Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1988 Sep;8(9):3647–3660. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.9.3647

Structure and regulation of a nuclear gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that specifies MRP13, a protein of the small subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome.

J A Partaledis 1, T L Mason 1
PMCID: PMC365420  PMID: 3065621

Abstract

MRP13 is defined by biochemical criteria as a 35-kilodalton small subunit protein of the yeast mitochondrial ribosome. The MRP13 gene was identified by immunological screening of a yeast genomic library in lambda gt11 and a functional copy of the gene has been cloned on a 2.2-kilobase BglII fragment. Sequencing of this fragment showed that the MRP13 coding region specifies a 324-amino-acid basic protein with a calculated Mr of 37,366. Computer searches failed to reveal any significant sequence similarity to previously identified ribosomal proteins or to the sequences in the current National Biomedical Research Foundation data base. Cells carrying disrupted copies of MRP13 lacked the MRP13 protein but were not impaired in either mitochondrial protein synthesis or assembly of 37S ribosomal subunits, indicating that, like L29 and L30 in Escherichia coli (M. Lotti, E. R. Dabbs, R. Hasenbank, M. Stöffler-Meilicke, and G. Stöffler, Mol. Gen. Genet. 192:295-300, 1983), MRP13 is not essential for ribosome synthesis or function. Analysis of the sequence in the MRP13 5'-flanking region revealed the closely linked gene for the cytoplasmic ribosomal protein rp39A. The rp39A coding region began at nucleotide -846 and ended at -325 with respect to the MRP13 translational start. The steady-state levels of the MRP13 mRNA were determined in response to carbon catabolite repression, variation in the mitochondrial genetic background, and increased gene dosage of MRP13. In [rho+] cells, transcript levels were repressed severalfold by growth in glucose compared with growth in either galactose or nonfermentable carbon sources. In respiratory-deficient strains ([rho0], [mit-]), however, transcription appeared to be largely derepressed even in the presence of high concentrations of glucose. Despite high levels of the MRP13 transcripts in [rho0] cells, the MRP13 protein did not accumulate, suggesting that the protein is relatively unstable in the absence of ribosome assembly. Cells carrying the MRP13 gene on a multiple-copy plasmid overproduced the mRNA in rough proportion to the gene dosage and the protein in a significant but lesser amount. The results indicate that MRP13 expression is regulated predominantly at the transcriptional level in response to catabolite repression and the cellular capacity for respiration and, in addition, that protein levels appear to be modulated posttranscriptionally by degradation of free copies of the MRP13 protein.

Full text

PDF
3647

Images in this article

3649Image
on p.3649
3650Image
on p.3650
3650Image
on p.3650
3653Image
on p.3653
3655Image
on p.3655
3655Image
on p.3655
3656Image
on p.3656

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abovich N., Gritz L., Tung L., Rosbash M. Effect of RP51 gene dosage alterations on ribosome synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Dec;5(12):3429–3435. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.12.3429. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Abovich N., Rosbash M. Two genes for ribosomal protein 51 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae complement and contribute to the ribosomes. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Sep;4(9):1871–1879. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.9.1871. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bennetzen J. L., Hall B. D. Codon selection in yeast. J Biol Chem. 1982 Mar 25;257(6):3026–3031. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Botstein D., Falco S. C., Stewart S. E., Brennan M., Scherer S., Stinchcomb D. T., Struhl K., Davis R. W. Sterile host yeasts (SHY): a eukaryotic system of biological containment for recombinant DNA experiments. Gene. 1979 Dec;8(1):17–24. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(79)90004-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Cann R. L., Brown W. M., Wilson A. C. Polymorphic sites and the mechanism of evolution in human mitochondrial DNA. Genetics. 1984 Mar;106(3):479–499. doi: 10.1093/genetics/106.3.479. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Carlson M., Botstein D. Two differentially regulated mRNAs with different 5' ends encode secreted with intracellular forms of yeast invertase. Cell. 1982 Jan;28(1):145–154. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90384-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Chan Y. L., Lin A., McNally J., Wool I. G. The primary structure of rat ribosomal protein L5. A comparison of the sequence of amino acids in the proteins that interact with 5 S rRNA. J Biol Chem. 1987 Sep 15;262(26):12879–12886. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Curgy J. J. The mitoribosomes. Biol Cell. 1985;54(1):1–38. doi: 10.1111/j.1768-322x.1985.tb00377.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Dabbs E. R., Ehrlich R., Hasenbank R., Schroeter B. H., Stöffler-Meilicke M., Stöffler G. Mutants of Escherichia coli lacking ribosomal protein L1. J Mol Biol. 1981 Jul 15;149(4):553–578. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90347-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Dabbs E. R., Hasenbank R., Kastner B., Rak K. H., Wartusch B., Stöffler G. Immunological studies of Escherichia coli mutants lacking one or two ribosomal proteins. Mol Gen Genet. 1983;192(3):301–308. doi: 10.1007/BF00392166. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Dabeva M. D., Post-Beittenmiller M. A., Warner J. R. Autogenous regulation of splicing of the transcript of a yeast ribosomal protein gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Aug;83(16):5854–5857. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.16.5854. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Dale R. M., McClure B. A., Houchins J. P. A rapid single-stranded cloning strategy for producing a sequential series of overlapping clones for use in DNA sequencing: application to sequencing the corn mitochondrial 18 S rDNA. Plasmid. 1985 Jan;13(1):31–40. doi: 10.1016/0147-619x(85)90053-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Dieckmann C. L., Tzagoloff A. Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system. CBP6, a yeast nuclear gene necessary for synthesis of cytochrome b. J Biol Chem. 1985 Feb 10;260(3):1513–1520. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Dobson M. J., Tuite M. F., Roberts N. A., Kingsman A. J., Kingsman S. M., Perkins R. E., Conroy S. C., Fothergill L. A. Conservation of high efficiency promoter sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Apr 24;10(8):2625–2637. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.8.2625. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Faye G., Sor F. Analysis of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mol Gen Genet. 1977 Sep 21;155(1):27–34. doi: 10.1007/BF00268557. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Fearon K., Mason T. L. Structure and regulation of a nuclear gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that specifies MRP7, a protein of the large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Sep;8(9):3636–3646. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.9.3636. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Forsburg S. L., Guarente L. Mutational analysis of upstream activation sequence 2 of the CYC1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a HAP2-HAP3-responsive site. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Feb;8(2):647–654. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.2.647. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Fried H. M., Pearson N. J., Kim C. H., Warner J. R. The genes for fifteen ribosomal proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem. 1981 Oct 10;256(19):10176–10183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Goebl M. G., Petes T. D. Most of the yeast genomic sequences are not essential for cell growth and division. Cell. 1986 Sep 26;46(7):983–992. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90697-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Guarente L., Mason T. Heme regulates transcription of the CYC1 gene of S. cerevisiae via an upstream activation site. Cell. 1983 Apr;32(4):1279–1286. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90309-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Hanahan D., Meselson M. Plasmid screening at high colony density. Gene. 1980 Jun;10(1):63–67. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(80)90144-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Hill J. E., Myers A. M., Koerner T. J., Tzagoloff A. Yeast/E. coli shuttle vectors with multiple unique restriction sites. Yeast. 1986 Sep;2(3):163–167. doi: 10.1002/yea.320020304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hoosein M. A., Lewin A. S. Derepression of citrate synthase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae may occur at the level of transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Feb;4(2):247–253. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.2.247. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Kimura K., Mason T. L., Khorana H. G. Immunological probes for bacteriorhodopsin. Identification of three distinct antigenic sites on the cytoplasmic surface. J Biol Chem. 1982 Mar 25;257(6):2859–2867. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Kozak M. Comparison of initiation of protein synthesis in procaryotes, eucaryotes, and organelles. Microbiol Rev. 1983 Mar;47(1):1–45. doi: 10.1128/mr.47.1.1-45.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680–685. doi: 10.1038/227680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Lindahl L., Zengel J. M. Ribosomal genes in Escherichia coli. Annu Rev Genet. 1986;20:297–326. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.20.120186.001501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Lotti M., Dabbs E. R., Hasenbank R., Stöffler-Meilicke M., Stöffler G. Characterisation of a mutant from Escherichia coli lacking protein L15 and localisation of protein L15 by immuno-electron microscopy. Mol Gen Genet. 1983;192(3):295–300. doi: 10.1007/BF00392165. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Ma H., Botstein D. Effects of null mutations in the hexokinase genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on catabolite repression. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Nov;6(11):4046–4052. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.11.4046. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Maicas E., Pluthero F. G., Friesen J. D. The accumulation of three yeast ribosomal proteins under conditions of excess mRNA is determined primarily by fast protein decay. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Jan;8(1):169–175. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.1.169. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Masters B. S., Stohl L. L., Clayton D. A. Yeast mitochondrial RNA polymerase is homologous to those encoded by bacteriophages T3 and T7. Cell. 1987 Oct 9;51(1):89–99. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90013-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Messing J. New M13 vectors for cloning. Methods Enzymol. 1983;101:20–78. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)01005-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Myers A. M., Crivellone M. D., Tzagoloff A. Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system. MRP1 and MRP2, two yeast nuclear genes coding for mitochondrial ribosomal proteins. J Biol Chem. 1987 Mar 5;262(7):3388–3397. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Neigeborn L., Carlson M. Mutations causing constitutive invertase synthesis in yeast: genetic interactions with snf mutations. Genetics. 1987 Feb;115(2):247–253. doi: 10.1093/genetics/115.2.247. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Nomura M., Gourse R., Baughman G. Regulation of the synthesis of ribosomes and ribosomal components. Annu Rev Biochem. 1984;53:75–117. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.000451. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Parikh V. S., Morgan M. M., Scott R., Clements L. S., Butow R. A. The mitochondrial genotype can influence nuclear gene expression in yeast. Science. 1987 Jan 30;235(4788):576–580. doi: 10.1126/science.3027892. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Pearson N. J., Fried H. M., Warner J. R. Yeast use translational control to compensate for extra copies of a ribosomal protein gene. Cell. 1982 Jun;29(2):347–355. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90151-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Pietromonaco S. F., Hessler R. A., O'Brien T. W. Evolution of proteins in mammalian cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ribosomes. J Mol Evol. 1986;24(1-2):110–117. doi: 10.1007/BF02099958. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Prezant T., Pfeifer K., Guarente L. Organization of the regulatory region of the yeast CYC7 gene: multiple factors are involved in regulation. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Sep;7(9):3252–3259. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.9.3252. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Rotenberg M. O., Woolford J. L., Jr Tripartite upstream promoter element essential for expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal protein genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Feb;6(2):674–687. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.2.674. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Rothstein R. J. One-step gene disruption in yeast. Methods Enzymol. 1983;101:202–211. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)01015-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Sanger F., Coulson A. R. The use of thin acrylamide gels for DNA sequencing. FEBS Lett. 1978 Mar 1;87(1):107–110. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80145-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Schulze H., Nierhaus K. H. Minimal set of ribosomal components for reconstitution of the peptidyltransferase activity. EMBO J. 1982;1(5):609–613. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01216.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Sharp P. M., Tuohy T. M., Mosurski K. R. Codon usage in yeast: cluster analysis clearly differentiates highly and lowly expressed genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Jul 11;14(13):5125–5143. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.13.5125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Southern E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol. 1975 Nov 5;98(3):503–517. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80083-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Sprague G. F., Jr, Jensen R., Herskowitz I. Control of yeast cell type by the mating type locus: positive regulation of the alpha-specific STE3 gene by the MAT alpha 1 product. Cell. 1983 Feb;32(2):409–415. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90460-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Struhl K. Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional mapping of the yeast pet56-his3-ded1 gene region. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Dec 9;13(23):8587–8601. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.23.8587. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Struhl K. Promoters, activator proteins, and the mechanism of transcriptional initiation in yeast. Cell. 1987 May 8;49(3):295–297. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90277-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Szekely E., Montgomery D. L. Glucose represses transcription of Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear genes that encode mitochondrial components. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 May;4(5):939–946. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.5.939. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Takata R. Genetic studies of the ribosomal proteins in Escherichia coli. XI. Mapping of the genes for L21, L27, S15 and S21 by using hybrid bacteria and over-production of these proteins in the merodiploid strains. Mol Gen Genet. 1978 Apr 6;160(2):151–155. doi: 10.1007/BF00267476. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Thomas P. S. Hybridization of denatured RNA and small DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Sep;77(9):5201–5205. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.9.5201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Towbin H., Staehelin T., Gordon J. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Sep;76(9):4350–4354. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.9.4350. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Trueheart J., Boeke J. D., Fink G. R. Two genes required for cell fusion during yeast conjugation: evidence for a pheromone-induced surface protein. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jul;7(7):2316–2328. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.7.2316. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Tschumper G., Carbon J. Sequence of a yeast DNA fragment containing a chromosomal replicator and the TRP1 gene. Gene. 1980 Jul;10(2):157–166. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(80)90133-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Tzagoloff A., Myers A. M. Genetics of mitochondrial biogenesis. Annu Rev Biochem. 1986;55:249–285. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.55.070186.001341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Warner J. R., Mitra G., Schwindinger W. F., Studeny M., Fried H. M. Saccharomyces cerevisiae coordinates accumulation of yeast ribosomal proteins by modulating mRNA splicing, translational initiation, and protein turnover. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Jun;5(6):1512–1521. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.6.1512. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Wilbur W. J., Lipman D. J. Rapid similarity searches of nucleic acid and protein data banks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Feb;80(3):726–730. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.3.726. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Woolford J. L., Jr, Hereford L. M., Rosbash M. Isolation of cloned DNA sequences containing ribosomal protein genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell. 1979 Dec;18(4):1247–1259. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90236-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Woolford J. L., Jr, Rosbash M. Ribosomal protein genes rp 39(10 - 78), rp 39(11 - 40), rp 51, and rp 52 are not contiguous to other ribosomal protein genes in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Oct 10;9(19):5021–5036. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.19.5021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Woudt L. P., Smit A. B., Mager W. H., Planta R. J. Conserved sequence elements upstream of the gene encoding yeast ribosomal protein L25 are involved in transcription activation. EMBO J. 1986 May;5(5):1037–1040. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04319.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Wright C. F., Zitomer R. S. A positive regulatory site and a negative regulatory site control the expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CYC7 gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Oct;4(10):2023–2030. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.10.2023. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Yanofsky C., Platt T., Crawford I. P., Nichols B. P., Christie G. E., Horowitz H., VanCleemput M., Wu A. M. The complete nucleotide sequence of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Dec 21;9(24):6647–6668. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.24.6647. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Young R. A., Davis R. W. Efficient isolation of genes by using antibody probes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Mar;80(5):1194–1198. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.5.1194. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Young R. A., Davis R. W. Yeast RNA polymerase II genes: isolation with antibody probes. Science. 1983 Nov 18;222(4625):778–782. doi: 10.1126/science.6356359. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Zaret K. S., Sherman F. DNA sequence required for efficient transcription termination in yeast. Cell. 1982 Mar;28(3):563–573. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90211-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Zitomer R. S., Montgomery D. L., Nichols D. L., Hall B. D. Transcriptional regulation of the yeast cytochrome c gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Aug;76(8):3627–3631. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.8.3627. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. elBaradi T. T., van der Sande C. A., Mager W. H., Raué H. A., Planta R. J. The cellular level of yeast ribosomal protein L25 is controlled principally by rapid degradation of excess protein. Curr Genet. 1986;10(10):733–739. doi: 10.1007/BF00405095. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. von Heijne G. Mitochondrial targeting sequences may form amphiphilic helices. EMBO J. 1986 Jun;5(6):1335–1342. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04364.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES