Skip to main content
PMC home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1992 Jun;12(6):2514–2524. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.6.2514

Specific transcription factors stimulate simian virus 40 and polyomavirus origins of DNA replication.

Z S Guo 1, M L DePamphilis 1
PMCID: PMC364444  PMID: 1317005

Abstract

The origins of DNA replication (ori) in simian virus 40 (SV40) and polyomavirus (Py) contain an auxiliary component (aux-2) composed of multiple transcription factor binding sites. To determine whether this component stimulated replication by binding specific transcription factors, aux-2 was replaced by synthetic oligonucleotides that bound a single transcription factor. Sp1 and T-antigen (T-ag) sites, which exist in the natural SV40 aux-2 sequence, provided approximately 75 and approximately 20%, respectively, of aux-2 activity when transfected into monkey cells. In cell extracts, only T-ag sites were active. AP1 binding sites could replace completely either SV40 or Py aux-2. Mutations that eliminated AP1 binding also eliminated AP1 stimulation of replication. Yeast GAL4 binding sites that strongly stimulated transcription in the presence of GAL4 proteins failed to stimulate SV40 DNA replication, although they did partially replace Py aux-2. Stimulation required the presence of proteins consisting of the GAL4 DNA binding domain fused to specific activation domains such as VP16 or c-Jun. These data demonstrate a clear role for transcription factors with specific activation domains in activating both SV40 and Py ori. However, no correlation was observed between the ability of specific proteins to stimulate promoter activity and their ability to stimulate origin activity. We propose that only transcription factors whose specific activation domains can interact with the T-ag initiation complex can stimulate SV40 and Py ori-core activity.

Full text

PDF
2514

Images in this article

2517Image
on p.2517
2518Image
on p.2518
2518Image
on p.2518
2519Image
on p.2519
2519Image
on p.2519

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abate C., Luk D., Curran T. Transcriptional regulation by Fos and Jun in vitro: interaction among multiple activator and regulatory domains. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Jul;11(7):3624–3632. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.7.3624. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Auborn K. J., Markowitz R. B., Wang E., Yu Y. T., Prives C. Simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen binds specifically to double-stranded DNA but not to single-stranded DNA or DNA/RNA hybrids containing the SV40 regulatory sequences. J Virol. 1988 Jun;62(6):2204–2208. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.6.2204-2208.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Baichwal V. R., Tjian R. Control of c-Jun activity by interaction of a cell-specific inhibitor with regulatory domain delta: differences between v- and c-Jun. Cell. 1990 Nov 16;63(4):815–825. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90147-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Baru M., Shlissel M., Manor H. The yeast GAL4 protein transactivates the polyomavirus origin of DNA replication in mouse cells. J Virol. 1991 Jul;65(7):3496–3503. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.7.3496-3503.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bennett-Cook E. R., Hassell J. A. Activation of polyomavirus DNA replication by yeast GAL4 is dependent on its transcriptional activation domains. EMBO J. 1991 Apr;10(4):959–969. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb08030.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bennett E. R., Naujokas M., Hassell J. A. Requirements for species-specific papovavirus DNA replication. J Virol. 1989 Dec;63(12):5371–5385. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.12.5371-5385.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Borowiec J. A., Dean F. B., Bullock P. A., Hurwitz J. Binding and unwinding--how T antigen engages the SV40 origin of DNA replication. Cell. 1990 Jan 26;60(2):181–184. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90730-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Borowiec J. A., Hurwitz J. Localized melting and structural changes in the SV40 origin of replication induced by T-antigen. EMBO J. 1988 Oct;7(10):3149–3158. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03182.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bosher J., Robinson E. C., Hay R. T. Interactions between the adenovirus type 2 DNA polymerase and the DNA binding domain of nuclear factor I. New Biol. 1990 Dec;2(12):1083–1090. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Burhans W. C., Vassilev L. T., Wu J., Sogo J. M., Nallaseth F. S., DePamphilis M. L. Emetine allows identification of origins of mammalian DNA replication by imbalanced DNA synthesis, not through conservative nucleosome segregation. EMBO J. 1991 Dec;10(13):4351–4360. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb05013.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Campbell B. A., Villarreal L. P. Functional analysis of the individual enhancer core sequences of polyomavirus: cell-specific uncoupling of DNA replication from transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 May;8(5):1993–2004. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.5.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Challberg M. D., Kelly T. J. Animal virus DNA replication. Annu Rev Biochem. 1989;58:671–717. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.58.070189.003323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Chandrasekharappa S. C., Subramanian K. N. Effects of position and orientation of the 72-base-pair-repeat transcriptional enhancer on replication from the simian virus 40 core origin. J Virol. 1987 Oct;61(10):2973–2980. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.10.2973-2980.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Chen M., Mermod N., Horwitz M. S. Protein-protein interactions between adenovirus DNA polymerase and nuclear factor I mediate formation of the DNA replication preinitiation complex. J Biol Chem. 1990 Oct 25;265(30):18634–18642. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Cheng L. Z., Workman J. L., Kingston R. E., Kelly T. J. Regulation of DNA replication in vitro by the transcriptional activation domain of GAL4-VP16. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jan 15;89(2):589–593. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.2.589. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cheng L., Kelly T. J. Transcriptional activator nuclear factor I stimulates the replication of SV40 minichromosomes in vivo and in vitro. Cell. 1989 Nov 3;59(3):541–551. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90037-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Croston G. E., Kerrigan L. A., Lira L. M., Marshak D. R., Kadonaga J. T. Sequence-specific antirepression of histone H1-mediated inhibition of basal RNA polymerase II transcription. Science. 1991 Feb 8;251(4994):643–649. doi: 10.1126/science.1899487. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. DeLucia A. L., Deb S., Partin K., Tegtmeyer P. Functional interactions of the simian virus 40 core origin of replication with flanking regulatory sequences. J Virol. 1986 Jan;57(1):138–144. doi: 10.1128/jvi.57.1.138-144.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. DeLucia A. L., Lewton B. A., Tjian R., Tegtmeyer P. Topography of simian virus 40 A protein-DNA complexes: arrangement of pentanucleotide interaction sites at the origin of replication. J Virol. 1983 Apr;46(1):143–150. doi: 10.1128/jvi.46.1.143-150.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. DePamphilis M. L. Transcriptional elements as components of eukaryotic origins of DNA replication. Cell. 1988 Mar 11;52(5):635–638. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90398-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Dean F. B., Borowiec J. A., Ishimi Y., Deb S., Tegtmeyer P., Hurwitz J. Simian virus 40 large tumor antigen requires three core replication origin domains for DNA unwinding and replication in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Dec;84(23):8267–8271. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.23.8267. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Dean F. B., Hurwitz J. Simian virus 40 large T antigen untwists DNA at the origin of DNA replication. J Biol Chem. 1991 Mar 15;266(8):5062–5071. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Deb S. P., Deb S. Preferential binding of simian virus 40 T-antigen dimers to origin region I. J Virol. 1989 Jul;63(7):2901–2907. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.7.2901-2907.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Deb S., DeLucia A. L., Baur C. P., Koff A., Tegtmeyer P. Domain structure of the simian virus 40 core origin of replication. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 May;6(5):1663–1670. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.5.1663. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Decker R. S., Yamaguchi M., Possenti R., DePamphilis M. L. Initiation of simian virus 40 DNA replication in vitro: aphidicolin causes accumulation of early-replicating intermediates and allows determination of the initial direction of DNA synthesis. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Nov;6(11):3815–3825. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.11.3815. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Farnham P. J., Cornwell M. M. Sp1 activation of RNA polymerase II transcription complexes involves a heat-labile DNA-binding component. Gene Expr. 1991 May;1(2):137–148. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Gounari F., De Francesco R., Schmitt J., van der Vliet P., Cortese R., Stunnenberg H. Amino-terminal domain of NF1 binds to DNA as a dimer and activates adenovirus DNA replication. EMBO J. 1990 Feb;9(2):559–566. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08143.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Gruss C., Gutierrez C., Burhans W. C., DePamphilis M. L., Koller T., Sogo J. M. Nucleosome assembly in mammalian cell extracts before and after DNA replication. EMBO J. 1990 Sep;9(9):2911–2922. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07482.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Guo Z. S., Gutierrez C., Heine U., Sogo J. M., Depamphilis M. L. Origin auxiliary sequences can facilitate initiation of simian virus 40 DNA replication in vitro as they do in vivo. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Sep;9(9):3593–3602. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.9.3593. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Guo Z. S., Heine U., DePamphilis M. L. T-antigen binding to site I facilitates initiation of SV40 DNA replication but does not affect bidirectionality. Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 Dec;19(25):7081–7088. doi: 10.1093/nar/19.25.7081. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Gutierrez C., Guo Z. S., Roberts J., DePamphilis M. L. Simian virus 40 origin auxiliary sequences weakly facilitate T-antigen binding but strongly facilitate DNA unwinding. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Apr;10(4):1719–1728. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.4.1719. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Hay R. T., DePamphilis M. L. Initiation of SV40 DNA replication in vivo: location and structure of 5' ends of DNA synthesized in the ori region. Cell. 1982 Apr;28(4):767–779. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90056-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hendrickson E. A., Fritze C. E., Folk W. R., DePamphilis M. L. The origin of bidirectional DNA replication in polyoma virus. EMBO J. 1987 Jul;6(7):2011–2018. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02465.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Hertz G. Z., Mertz J. E. Bidirectional promoter elements of simian virus 40 are required for efficient replication of the viral DNA. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Oct;6(10):3513–3522. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.10.3513. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Holmes S. G., Smith M. M. Interaction of the H4 autonomously replicating sequence core consensus sequence and its 3'-flanking domain. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Dec;9(12):5464–5472. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.12.5464. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Huang H. C., Sundseth R., Hansen U. Transcription factor LSF binds two variant bipartite sites within the SV40 late promoter. Genes Dev. 1990 Feb;4(2):287–298. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.2.287. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Innis J. W., Scott W. A. DNA replication and chromatin structure of simian virus 40 insertion mutants. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Aug;4(8):1499–1507. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.8.1499. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Johnson P. F., McKnight S. L. Eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory proteins. Annu Rev Biochem. 1989;58:799–839. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.58.070189.004055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Kakidani H., Ptashne M. GAL4 activates gene expression in mammalian cells. Cell. 1988 Jan 29;52(2):161–167. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90504-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Laybourn P. J., Kadonaga J. T. Role of nucleosomal cores and histone H1 in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Science. 1991 Oct 11;254(5029):238–245. doi: 10.1126/science.254.5029.238. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Lee-Chen G. J., Woodworth-Gutai M. Simian virus 40 DNA replication: functional organization of regulatory elements. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Sep;6(9):3086–3093. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.9.3086. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Li J. J., Kelly T. J. Simian virus 40 DNA replication in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Nov;81(22):6973–6977. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.22.6973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Li J. J., Peden K. W., Dixon R. A., Kelly T. Functional organization of the simian virus 40 origin of DNA replication. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Apr;6(4):1117–1128. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.4.1117. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Lillie J. W., Green M. R. Transcription activation by the adenovirus E1a protein. Nature. 1989 Mar 2;338(6210):39–44. doi: 10.1038/338039a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Lorimer H. E., Wang E. H., Prives C. The DNA-binding properties of polyomavirus large T antigen are altered by ATP and other nucleotides. J Virol. 1991 Feb;65(2):687–699. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.2.687-699.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Ma J., Przibilla E., Hu J., Bogorad L., Ptashne M. Yeast activators stimulate plant gene expression. Nature. 1988 Aug 18;334(6183):631–633. doi: 10.1038/334631a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Martin K. J. The interactions of transcription factors and their adaptors, coactivators and accessory proteins. Bioessays. 1991 Oct;13(10):499–503. doi: 10.1002/bies.950131003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Martin M. E., Piette J., Yaniv M., Tang W. J., Folk W. R. Activation of the polyomavirus enhancer by a murine activator protein 1 (AP1) homolog and two contiguous proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug;85(16):5839–5843. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.16.5839. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Martínez-Salas E., Cupo D. Y., DePamphilis M. L. The need for enhancers is acquired upon formation of a diploid nucleus during early mouse development. Genes Dev. 1988 Sep;2(9):1115–1126. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.9.1115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Martínez-Salas E., Linney E., Hassell J., DePamphilis M. L. The need for enhancers in gene expression first appears during mouse development with formation of the zygotic nucleus. Genes Dev. 1989 Oct;3(10):1493–1506. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.10.1493. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Mermod N., O'Neill E. A., Kelly T. J., Tjian R. The proline-rich transcriptional activator of CTF/NF-I is distinct from the replication and DNA binding domain. Cell. 1989 Aug 25;58(4):741–753. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90108-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Miller S. A., Dykes D. D., Polesky H. F. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Feb 11;16(3):1215–1215. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.3.1215. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Mitchell P. J., Tjian R. Transcriptional regulation in mammalian cells by sequence-specific DNA binding proteins. Science. 1989 Jul 28;245(4916):371–378. doi: 10.1126/science.2667136. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Mitchell P. J., Wang C., Tjian R. Positive and negative regulation of transcription in vitro: enhancer-binding protein AP-2 is inhibited by SV40 T antigen. Cell. 1987 Sep 11;50(6):847–861. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90512-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Mul Y. M., Verrijzer C. P., van der Vliet P. C. Transcription factors NFI and NFIII/oct-1 function independently, employing different mechanisms to enhance adenovirus DNA replication. J Virol. 1990 Nov;64(11):5510–5518. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.11.5510-5518.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Muller W. J., Dufort D., Hassell J. A. Multiple subelements within the polyomavirus enhancer function synergistically to activate DNA replication. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Nov;8(11):5000–5015. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.11.5000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Murakami Y., Asano M., Satake M., Ito Y. A tumor promoting phorbol ester, TPA, enhances polyomavirus DNA replication by activating the function of the viral enhancer. Oncogene. 1990 Jan;5(1):5–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Murakami Y., Satake M., Yamaguchi-Iwai Y., Sakai M., Muramatsu M., Ito Y. The nuclear protooncogenes c-jun and c-fos as regulators of DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 May 1;88(9):3947–3951. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.9.3947. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Mélin F., Kemler R., Kress C., Pinon H., Blangy D. Host range specificity of polyomavirus EC mutants in mouse embryonal carcinoma and embryonal stem cells and preimplantation embryos. J Virol. 1991 Jun;65(6):3029–3043. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.3029-3043.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Nilsson M., Forsberg M., You Z. Y., Westin G., Magnusson G. Enhancer effect of bovine papillomavirus E2 protein in replication of polyomavirus DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 Dec;19(25):7061–7065. doi: 10.1093/nar/19.25.7061. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Nilsson M., Osterlund M., Magnusson G. Analysis of polyomavirus enhancer-effect on DNA replication and early gene expression. J Mol Biol. 1991 Apr 5;218(3):479–483. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(91)90690-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. O'Connor D. T., Subramani S. Do transcriptional enhancers also augment DNA replication? Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Dec 9;16(23):11207–11222. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.23.11207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Parsons R. E., Stenger J. E., Ray S., Welker R., Anderson M. E., Tegtmeyer P. Cooperative assembly of simian virus 40 T-antigen hexamers on functional halves of the replication origin. J Virol. 1991 Jun;65(6):2798–2806. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.2798-2806.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Parsons R., Anderson M. E., Tegtmeyer P. Three domains in the simian virus 40 core origin orchestrate the binding, melting, and DNA helicase activities of T antigen. J Virol. 1990 Feb;64(2):509–518. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.2.509-518.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Prives C., Murakami Y., Kern F. G., Folk W., Basilico C., Hurwitz J. DNA sequence requirements for replication of polyomavirus DNA in vivo and in vitro. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Oct;7(10):3694–3704. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.10.3694. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Prives C. The replication functions of SV40 T antigen are regulated by phosphorylation. Cell. 1990 Jun 1;61(5):735–738. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90179-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Rochford R., Campbell B. A., Villarreal L. P. Genetic analysis of the enhancer requirements for polyomavirus DNA replication in mice. J Virol. 1990 Feb;64(2):476–485. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.2.476-485.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Rochford R., Davis C. T., Yoshimoto K. K., Villarreal L. P. Minimal subenhancer requirements for high-level polyomavirus DNA replication: a cell-specific synergy of PEA3 and PEA1 sites. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Sep;10(9):4996–5001. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.9.4996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Rosner M. H., De Santo R. J., Arnheiter H., Staudt L. M. Oct-3 is a maternal factor required for the first mouse embryonic division. Cell. 1991 Mar 22;64(6):1103–1110. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90265-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Sadowski I., Ma J., Triezenberg S., Ptashne M. GAL4-VP16 is an unusually potent transcriptional activator. Nature. 1988 Oct 6;335(6190):563–564. doi: 10.1038/335563a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Sadowski I., Ptashne M. A vector for expressing GAL4(1-147) fusions in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Sep 25;17(18):7539–7539. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.18.7539. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Satake M., Furukawa K., Ito Y. Biological activities of oligonucleotides spanning the F9 point mutation within the enhancer region of polyomavirus DNA. J Virol. 1988 Mar;62(3):970–977. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.3.970-977.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Scheller A., Prives C. Simian virus 40 and polyomavirus large tumor antigens have different requirements for high-affinity sequence-specific DNA binding. J Virol. 1985 May;54(2):532–545. doi: 10.1128/jvi.54.2.532-545.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Schmidt M., Migeon B. R. Asynchronous replication of homologous loci on human active and inactive X chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 May;87(10):3685–3689. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.10.3685. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Seki M., Enomoto T., Eki T., Miyajima A., Murakami Y., Hanaoka F., Ui M. DNA helicase and nucleoside-5'-triphosphatase activities of polyoma virus large tumor antigen. Biochemistry. 1990 Jan 30;29(4):1003–1009. doi: 10.1021/bi00456a024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Tang W. J., Berger S. L., Triezenberg S. J., Folk W. R. Nucleotides in the polyomavirus enhancer that control viral transcription and DNA replication. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 May;7(5):1681–1690. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.5.1681. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Taylor I. C., Workman J. L., Schuetz T. J., Kingston R. E. Facilitated binding of GAL4 and heat shock factor to nucleosomal templates: differential function of DNA-binding domains. Genes Dev. 1991 Jul;5(7):1285–1298. doi: 10.1101/gad.5.7.1285. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Temperley S. M., Burrow C. R., Kelly T. J., Hay R. T. Identification of two distinct regions within the adenovirus minimal origin of replication that are required for adenovirus type 4 DNA replication in vitro. J Virol. 1991 Sep;65(9):5037–5044. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.9.5037-5044.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Umek R. M., Kowalski D. The DNA unwinding element in a yeast replication origin functions independently of easily unwound sequences present elsewhere on a plasmid. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Nov 25;18(22):6601–6605. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.22.6601. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Umek R. M., Kowalski D. Thermal energy suppresses mutational defects in DNA unwinding at a yeast replication origin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Apr;87(7):2486–2490. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.7.2486. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Ustav M., Ustav E., Szymanski P., Stenlund A. Identification of the origin of replication of bovine papillomavirus and characterization of the viral origin recognition factor E1. EMBO J. 1991 Dec;10(13):4321–4329. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb05010.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Veldman G. M., Lupton S., Kamen R. Polyomavirus enhancer contains multiple redundant sequence elements that activate both DNA replication and gene expression. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Apr;5(4):649–658. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.4.649. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Verrijzer C. P., Kal A. J., Van der Vliet P. C. The DNA binding domain (POU domain) of transcription factor oct-1 suffices for stimulation of DNA replication. EMBO J. 1990 Jun;9(6):1883–1888. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08314.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Wasylyk C., Schneikert J., Wasylyk B. Oncogene v-jun modulates DNA replication. Oncogene. 1990 Jul;5(7):1055–1058. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Weichselbraun I., Haider G., Wintersberger E. Optimal replication of plasmids carrying polyomavirus origin regions requires two high-affinity binding sites for large T antigen. J Virol. 1989 Feb;63(2):961–964. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.2.961-964.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Wiekowski M., Miranda M., DePamphilis M. L. Regulation of gene expression in preimplantation mouse embryos: effects of the zygotic clock and the first mitosis on promoter and enhancer activities. Dev Biol. 1991 Oct;147(2):403–414. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(91)90298-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Wolffe A. P. Dominant and specific repression of Xenopus oocyte 5S RNA genes and satellite I DNA by histone H1. EMBO J. 1989 Feb;8(2):527–537. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03407.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Wong S. W., Schaffer P. A. Elements in the transcriptional regulatory region flanking herpes simplex virus type 1 oriS stimulate origin function. J Virol. 1991 May;65(5):2601–2611. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.5.2601-2611.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Workman J. L., Taylor I. C., Kingston R. E. Activation domains of stably bound GAL4 derivatives alleviate repression of promoters by nucleosomes. Cell. 1991 Feb 8;64(3):533–544. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90237-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Yamaguchi M., DePamphilis M. L. DNA binding site for a factor(s) required to initiate simian virus 40 DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Mar;83(6):1646–1650. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.6.1646. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Yang L., Li R., Mohr I. J., Clark R., Botchan M. R. Activation of BPV-1 replication in vitro by the transcription factor E2. Nature. 1991 Oct 17;353(6345):628–632. doi: 10.1038/353628a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Zhu J. Y., Rice P. W., Chamberlain M., Cole C. N. Mapping the transcriptional transactivation function of simian virus 40 large T antigen. J Virol. 1991 Jun;65(6):2778–2790. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.2778-2790.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES