Skip to main content
PMC home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1992 Jan;12(1):368–378. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.1.368

PU.1 recruits a second nuclear factor to a site important for immunoglobulin kappa 3' enhancer activity.

J M Pongubala 1, S Nagulapalli 1, M J Klemsz 1, S R McKercher 1, R A Maki 1, M L Atchison 1
PMCID: PMC364131  PMID: 1729611

Abstract

PU.1 is a B-cell- and macrophage-specific transcription factor. By an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and dimethyl sulfate methylation interference assays, we show that PU.1 binds to DNA sequences within the immunoglobulin kappa 3' enhancer (kappa E3'). Binding of PU.1 to the kappa E3' enhancer assists the binding of a second tissue-restricted factor, NF-EM5, to an adjacent site. Binding of NF-EM5 to kappa E3' DNA sequences requires protein-protein interaction with PU.1 as well as specific protein-DNA interactions. This is the first known instance of PU.1 interacting with another cellular protein. NF-EM5 does not cofractionate with PU.1, suggesting that it is a distinct protein and is not a posttranslational modification of PU.1. UV-crosslinking studies and elution from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels indicate that NF-EM5 is a protein of approximately 46 kDa. Site-directed mutagenesis studies of the PU.1- and EM5-binding sites indicate that these sites play important roles in kappa E3' enhancer activity. By using a series of PU.1 deletion constructs, we have identified a region in PU.1 that is necessary for interaction with NF-EM5. This segment encompasses a 43-amino-acid region with PEST sequence homology, i.e., one that is rich in proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), and threonine (T).

Full text

PDF
368

Images in this article

370Image
on p.370
371Image
on p.371
371Image
on p.371
372Image
on p.372
373Image
on p.373
373Image
on p.373
374Image
on p.374
375Image
on p.375
375Image
on p.375
376Image
on p.376

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Atchison M. L., Delmas V., Perry R. P. A novel upstream element compensates for an ineffectual octamer motif in an immunoglobulin V kappa promoter. EMBO J. 1990 Oct;9(10):3109–3117. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07508.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Auwerx J., Sassone-Corsi P. IP-1: a dominant inhibitor of Fos/Jun whose activity is modulated by phosphorylation. Cell. 1991 Mar 8;64(5):983–993. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90322-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Benezra R., Davis R. L., Lockshon D., Turner D. L., Weintraub H. The protein Id: a negative regulator of helix-loop-helix DNA binding proteins. Cell. 1990 Apr 6;61(1):49–59. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90214-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Berger S. L., Cress W. D., Cress A., Triezenberg S. J., Guarente L. Selective inhibition of activated but not basal transcription by the acidic activation domain of VP16: evidence for transcriptional adaptors. Cell. 1990 Jun 29;61(7):1199–1208. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90684-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bonifacino J. S., Cosson P., Klausner R. D. Colocalized transmembrane determinants for ER degradation and subunit assembly explain the intracellular fate of TCR chains. Cell. 1990 Nov 2;63(3):503–513. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90447-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Davis R. L., Cheng P. F., Lassar A. B., Weintraub H. The MyoD DNA binding domain contains a recognition code for muscle-specific gene activation. Cell. 1990 Mar 9;60(5):733–746. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90088-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dignam J. D., Lebovitz R. M., Roeder R. G. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Mar 11;11(5):1475–1489. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.5.1475. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Ellis H. M., Spann D. R., Posakony J. W. extramacrochaetae, a negative regulator of sensory organ development in Drosophila, defines a new class of helix-loop-helix proteins. Cell. 1990 Apr 6;61(1):27–38. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90212-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Evans R. M., Hollenberg S. M. Zinc fingers: gilt by association. Cell. 1988 Jan 15;52(1):1–3. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90522-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Garrell J., Modolell J. The Drosophila extramacrochaetae locus, an antagonist of proneural genes that, like these genes, encodes a helix-loop-helix protein. Cell. 1990 Apr 6;61(1):39–48. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90213-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gerster T., Roeder R. G. A herpesvirus trans-activating protein interacts with transcription factor OTF-1 and other cellular proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Sep;85(17):6347–6351. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.17.6347. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Goebl M. K. The PU.1 transcription factor is the product of the putative oncogene Spi-1. Cell. 1990 Jun 29;61(7):1165–1166. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90676-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gorman C. M., Moffat L. F., Howard B. H. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Sep;2(9):1044–1051. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.9.1044. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Grosschedl R., Baltimore D. Cell-type specificity of immunoglobulin gene expression is regulated by at least three DNA sequence elements. Cell. 1985 Jul;41(3):885–897. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80069-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hall C. V., Jacob P. E., Ringold G. M., Lee F. Expression and regulation of Escherichia coli lacZ gene fusions in mammalian cells. J Mol Appl Genet. 1983;2(1):101–109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Ho S. N., Hunt H. D., Horton R. M., Pullen J. K., Pease L. R. Site-directed mutagenesis by overlap extension using the polymerase chain reaction. Gene. 1989 Apr 15;77(1):51–59. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90358-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Katan M., Haigh A., Verrijzer C. P., van der Vliet P. C., O'Hare P. Characterization of a cellular factor which interacts functionally with Oct-1 in the assembly of a multicomponent transcription complex. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Dec 11;18(23):6871–6880. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.23.6871. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Kelleher R. J., 3rd, Flanagan P. M., Kornberg R. D. A novel mediator between activator proteins and the RNA polymerase II transcription apparatus. Cell. 1990 Jun 29;61(7):1209–1215. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90685-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Klemsz M. J., McKercher S. R., Celada A., Van Beveren C., Maki R. A. The macrophage and B cell-specific transcription factor PU.1 is related to the ets oncogene. Cell. 1990 Apr 6;61(1):113–124. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90219-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kouzarides T., Ziff E. The role of the leucine zipper in the fos-jun interaction. Nature. 1988 Dec 15;336(6200):646–651. doi: 10.1038/336646a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Kristie T. M., Sharp P. A. Interactions of the Oct-1 POU subdomains with specific DNA sequences and with the HSV alpha-trans-activator protein. Genes Dev. 1990 Dec;4(12B):2383–2396. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.12b.2383. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Landschulz W. H., Johnson P. F., McKnight S. L. The leucine zipper: a hypothetical structure common to a new class of DNA binding proteins. Science. 1988 Jun 24;240(4860):1759–1764. doi: 10.1126/science.3289117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Lin Y. S., Green M. R. Mechanism of action of an acidic transcriptional activator in vitro. Cell. 1991 Mar 8;64(5):971–981. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90321-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Liu F., Green M. R. A specific member of the ATF transcription factor family can mediate transcription activation by the adenovirus E1a protein. Cell. 1990 Jun 29;61(7):1217–1224. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90686-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Martin K. J., Lillie J. W., Green M. R. Transcriptional activation by the pseudorabies virus immediate early protein. Genes Dev. 1990 Dec;4(12B):2376–2382. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.12b.2376. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Meyer K. B., Neuberger M. S. The immunoglobulin kappa locus contains a second, stronger B-cell-specific enhancer which is located downstream of the constant region. EMBO J. 1989 Jul;8(7):1959–1964. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03601.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Meyer K. B., Sharpe M. J., Surani M. A., Neuberger M. S. The importance of the 3'-enhancer region in immunoglobulin kappa gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Oct 11;18(19):5609–5615. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.19.5609. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Mitchell P. J., Tjian R. Transcriptional regulation in mammalian cells by sequence-specific DNA binding proteins. Science. 1989 Jul 28;245(4916):371–378. doi: 10.1126/science.2667136. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Murre C., McCaw P. S., Baltimore D. A new DNA binding and dimerization motif in immunoglobulin enhancer binding, daughterless, MyoD, and myc proteins. Cell. 1989 Mar 10;56(5):777–783. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90682-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Murre C., McCaw P. S., Vaessin H., Caudy M., Jan L. Y., Jan Y. N., Cabrera C. V., Buskin J. N., Hauschka S. D., Lassar A. B. Interactions between heterologous helix-loop-helix proteins generate complexes that bind specifically to a common DNA sequence. Cell. 1989 Aug 11;58(3):537–544. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90434-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Nakabeppu Y., Nathans D. A naturally occurring truncated form of FosB that inhibits Fos/Jun transcriptional activity. Cell. 1991 Feb 22;64(4):751–759. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90504-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Paul R., Schuetze S., Kozak S. L., Kozak C. A., Kabat D. The Sfpi-1 proviral integration site of Friend erythroleukemia encodes the ets-related transcription factor Pu.1. J Virol. 1991 Jan;65(1):464–467. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.1.464-467.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Pongubala J. M., Atchison M. L. Functional characterization of the developmentally controlled immunoglobulin kappa 3' enhancer: regulation by Id, a repressor of helix-loop-helix transcription factors. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Feb;11(2):1040–1047. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.2.1040. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Ptashne M. How eukaryotic transcriptional activators work. Nature. 1988 Oct 20;335(6192):683–689. doi: 10.1038/335683a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Pugh B. F., Tjian R. Mechanism of transcriptional activation by Sp1: evidence for coactivators. Cell. 1990 Jun 29;61(7):1187–1197. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90683-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Rogers S., Wells R., Rechsteiner M. Amino acid sequences common to rapidly degraded proteins: the PEST hypothesis. Science. 1986 Oct 17;234(4774):364–368. doi: 10.1126/science.2876518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Shaw P. E., Schröter H., Nordheim A. The ability of a ternary complex to form over the serum response element correlates with serum inducibility of the human c-fos promoter. Cell. 1989 Feb 24;56(4):563–572. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90579-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Stern S., Tanaka M., Herr W. The Oct-1 homoeodomain directs formation of a multiprotein-DNA complex with the HSV transactivator VP16. Nature. 1989 Oct 19;341(6243):624–630. doi: 10.1038/341624a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Stringer K. F., Ingles C. J., Greenblatt J. Direct and selective binding of an acidic transcriptional activation domain to the TATA-box factor TFIID. Nature. 1990 Jun 28;345(6278):783–786. doi: 10.1038/345783a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Treacy M. N., He X., Rosenfeld M. G. I-POU: a POU-domain protein that inhibits neuron-specific gene activation. Nature. 1991 Apr 18;350(6319):577–584. doi: 10.1038/350577a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Turner R., Tjian R. Leucine repeats and an adjacent DNA binding domain mediate the formation of functional cFos-cJun heterodimers. Science. 1989 Mar 31;243(4899):1689–1694. doi: 10.1126/science.2494701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Vinson C. R., Sigler P. B., McKnight S. L. Scissors-grip model for DNA recognition by a family of leucine zipper proteins. Science. 1989 Nov 17;246(4932):911–916. doi: 10.1126/science.2683088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES