Abstract
A 55-year-old man with alcoholic liver cirrhosis was admitted to hospital with tarry stools. Videoendoscopy examination on admission revealed blood oozing from the greater curvature of the gastric body (ectopic varices). Endoscopic ultrasonography and computed tomography were used in making the diagnosis. Endoscopic band ligation (EBL) was performed for the bleeding site of these varices. The patient experienced no further episodes of bleeding during the 6 months following treatment with EBL. EBL was very effective in treating the bleeding from gastric body varices.
Keywords: ectopic varices, endoscopic band ligation, gastric body varices, portal hypertension
Introduction
Gastric variceal bleeding is a common condition, and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates than hemorrhage from esophageal varices.1 Hemodynamic studies on gastric varices have been performed worldwide. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is considered very useful in the evaluation of gastric varices,2–4 whereas magnetic resonance and computed tomography (CT) allow assessment of the entire portal venous system.5,6
Here, we report on a rare case of variceal bleeding on the greater curvature of the gastric body (ectopic varices) in a liver cirrhotic patient.
Case report
A 55-year-old man with alcoholic liver cirrhosis was admitted to hospital with tarry stools. He had been diagnosed with liver cirrhosis at 36 years of age based on laboratory data and imaging studies and received endoscopic injection sclerotherapy to treat esophageal varices at 54 years of age. The patient had had several incidences of encephalopathy. On admission, he had anemic conjunctivae and scleral icterus. There were no abdominal masses. Laboratory findings were within normal ranges except for the red blood cell count, which was 302 × 104/μL3 (normal: 353–466 × 104/μL3), hemoglobin 8.8 g/dL (10.6–14.4 g/dL), platelet count 4.2 × 104/μL3 (13.8–30.9 × 104/μL3), total bilirubin 3.5 mg/mL (0.2–1.2 mg/mL), and serum albumin 3.6 g/mL (4.0–5.2 g/mL). The prothrombin time was 54% (90%–140%). Videoendoscopic examination on admission revealed blood oozing from the greater curvature of the gastric body (Figure 1A). However, endoscopic finding is not sufficient to distinguish between gastric varices or the gastric fold. Esophageal varices were eradicated.
Figure 1.
(A) Fibergastroscopic images revealing blood oozing from the curvatura ventriculi major of the gastric body (arrow). (B) Endoscopic ultrasonography revealing the vessels in the mucosal and submucosal regions of the stomach (arrows). (C) Collateral veins (arrow) around the curvatura ventriculi major of the gastric body (arrowhead) were visualized by computed tomography.
EUS revealed the vessels in the mucosal and submucosal regions of the stomach (Figure 1B), and collateral veins around the greater curvature of the gastric body and splenomegaly were visualized by CT (Figure 1C). On CT, neither portal vein thrombosis nor splenic vein thrombosis was evident.
The diagnosis was gastric body variceal bleeding (ectopic varices) with EUS and CT findings. Endoscopic band ligation (EBL) was performed for the bleeding site of these varices (Figure 2A), and the site was effectively treated using only one rubber band. One week after EBL, endoscopy revealed an ulcer in the stomach (Figure 2B). The patient experienced no further episodes of bleeding during the 6 months following treatment with EBL.
Figure 2.
(A) Endoscopic band ligation performed for the bleeding site of these varices. (B) One week after endoscopic band ligation, an ulcer in the stomach revealed by endoscopy.
Discussion
Endoscopy, a useful modality for diagnosing and observing gastric varices of a certain size and extent, has a very sensitive predictive value for variceal hemorrhage.7 In this case, videoendoscopic examination revealed blood oozing from the greater curvature of the gastric body. Esophagogastric varices are considered the most common complication in patients with portal hypertension, while ectopic varices (ie, those outside the esophagogastric region) are less common. Bleeding from ectopic varices, which is rare in patients with portal hypertension, is generally massive and life threatening.8,9 However, there are few reports on the clinicopathological features of ectopic varices. Ordinary gastric varices can be classified as either fundal, or cardiac and fundal (located between the cardiac orifice and the fundus).10 Therefore, this case may be defined as ectopic varices.
Splenic vein occlusion (characterized by gastric varices and splenomegaly with normal liver function) can result in sinistral portal hypertension11–13 that develops secondary to various diseases. Occlusion of the splenic vein results in venous flow draining into collateral veins, including the short gastric vein and left gastroepiploic veins. Increased blood flow in these vessels dilates submucosal veins of the stomach, causing gastric varices that often do not demonstrate clinical symptoms, but can result in hypersplenism or gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gastric varices due to splenic vein occlusion show a round fundal region at the center, with varices that expanded to the greater curvature of the gastric body.12–14 However, neither portal vein thrombosis nor splenic vein thrombosis was evident on CT in this patient. We suspect that severe portal hypertension had induced variceal bleeding of the gastric body in this case.
In patients with poor condition, interventional radiologic treatment – such as insertion of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for ectopic varices – has been performed as a nonoperative treatment option.9 Although TIPS is a relatively safe and effective means of decompressing the portal pressure, we did not adopt TIPS because of severe liver atrophy and encephalopathy.
EBL is widely applied as an effective and standard treatment for esophageal varices because of obliteration of the submucosal varices.15 Further, EBL has been performed as an effective procedure for other gastrointestinal diseases.16,17 In contrast, endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) is now a standard procedure for the treatment of esophageal varices.18 However, it is necessary to evaluate the hemodynamics of the gastric varices before EIS to avoid severe complications such as pulmonary embolism. EBL is reportedly both easier to perform and safer than EIS. In this emergency case, EBL was chosen as a nonoperative and effective treatment.
Conclusion
EBL was very useful for variceal bleeding of the gastric body in this liver cirrhotic patient. However, 6 months follow-up was not long enough and this point may be a limitation of this report.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors declare no conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, in this work.
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