Are Steroids a Beneficial Adjunctive Therapy in the Immunosuppressed Patient with Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis?

Abstract

Few reports describe the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus causing encephalitis (HSVE) in patients undergoing brain radiation therapy and a concomitant steroid regimen. The role for steroid use in the treatment of patients with HSVE has not been fully elucidated. We report the case of a female patient immunosuppressed by steroids and brain radiation who developed HSVE and responded to acyclovir and dexamethasone.

Introduction

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in humans [1]. HSV encephalitis (HSVE) may be caused by a primary infection or reactivation of a latent infection of sensory ganglia or frontotemporal cortices. HSV reactivation from the trigeminal ganglion or brain parenchyma might be caused by immunosuppression due to the concomitant use of corticosteroids and brain radiotherapy [2].

Typical HSVE presentation includes a rapid onset of fever and impaired consciousness, often accompanied by focal neurologic signs and seizures. Acyclovir is the treatment of choice for it significantly reduces mortality. Unfortunately, complete recovery occurs only in half of the patients [3]. We report a case in which the adjunctive use of steroids lead to a significant improvement in an immunosuppressed patient with HSVE.

Clinical Presentation

A 32-year-old, right-handed, female patient with a right glomus jugulare paraganglioma was undergoing stereotactic radiation therapy (including the trigeminal ganglion in Meckel's cave) (fig. 1) and received oral dexamethasone (16 mg daily). After completing an 11-week regimen, dexamethasone was tapered off and discontinued.

Fig. 1.

The patient's radiation therapy plan involving the left trigeminal ganglion (Meckel's cave), frontal and temporal cortices.

The following week, she began having emotional lability and difficulties with short-term memory. For the next 3 weeks, her family noted increased irritability, difficulty in following commands and focusing on tasks. Eventually, she was febrile and had a 5-min episode characterized by the inability to answer simple questions, lip smacking, chewing and wringing of the bed sheets.

Once admitted, she was awake, alert and only oriented to person. She followed axial and appendicular commands. Stereotyped movements of her hands and mouth were noted. Examination revealed that the cranial motor nerves were intact, and there were no meningeal signs. A CT scan showed a new focal hypodensity within the right temporal lobe (fig. 2a), but the paraganglioma remained unchanged. Empirical levetiracetam, vancomycin, cefepime, ampicillin and acyclovir were started. Lumbar puncture showed 120 lymphocytes/mm³, a glucose level of 52 mg% and a protein level of 115 mg%. Gram stain was negative but HSV-1 PCR of her cerebrospinal fluid returned positive.

Fig. 2.

Head CT, axial view. a A focal hypodensity within the right temporal lobe is observed on admission. b On the fifth day after admission, bilateral worsening of the hypodensities in the orbital frontal, cingular, insular and temporal regions in spite of isolated acyclovir treatment occurred.

The next day, she became lethargic, and electroencephalography showed generalized background delta slowing. An MRI scan demonstrated bilateral restricted diffusion, a high FLAIR signal and T1 postcontrast enhancement in her mesial temporal, orbitofrontal, cingular and insular lobes.

Until the fifth day after admission, the patient remained febrile and could not follow commands. A CT scan showed larger bilateral hypodensities in the orbital frontal, temporal, insular and cingular regions (fig. 2b). Daily dexamethasone 40 mg iv was added to her acyclovir regimen.

Seventy-two hours later, the patient was afebrile and followed axial commands. Once she had completed 5 days of steroid and 21 days of acyclovir treatment, she was alert, oriented to person and place, following axial and appendicular commands and producing simple sentences.

Discussion

Clinicians are hesitant to use steroids during HSVE due to the concern of immunosuppression. Indeed, several observations argue for a reactivation of latent HSV in patients receiving radiation and corticosteroids, leading to HSVE [2]. Furthermore, the morbidity of HSV has mostly been associated with its reactivation, which is enhanced by a steroid-impaired immunological response [4]. However, this evidence stems from nonneural culture and tissue studies. Besides, animal experiments showed that steroid therapy does not correlate with HSV dissemination or viral load [5]. Finally, even if the viral load were enhanced by steroid therapy, other quantitative viral markers do not correlate with radiological changes [6] or clinical outcomes [7].

Corticosteroids may be beneficial in HSVE for decreasing the activation of several inflammatory pathways [8]. Actually, adjunctive corticosteroid administration has been advantageous in the treatment of other infectious diseases with exaggerated inflammatory responses (i.e. bacterial meningitis [9], tuberculous meningitis [10] or herpetic keratitis [11]). In the case of HSVE, animal models [5, 8] and human reports [12] support the adjunctive use of corticosteroids. Steroids are used in HSVE mostly when there is evidence of progression in spite of acyclovir treatment (fig. 2) [12]. We hope that the GACHE trial [13] will address the value of corticosteroids in HSVE.