Abstract
The erythrocyte anion transport protein (band 3) mediates two distinct cellular functions: it provides plasma membrane attachment sites for the erythroid cytoskeletal network, and it also functions as the anion transporter between the erythrocyte cytoplasm and extracellular milieu. We previously showed that two chicken band 3 polypeptides are encoded by two different mRNAs with different translation initiation sites. Here we show that these two band 3 mRNAs are transcribed from two separate promoters within a single gene. In addition, the two pre-mRNAs are differentially spliced, leading to fusion with coding exons used in common in the two mRNAs. The chicken erythrocyte band 3 gene is therefore the first example of a gene that has two promoters within a single locus which function equally efficiently in one cell type at the same developmental stage.
Full text
PDF








Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Bennett V., Stenbuck P. J. The membrane attachment protein for spectrin is associated with band 3 in human erythrocyte membranes. Nature. 1979 Aug 9;280(5722):468–473. doi: 10.1038/280468a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Benton W. D., Davis R. W. Screening lambdagt recombinant clones by hybridization to single plaques in situ. Science. 1977 Apr 8;196(4286):180–182. doi: 10.1126/science.322279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Benyajati C., Spoerel N., Haymerle H., Ashburner M. The messenger RNA for alcohol dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster differs in its 5' end in different developmental stages. Cell. 1983 May;33(1):125–133. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90341-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Beug H., Palmieri S., Freudenstein C., Zentgraf H., Graf T. Hormone-dependent terminal differentiation in vitro of chicken erythroleukemia cells transformed by ts mutants of avian erythroblastosis virus. Cell. 1982 Apr;28(4):907–919. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90070-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bos T. J., Bohmann D., Tsuchie H., Tjian R., Vogt P. K. v-jun encodes a nuclear protein with enhancer binding properties of AP-1. Cell. 1988 Mar 11;52(5):705–712. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90408-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brand A. H., Breeden L., Abraham J., Sternglanz R., Nasmyth K. Characterization of a "silencer" in yeast: a DNA sequence with properties opposite to those of a transcriptional enhancer. Cell. 1985 May;41(1):41–48. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90059-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Branton D., Cohen C. M., Tyler J. Interaction of cytoskeletal proteins on the human erythrocyte membrane. Cell. 1981 Apr;24(1):24–32. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90497-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Briggs M. R., Kadonaga J. T., Bell S. P., Tjian R. Purification and biochemical characterization of the promoter-specific transcription factor, Sp1. Science. 1986 Oct 3;234(4772):47–52. doi: 10.1126/science.3529394. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brock C. J., Tanner M. J., Kempf C. The human erythrocyte anion-transport protein. Partial amino acid sequence, conformation and a possible molecular mechanism for anion exchange. Biochem J. 1983 Sep 1;213(3):577–586. doi: 10.1042/bj2130577. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cabantchik Z. I., Knauf P. A., Rothstein A. The anion transport system of the red blood cell. The role of membrane protein evaluated by the use of 'probes'. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1978 Sep 29;515(3):239–302. doi: 10.1016/0304-4157(78)90016-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cabantchik Z. I., Rothstein A. Membrane proteins related to anion permeability of human red blood cells. I. Localization of disulfonic stilbene binding sites in proteins involved in permeation. J Membr Biol. 1974;15(3):207–226. doi: 10.1007/BF01870088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chan L. L. Changes in the composition of plasma membrane proteins during differentiation of embryonic chick erythroid cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Mar;74(3):1062–1066. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.3.1062. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Choi O. R., Engel J. D. A 3' enhancer is required for temporal and tissue-specific transcriptional activation of the chicken adult beta-globin gene. Nature. 1986 Oct 23;323(6090):731–734. doi: 10.1038/323731a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chretien S., Dubart A., Beaupain D., Raich N., Grandchamp B., Rosa J., Goossens M., Romeo P. H. Alternative transcription and splicing of the human porphobilinogen deaminase gene result either in tissue-specific or in housekeeping expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jan;85(1):6–10. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.1.6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clarke S. The size and detergent binding of membrane proteins. J Biol Chem. 1975 Jul 25;250(14):5459–5469. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Demuth D. R., Showe L. C., Ballantine M., Palumbo A., Fraser P. J., Cioe L., Rovera G., Curtis P. J. Cloning and structural characterization of a human non-erythroid band 3-like protein. EMBO J. 1986 Jun;5(6):1205–1214. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04348.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dodgson J. B., Strommer J., Engel J. D. Isolation of the chicken beta-globin gene and a linked embryonic beta-like globin gene from a chicken DNA recombinant library. Cell. 1979 Aug;17(4):879–887. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90328-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Evans T., Reitman M., Felsenfeld G. An erythrocyte-specific DNA-binding factor recognizes a regulatory sequence common to all chicken globin genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug;85(16):5976–5980. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.16.5976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Glass C. K., Franco R., Weinberger C., Albert V. R., Evans R. M., Rosenfeld M. G. A c-erb-A binding site in rat growth hormone gene mediates trans-activation by thyroid hormone. Nature. 1987 Oct 22;329(6141):738–741. doi: 10.1038/329738a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Greene J. M., Larin Z., Taylor I. C., Prentice H., Gwinn K. A., Kingston R. E. Multiple basal elements of a human hsp70 promoter function differently in human and rodent cell lines. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Oct;7(10):3646–3655. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.10.3646. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grosschedl R., Marx M. Stable propagation of the active transcriptional state of an immunoglobulin mu gene requires continuous enhancer function. Cell. 1988 Nov 18;55(4):645–654. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90223-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hargreaves W. R., Giedd K. N., Verkleij A., Branton D. Reassociation of ankyrin with band 3 in erythrocyte membranes and in lipid vesicles. J Biol Chem. 1980 Dec 25;255(24):11965–11972. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Henikoff S. Unidirectional digestion with exonuclease III creates targeted breakpoints for DNA sequencing. Gene. 1984 Jun;28(3):351–359. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(84)90153-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hentzen D., Renucci A., le Guellec D., Benchaibi M., Jurdic P., Gandrillon O., Samarut J. The chicken c-erbA proto-oncogene is preferentially expressed in erythrocytic cells during late stages of differentiation. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jul;7(7):2416–2424. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.7.2416. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ho M. K., Guidotti G. A membrane protein from human erythrocytes involved in anion exchange. J Biol Chem. 1975 Jan 25;250(2):675–683. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Imagawa M., Chiu R., Karin M. Transcription factor AP-2 mediates induction by two different signal-transduction pathways: protein kinase C and cAMP. Cell. 1987 Oct 23;51(2):251–260. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90152-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jay D. G. Characterization of the chicken erythrocyte anion exchange protein. J Biol Chem. 1983 Aug 10;258(15):9431–9436. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Karlik C. C., Fyrberg E. A. Two Drosophila melanogaster tropomyosin genes: structural and functional aspects. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Jun;6(6):1965–1973. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.6.1965. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kaul R. K., Murthy S. N., Reddy A. G., Steck T. L., Kohler H. Amino acid sequence of the N alpha-terminal 201 residues of human erythrocyte membrane band 3. J Biol Chem. 1983 Jul 10;258(13):7981–7990. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kim H. R., Yew N. S., Ansorge W., Voss H., Schwager C., Vennström B., Zenke M., Engel J. D. Two different mRNAs are transcribed from a single genomic locus encoding the chicken erythrocyte anion transport proteins (band 3). Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Oct;8(10):4416–4424. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.10.4416. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kopito R. R., Andersson M. A., Lodish H. F. Multiple tissue-specific sites of transcriptional initiation of the mouse anion antiport gene in erythroid and renal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Oct;84(20):7149–7153. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.20.7149. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kopito R. R., Lodish H. F. Primary structure and transmembrane orientation of the murine anion exchange protein. Nature. 1985 Jul 18;316(6025):234–238. doi: 10.1038/316234a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee W., Mitchell P., Tjian R. Purified transcription factor AP-1 interacts with TPA-inducible enhancer elements. Cell. 1987 Jun 19;49(6):741–752. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90612-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maniatis T., Goodbourn S., Fischer J. A. Regulation of inducible and tissue-specific gene expression. Science. 1987 Jun 5;236(4806):1237–1245. doi: 10.1126/science.3296191. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mawby W. J., Findlay J. B. Characterization and partial sequence of di-iodosulphophenyl isothiocyanate-binding peptide from human erythrocyte anion-transport protein. Biochem J. 1982 Sep 1;205(3):465–475. doi: 10.1042/bj2050465. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mitchell P. J., Wang C., Tjian R. Positive and negative regulation of transcription in vitro: enhancer-binding protein AP-2 is inhibited by SV40 T antigen. Cell. 1987 Sep 11;50(6):847–861. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90512-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Murthy S. N., Liu T., Kaul R. K., Köhler H., Steck T. L. The aldolase-binding site of the human erythrocyte membrane is at the NH2 terminus of band 3. J Biol Chem. 1981 Nov 10;256(21):11203–11208. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Palek J., Lux S. E. Red cell membrane skeletal defects in hereditary and acquired hemolytic anemias. Semin Hematol. 1983 Jul;20(3):189–224. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ruiz-Opazo N., Weinberger J., Nadal-Ginard B. Comparison of alpha-tropomyosin sequences from smooth and striated muscle. Nature. 1985 May 2;315(6014):67–70. doi: 10.1038/315067a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sap J., Muñoz A., Damm K., Goldberg Y., Ghysdael J., Leutz A., Beug H., Vennström B. The c-erb-A protein is a high-affinity receptor for thyroid hormone. Nature. 1986 Dec 18;324(6098):635–640. doi: 10.1038/324635a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Storb U. Transgenic mice with immunoglobulin genes. Annu Rev Immunol. 1987;5:151–174. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.05.040187.001055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Strehler E. E., Periasamy M., Strehler-Page M. A., Nadal-Ginard B. Myosin light-chain 1 and 3 gene has two structurally distinct and differentially regulated promoters evolving at different rates. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Nov;5(11):3168–3182. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.11.3168. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tsai I. H., Murthy S. N., Steck T. L. Effect of red cell membrane binding on the catalytic activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem. 1982 Feb 10;257(3):1438–1442. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wall L., deBoer E., Grosveld F. The human beta-globin gene 3' enhancer contains multiple binding sites for an erythroid-specific protein. Genes Dev. 1988 Sep;2(9):1089–1100. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.9.1089. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Waugh S. M., Low P. S. Hemichrome binding to band 3: nucleation of Heinz bodies on the erythrocyte membrane. Biochemistry. 1985 Jan 1;24(1):34–39. doi: 10.1021/bi00322a006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weaver R. F., Weissmann C. Mapping of RNA by a modification of the Berk-Sharp procedure: the 5' termini of 15 S beta-globin mRNA precursor and mature 10 s beta-globin mRNA have identical map coordinates. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Nov 10;7(5):1175–1193. doi: 10.1093/nar/7.5.1175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weinberger C., Thompson C. C., Ong E. S., Lebo R., Gruol D. J., Evans R. M. The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor. Nature. 1986 Dec 18;324(6098):641–646. doi: 10.1038/324641a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Williams T., Admon A., Lüscher B., Tjian R. Cloning and expression of AP-2, a cell-type-specific transcription factor that activates inducible enhancer elements. Genes Dev. 1988 Dec;2(12A):1557–1569. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.12a.1557. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wolffe A. P., Jordan E., Brown D. D. A bacteriophage RNA polymerase transcribes through a Xenopus 5S RNA gene transcription complex without disrupting it. Cell. 1986 Feb 14;44(3):381–389. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90459-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Young R. A., Hagenbüchle O., Schibler U. A single mouse alpha-amylase gene specifies two different tissue-specific mRNAs. Cell. 1981 Feb;23(2):451–458. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90140-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zenke M., Kahn P., Disela C., Vennström B., Leutz A., Keegan K., Hayman M. J., Choi H. R., Yew N., Engel J. D. v-erbA specifically suppresses transcription of the avian erythrocyte anion transporter (band 3) gene. Cell. 1988 Jan 15;52(1):107–119. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90535-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]



