3.0)	0	10 (3.5)	13 (4.5)
Confirmedc	0	0	0	1 (0.3)

Notes:

^aPresented by preferred term in order of system order class, in the older (≥65 years) subgroup;

^bsigns or symptoms of hypoglycemia, with or without documented blood glucose levels;

^cfinger stick glucose ≤ 50 mg/dL, with associated symptoms.

Abbreviations: AEs, adverse events; MET, metformin; PBO, placebo; SAEs, serious AEs; SAXA, saxagliptin.

In the pooled analysis, no SAE in the older subgroup was considered by the investigator to be related to saxagliptin treatment. In the initial combination study, one saxagliptin patient in the older subgroup had a treatment-related SAE (presumed overdose, without hypoglycemia or other symptoms), which led to discontinuation from the study on grounds of poor compliance. There were two deaths in the older subgroup (one patient receiving saxagliptin 2.5 mg in the pooled analysis [car accident owing to weather/road conditions]; one patient receiving metformin monotherapy in the initial combination study [apparent congestive heart failure]); neither event was considered treatment-related.

In the pooled studies, the incidence of confirmed hypoglycemia was 0.7% and 0% with saxagliptin 2.5 and 5 mg, and 0.7% with placebo in older patients. The incidence of all reported hypoglycemia in the older subgroup was 9.4% and 6.3% with saxagliptin 2.5 and 5 mg, respectively, and 8.0% with placebo. In a separate pooled analysis excluding the study of add-on to the sulfonylurea glyburide, which carries a known risk of hypoglycemia, the incidence of reported hypoglycemia in the older subgroup dropped to 7.5% and 4.0% for saxagliptin 2.5 mg and 5 mg, respectively, and to 5.9% for placebo.

In the initial combination study, reported hypoglycemia was infrequent among older patients (3.0% with saxagliptin 5 mg plus metformin; 0% with metformin monotherapy), and there were no cases of confirmed hypoglycemia. No hypoglycemic event required medical assistance. The incidence of hypoglycemic events was similar in older and younger patients.

Discussion

Decisions regarding the use of antihyperglycemic therapies in the geriatric population should be made with consideration of safety profiles and ease of use. Specifically, sulfonylureas carry a greater risk of hypoglycemia,²⁷ whereas thiazolidinediones may increase the risk of peripheral edema, congestive heart failure,²⁸ and bladder cancer,²⁹ and GLP-1 agonists require subcutaneous injection and are associated with nausea.³⁰ The presence of comorbidities and polypharmacy are additional important considerations and potentially limiting factors in the selection of antihyperglycemic therapy for older patients with diabetes.⁵

DPP-4 inhibitors enhance natural glucoregulatory physiology by preventing the rapid degradation of endogenous incretin hormones, GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), that is normally mediated by the enzyme DPP-4. These incretin hormones, released from the gut upon food intake,^31,32 lower blood glucose by stimulating the pancreas to synthesize and secrete insulin while decreasing glucagon release. Because these actions are glucose-dependent and their effects diminish as postprandial glucose drops back toward normal levels,^31,33 the risk of hypoglycemia with DPP-4 inhibitors is minimal. Together with the fact that they are orally administered, effective, and well tolerated, this makes DPP-4 inhibitors a potentially useful therapeutic option in elderly patients with T2DM.⁹ The joint American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology treatment algorithm recommends DPP-4 inhibitors as monotherapy in patients with HbA_1c levels of 6.5% to 7.5% or as a preferred combination therapy with metformin for patients with HbA_1c levels ≥ 7.6%.³⁴

In the present post hoc analysis of the outcomes in older patients with T2DM, the DPP-4 inhibitor saxagliptin was effective in improving glycemic control, as shown by reductions in HbA_1c, FPG, PPG-AUC_0–180, and PPG-120 and by an increased proportion of patients achieving the glycemic goal of HbA_1c < 7.0% with saxagliptin versus the comparators (placebo in the five-study pooled analysis or metformin monotherapy in the initial combination study). In the five-study pooled analysis and the initial combination study, patients older and younger than 65 years showed greater improvements in all glycemic parameters with saxagliptin than with comparators. The results were generally similar in older and younger patients except in the initial combination study, wherein the difference in adjusted mean change in HbA_1c with saxagliptin plus metformin versus metformin monotherapy was greater in older patients (−1.22%) than in younger patients (−0.53%); there were no significant treatment-by-age interactions. Saxagliptin treatment was well tolerated and was associated with a low incidence of hypoglycemic events.

These results are important given that the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD)³⁵ and Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE)³⁶ trials showed an association between hypoglycemia (glucose < 50 mg/dL) and age, and ACCORD³⁷ linked hypoglycemia to an increased risk of death, prompting the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes to note that it is especially important to avoid treatment-related hypoglycemia in elderly patients.⁵ Hypoglycemia can impair judgment, behavior, and performance of physical tasks;³⁸ such adverse effects can interfere with treatment adherence, especially in elderly patients.

Concern about iatrogenic hypoglycemia can be a barrier to good glycemic control. Because the antihyperglycemic effects of the DPP-4 inhibitors are glucose dependent, the risk of hypoglycemia is low.^31,33,39 In contrast, sulfonylureas and meglitinides stimulate insulin secretion independent of glucose concentrations, and sulfonylureas in particular are associated with a higher risk of hypoglycemia,⁴⁰ including use in combination with a DPP-4 inhibitor.^21,41 Thus, sulfonylureas should be used with particular caution in elderly patients.

The results from the present post hoc analysis are generally consistent with the results of another pooled analysis of data on saxagliptin in older patients that was limited to patients treated with saxagliptin 5 mg in the five placebo-controlled core saxagliptin studies.²⁵ The previous study reported a change in HbA_1c of −0.73% (from baseline mean 8.1%) and a low incidence of AEs comparable with that of placebo. The present results are also comparable with outcomes reported in studies of other DPP-4 inhibitors. In a 24-week study, the adjusted mean change from baseline HbA_1c was −0.64% in drug-naïve elderly patients treated with vildagliptin.⁴² As add-on to metformin in adult patients (all ages), vildagliptin yielded a change from baseline HbA_1c of −0.44%.⁴³ The pooled data from five earlier trials of vildagliptin monotherapy showed a mean change from baseline HbA_1c of −1.2% in drug-naïve patients ≥ 65 years, which was comparable with the reduction of 1.0% in patients < 65 years.¹³ In a 24-week trial of sitagliptin monotherapy in elderly patients with T2DM, the mean change from baseline in HbA_1c was −0.7%, the incidence of AEs was comparable with that of a placebo, and there were no episodes of hypoglycemia.¹⁶ Pooled data from the trials of the investigational DPP-4 inhibitor alogliptin, used as monotherapy or dual therapy, show changes from baseline in HbA_1c of −0.7% to −0.8% in elderly patients and −0.5% to −0.6% in younger patients.¹² For linagliptin, no differences in safety and effectiveness were reported in elderly versus younger patients.⁴⁴ In perspective, the present analysis suggests that saxagliptin as monotherapy, combination therapy, and initial combination therapy with metformin improves glycemic control in older patients to an extent comparable with that seen with other DDP-4 inhibitors.

With respect to safety and tolerability, the present analysis demonstrated that saxagliptin was generally well tolerated in older patients; the overall incidence of AEs was similar in the older and younger subgroups in the pooled analysis and also in the initial combination study, with no notable differences between the subgroups and the overall populations of the individual studies. A particular safety concern in elderly patients with T2DM is renal impairment, which may develop independently or secondarily to diabetes. A study of saxagliptin in adult patients (all ages) with T2DM and renal impairment revealed that the use of 2.5 mg saxagliptin resulted in no treatment-related decline in renal function.⁴⁵ For patients with mild and moderate renal impairment, there is no need for dose adjustment. For patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease, the 2.5 mg dose of saxagliptin is recommended.²⁶ In the present subanalysis, the mean baseline creatinine clearance rate of the older patients ranged between 80 and 84 mL/min, and no safety and tolerability issues were noted with the 2.5-mg or 5-mg dose. Further efficacy and tolerability data are expected in 2013 from an ongoing study of saxagliptin versus the sulfonylurea glimepiride in elderly patients with T2DM inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01006603).

Certain statistical limitations should be considered when assessing the results of this analysis. Although outcomes with saxagliptin appeared similar for patients older and younger than 65 years, the fact that the older subset contained notably fewer patients than the younger subset and that the older subset mainly comprised patients aged 65 to 75 years of age limits the ability to draw conclusions about possible age-related effects.

Conclusion

In T2DM patients aged ≥ 65 years, the majority of whom reported a background of polypharmacy, saxagliptin was superior to placebo when used as monotherapy in treatment-naïve patients and as add-on to another oral antidiabetic drug. The improvement in glycemic control was similar to that seen in younger patients. Saxagliptin used in initial combination therapy with metformin was also superior to metformin monotherapy in antidiabetic drug-naïve older patients, many of whom were taking multiple concomitant medications, and the improvement in glycemic measures with saxagliptin was numerically greater in the older group than in the younger group. In view of its favorable profile of efficacy and tolerability and low risk of hypoglycemia, saxagliptin is an attractive treatment option to improve glycemic control in elderly patients with T2DM.