Skip to main content
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1989 Dec;9(12):5617–5622. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.12.5617

Characterization of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe ral2 gene implicated in activation of the ras1 gene product.

Y Fukui 1, S Miyake 1, M Satoh 1, M Yamamoto 1
PMCID: PMC363732  PMID: 2586528

Abstract

Mutations in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe ral2 gene cause a phenotype indistinguishable from that of the ras1-defective mutant. Using cloned ral2 DNA, we disrupted the chromosomal gene. The disruptants showed the same phenotype as the original ral2 isolates, i.e., they had spherical cells, had no detectable mating activity, and exhibited no response to the mating pheromone, but their vegetative growth was apparently normal. Sequence analysis of the ral2 gene suggests that it encodes a polypeptide of 611 amino acid residues whose predicted amino acid sequence shows no strong homology to any known protein. Either multiple copies or even a single copy of the ras1Val-17 allele, which is an activated form of ras1, restored rodlike cell morphology and ability to respond to the mating factor to ral2 mutants. These results suggest that the ral2 and ras1 gene products interact intimately and that the ral2 gene product is involved in activation of the ras1 protein in S. pombe.

Full text

PDF
5617

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adari H., Lowy D. R., Willumsen B. M., Der C. J., McCormick F. Guanosine triphosphatase activating protein (GAP) interacts with the p21 ras effector binding domain. Science. 1988 Apr 22;240(4851):518–521. doi: 10.1126/science.2833817. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Beach D., Piper M., Nurse P. Construction of a Schizosaccharomyces pombe gene bank in a yeast bacterial shuttle vector and its use to isolate genes by complementation. Mol Gen Genet. 1982;187(2):326–329. doi: 10.1007/BF00331138. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Beckner S. K., Hattori S., Shih T. Y. The ras oncogene product p21 is not a regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. Nature. 1985 Sep 5;317(6032):71–72. doi: 10.1038/317071a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Birchmeier C., Broek D., Wigler M. ras proteins can induce meiosis in Xenopus oocytes. Cell. 1985 Dec;43(3 Pt 2):615–621. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90233-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Broek D., Toda T., Michaeli T., Levin L., Birchmeier C., Zoller M., Powers S., Wigler M. The S. cerevisiae CDC25 gene product regulates the RAS/adenylate cyclase pathway. Cell. 1987 Mar 13;48(5):789–799. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90076-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Calés C., Hancock J. F., Marshall C. J., Hall A. The cytoplasmic protein GAP is implicated as the target for regulation by the ras gene product. Nature. 1988 Apr 7;332(6164):548–551. doi: 10.1038/332548a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Egel R., Egel-Mitani M. Premeiotic DNA synthesis in fission yeast. Exp Cell Res. 1974 Sep;88(1):127–134. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90626-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Fujiyama A., Matsumoto K., Tamanoi F. A novel yeast mutant defective in the processing of ras proteins: assessment of the effect of the mutation on processing steps. EMBO J. 1987 Jan;6(1):223–228. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04742.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Fukui Y., Kaziro Y. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a ras gene from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. EMBO J. 1985 Mar;4(3):687–691. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03684.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Fukui Y., Kaziro Y., Yamamoto M. Mating pheromone-like diffusible factor released by Schizosaccharomyces pombe. EMBO J. 1986 Aug;5(8):1991–1993. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04454.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Fukui Y., Kozasa T., Kaziro Y., Takeda T., Yamamoto M. Role of a ras homolog in the life cycle of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cell. 1986 Jan 31;44(2):329–336. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90767-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Fukui Y., Yamamoto M. Isolation and characterization of Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants phenotypically similar to ras1-. Mol Gen Genet. 1988 Dec;215(1):26–31. doi: 10.1007/BF00331298. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gibbs J. B., Sigal I. S., Poe M., Scolnick E. M. Intrinsic GTPase activity distinguishes normal and oncogenic ras p21 molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Sep;81(18):5704–5708. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.18.5704. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Goodman L. E., Perou C. M., Fujiyama A., Tamanoi F. Structure and expression of yeast DPR1, a gene essential for the processing and intracellular localization of ras proteins. Yeast. 1988 Dec;4(4):271–281. doi: 10.1002/yea.320040405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hancock J. F., Magee A. I., Childs J. E., Marshall C. J. All ras proteins are polyisoprenylated but only some are palmitoylated. Cell. 1989 Jun 30;57(7):1167–1177. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90054-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kataoka T., Powers S., McGill C., Fasano O., Strathern J., Broach J., Wigler M. Genetic analysis of yeast RAS1 and RAS2 genes. Cell. 1984 Jun;37(2):437–445. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90374-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Levitzki A., Rudick J., Pastan I., Vass W. C., Lowy D. R. Adenylate cyclase activity of NIH 3T3 cells morphologically transformed by ras genes. FEBS Lett. 1986 Mar 3;197(1-2):134–138. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(86)80313-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Lund P. M., Hasegawa Y., Kitamura K., Shimoda C., Fukui Y., Yamamoto M. Mapping of the ras1 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Gen Genet. 1987 Oct;209(3):627–629. doi: 10.1007/BF00331175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Martegani Enzo, Baroni Maurizio D., Frascotti Gianni, Alberghina Lilia. Molecular cloning and transcriptional analysis of the start gene CDC25 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 1986 Sep;5(9):2363–2369. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04505.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. McGrath J. P., Capon D. J., Goeddel D. V., Levinson A. D. Comparative biochemical properties of normal and activated human ras p21 protein. Nature. 1984 Aug 23;310(5979):644–649. doi: 10.1038/310644a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Messing J. New M13 vectors for cloning. Methods Enzymol. 1983;101:20–78. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)01005-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Nadin-Davis S. A., Nasim A. A gene which encodes a predicted protein kinase can restore some functions of the ras gene in fission yeast. EMBO J. 1988 Apr;7(4):985–993. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02905.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Nadin-Davis S. A., Nasim A., Beach D. Involvement of ras in sexual differentiation but not in growth control in fission yeast. EMBO J. 1986 Nov;5(11):2963–2971. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04593.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Nadin-Davis S. A., Yang R. C., Narang S. A., Nasim A. The cloning and characterization of a RAS gene from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Mol Evol. 1986;23(1):41–51. doi: 10.1007/BF02100997. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Powers S., Michaelis S., Broek D., Santa Anna S., Field J., Herskowitz I., Wigler M. RAM, a gene of yeast required for a functional modification of RAS proteins and for production of mating pheromone a-factor. Cell. 1986 Nov 7;47(3):413–422. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90598-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Robinson L. C., Gibbs J. B., Marshall M. S., Sigal I. S., Tatchell K. CDC25: a component of the RAS-adenylate cyclase pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science. 1987 Mar 6;235(4793):1218–1221. doi: 10.1126/science.3547648. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Sipiczki M., Ferenczy L. Protoplast fusion of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Auxotrophic mutants of identical mating-type. Mol Gen Genet. 1977 Feb 28;151(1):77–81. doi: 10.1007/BF00446915. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Southern E. Gel electrophoresis of restriction fragments. Methods Enzymol. 1979;68:152–176. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(79)68011-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Sweet R. W., Yokoyama S., Kamata T., Feramisco J. R., Rosenberg M., Gross M. The product of ras is a GTPase and the T24 oncogenic mutant is deficient in this activity. Nature. 1984 Sep 20;311(5983):273–275. doi: 10.1038/311273a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Tanaka K., Matsumoto K., Toh-E A. IRA1, an inhibitory regulator of the RAS-cyclic AMP pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Feb;9(2):757–768. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.2.757. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Tatchell K., Chaleff D. T., DeFeo-Jones D., Scolnick E. M. Requirement of either of a pair of ras-related genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for spore viability. Nature. 1984 Jun 7;309(5968):523–527. doi: 10.1038/309523a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Toda T., Uno I., Ishikawa T., Powers S., Kataoka T., Broek D., Cameron S., Broach J., Matsumoto K., Wigler M. In yeast, RAS proteins are controlling elements of adenylate cyclase. Cell. 1985 Jan;40(1):27–36. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90305-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Trahey M., McCormick F. A cytoplasmic protein stimulates normal N-ras p21 GTPase, but does not affect oncogenic mutants. Science. 1987 Oct 23;238(4826):542–545. doi: 10.1126/science.2821624. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Vogel U. S., Dixon R. A., Schaber M. D., Diehl R. E., Marshall M. S., Scolnick E. M., Sigal I. S., Gibbs J. B. Cloning of bovine GAP and its interaction with oncogenic ras p21. Nature. 1988 Sep 1;335(6185):90–93. doi: 10.1038/335090a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES