Abstract
Background:
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma is a very rare disease in children with only a few cases reported in the literature. A case of 15 year old female tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with review of reported cases is presented.
Pediatricians and family physicians should also be aware of the possibility of this disease entity occurring at an earlier age to decrease delay in diagnosis and initiation of treatment.
Keywords: Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Tongue, Childhood, Head and Neck, Oral Cavity, Cancer, Malignancy
INTRODUCTION
Tongue is the most common site for an oral cavity malignancy. More than 95% of oral tongue malignant tumors are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Peak incidence is seen in the sixth decade for men and in the seventh decade for women. Tongue SCC in young adults is very rare and in a series of 115 tongue SCC patients, 12.1% were 21 to 25 years old and only 1.8% were under 20 years old.[1] In this article a review of childhood (15 year old or less) tongue SCC is discussed.
CASE REPORT
A 15 year old female child with a chronic 0.5 cm ulcer in the right side of her tongue base which was well differentiated SCC in pathologic examination was referred to Iran Cancer Institute because of resistance to treatment with chemoradiation.
Her dentition was good and she had a bulged reddish lesion in the base of her tongue on the right side. There was no history of smoking, ethanol consumption or any other harmful habits. The patient had no family history of tongue SCC.
There was no palpable neck lymph node and no metastasis was found in neck sonography and thorax CT scan.
Resection and primary repair of tongue was done by pull through technique (Figure 1). Tumor diameter was 0.5cm in pathology report. Six days later she was discharged in good condition but did not refer to clinic for follow up. Telephone follow up reveled that because of an orocutaneous fistula in the suture line a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was done for her in another hospital. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy had failed and caused a missed peritonitis. Laparotomy had not been effective and the patient had expired about two weeks later.
Figure 1.
0.5 cm ulcer in right side of tongue base.
DISCUSSION
The main causative factors of tongue SCC are constant irritants to the oral mucosa, like tobacco chewing or ill-fitting dentures. Other agents including alcohol abuse and smoking tobacco have also been implicated.[2] However, in children other causes must be investigated as the reported case was a child and did not have any smoking or drinking habits and no significant medical history. Torossian et al.[3] in their review have categorized the risk factors in three groups:
The immunosuppression induced by a hemeopathia (Fanconi's anemia) or by chemotherapy.
The genodermatosis diseases such as xeroderma pigmentosum (XD) 15 or KID syndrome (keratitis, ichthyosis, deafness) 8.
A group characterized by no particular personal or family history. Such cases are very rare.
In a review by Amichetti[4] in 1989, 20 case reports of tongue SCC below 15 years of age were gathered. In a review from 1989 till 2010, we found 11 reported cases (Table 1) and the presented case is also added to them. 7 0f 11 patients were in the third group of the Torossian categorization. In the reported cases follow up was not complete and in the present case, survival is not disease-specific.
Table 1.
Patient characteristics, treatment and results of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients less than fifteen years of age: cases reported in the literature.
It is stated that when pediatric and adult patients are matched by gender, tobacco use, history, TNM status, surgical procedure and adjuvant radiotherapy, outcomes for overall survival, disease-specific survival, and recurrence-free survival are equivalent. Therefore, pediatric patients with SCC of the oral tongue should be treated similar to adult patients.[5]
Oral cancer occurring in young adults is not common but should always be considered when they present with persistent ulceration, leukoplakia, erythroplakia or swellings with no obvious local cause particularly in the high-risk sites of the tongue and floor of the mouth.[15]
There is a need to investigate the etiology of intra oral cancers in younger patients since a significant proportion (almost 40%) of these patients do not have associated risk factors for cancer.[1]
Footnotes
Source of Support: Nil.
Conflict of Interest: None declared.
REFERENCES
- 1.Mathew IE, Pandey M, Mathew A, Thomas G, Sebastian P, Krishnan NM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue among young Indian adults. Neoplasia. 2001;3(4):273–7. doi: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900172. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Llewellyn CD, Johnson NW, Warnakulasuriya KA. Risk factors for oral cancer in newly diagnosed patients aged 45 years and younger: a case-control study in Southern England. J Oral Pathol Med. 2004;33(9):525–32. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2004.00222.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Torossian JM, Beziat JL, Philip T, Bejui FT. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in a 13-year-old boy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;58(12):1407–10. doi: 10.1053/joms.2000.18276. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Amichetti M. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients less than fifteen years of age. Report of a case and review of the literature. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1989;17(2):75–7. doi: 10.1016/s1010-5182(89)80049-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Morris LG, Patel SG, Shah JP, Ganly I. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in the pediatric age group: a matched-pair analysis of survival. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;136(7):697–701. doi: 10.1001/archoto.2010.94. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Murayama S, Manzo RP, Kirkpatrick DV, Robinson AE. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue associated with Fanconi's anemia: MR characteristics. Pediatr Radiol. 1990;20(5):347. doi: 10.1007/BF02013172. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Socie G, Henry-Amar M, Cosset JM, Devergie A, Girinsky T, Gluckman E. Increased incidence of solid malignant tumors after bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia. Blood. 1991;78(2):277–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Huet-Lamy P, Dereure O, Degavre B, Atlan PY, Guillot B, Guilhou JJ. [Carcinoma of the tongue in xeroderma pigmentosum] Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1992;119(12):980–2. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Morehead JM, Parsons DS, McMahon DP. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue occurring as a subsequent malignancy in a 12-year-old acute leukemia survivor. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1993;26(1):89–94. doi: 10.1016/0165-5876(93)90200-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Soni S, Radel E, Smith RV, Edelman M, Sattenberg R, Wadler S, et al. Stage 4 squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in a child: complete response to chemoradiotherapy. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2001;23(9):612–5. doi: 10.1097/00043426-200112000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Salum FG, Martins GB, de Figueiredo MA, Cherubini K, Yurgel LS, Torres-Pereira C. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue after bone marrow transplantation in a patient with Fanconi anemia. Braz Dent J. 2006;17(2):161–5. doi: 10.1590/s0103-64402006000200015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Seyedmajidi M, Faizabadi M. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in a 13-year-old boy. Arch Iran Med. 2008;11(3):341–3. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Fadoo Z, Naz F, Husen Y, Pervez S, Hasan NU. Squamous cell carcinoma of tongue in an 11-year-old girl. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2010;32(5):e199–e201. doi: 10.1097/MPH.0b013e3181e15cb3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Nagy A, Barabas J, Vannai A, Nemeth Z, Bogdan S. Report of a rare case of tongue cancer in childhood. Orv Hetil. 2010;151(11):462–4. doi: 10.1556/OH.2010.28829. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Oliver RJ, Dearing J, Hindle I. Oral cancer in young adults: report of three cases and review of the literature. Br Dent J. 2000;188(7):362–5. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4800481. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]