Grand average of ABRs to 4000 clicks (‘clinical’ measure) presented at 90 dB sound pressure level for control subjects (black trace), ribbon synapse disorder (blue trace), and neural disorder (red trace). Waves I, III and V are identified in the control group. The peak measure of component V, when present, is indicated by a filled circle. Wave V is not identified in the neural disorders group. A late negative wave occurring between 8 and 10 ms latency was identified in all three groups. The negative deflection at onset of the waveforms is an artefact of the stimulus voltage applied to the transducer.