Abstract
Background
Tazarotene foam is the first topical retinoid foam approved for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
Objective
To review the safety and efficacy studies of tazarotene foam in the treatment of moderate to severe acne.
Methods
Five Phase I safety studies in normal controls are reviewed and two Phase III safety and efficacy studies in patients with moderate to severe acne are reviewed.
Conclusion
Tazarotene foam, 0.1% was effective in the treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris with an acceptable tolerability profile. This treatment provides a cosmetically favorable alternative for topical retinoid therapy.
Keywords: tazarotene, acne, foam, topical retinoid
Tazarotene foam, 0.1% was US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved in 2012 for the treatment of acne vulgaris in patients 12 years old and over. It is the first retinoid in a foam preparation. Tazarotene was first approved in the gel formulation in 1997 and subsequently approved in the cream formulation in 2001. The new foam vehicle is emulsion-based, ethanol-free, and moisturizing. The formulation of the foam vehicle consists of butylated hydroxytoluene, 201 ceteareth-12, citric acid anhydrous, diisopropyl adipate, light mineral oil, potassium citrate 202 monohydrate, potassium sorbate, purified water, and sorbic acid.1 It provides a cosmetically elegant delivery system that is easy to apply to large areas. Improved aesthetic properties may lead to enhanced patient compliance.
Topical retinoids are the cornerstone of topical acne therapy. They have several mechanisms of action. They reduce proliferation and cohesion of keratinocytes. They are important in the treatment and prevention of comedonal acne lesions.2–4 Retinoids have been shown to modulate specific pathways of inflammation as well. They inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators and chemotactic agents produced by Propionibacterium acnes and immune cells.5,6 Retinoids inhibit Toll-like receptor-2, part of the innate immune response that triggers inflammation in acne. This results in a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines. Suppression of activator protein 1 (AP-1) allows for reversal of altered collagen expression and deposition of physiologic collagen and dermal matrix remodeling.
Tazarotene is a prodrug that rapidly hydrolyzes to the active metabolite, tazarotenic acid. Tazarotenic acid is highly bound to proteins. Little tazarotene is detected in the plasma. Tazarotene and tazarotenic acid are eliminated through urinary and fecal pathways.7
Four Phase I dermal safety studies were performed in healthy volunteers.8,9 The potential for cumulative irritation and contact sensitization potential was evaluated in patch test studies conducted over 21 consecutive days. Irritation scores were statistically higher for tazarotene foam 0.1% as compared with vehicle foam. Some patients underwent rechallenge to evaluate contact sensitization and none displayed conclusive contact sensitization.8 Phototoxic and photoallergic potential was also evaluated. Tazarotene foam 0.1% is not a major photoirritant and has a low potential for phototoxic or photoallergic reactions.9
A fifth, and final, Phase I study10 was conducted under exaggerated-use conditions in patients with moderate to severe acne to compare the plasma exposure and relative bioavailability of tazarotene foam and tazarotene gel as measured by circulating plasma concentrations of tazarotenic acid. The mean tazarotenic acid area under the curve and maximum concentration values were 1.8 and 2.2-fold higher, respectively, for the gel formulation as compared to the foam formulation. Therefore, tazarotene foam offers less systemic exposure than the gel formulation.10
Two Phase III clinical trials were conducted. Patients were between 12 and 45 years of age and had moderate to severe acne.1,11 There were two treatment arms with patients randomized 1:1 to active drug versus vehicle treating once daily for 12 weeks. At baseline, 80% of patients were rated as moderate and 20% as severe. Subjects had an average of 79.8 total lesions with a mean number of inflammatory lesions of 31.9 and a mean number of noninflammatory lesions of 47.8. The objective of these Phase III trials was to demonstrate superiority over vehicle foam in two out of three lesion counts by week 12 as well as an Investigator’s Static Global Assessment (ISGA) of clear or almost clear. Subjects needed to have a two grade improvement in their ISGA. Given that there were no patients with mild acne entered into the study, all patients had at least a two grade improvement to reach a grade of “clear” or “almost clear” on a six point evaluation system of clear, almost clear, mild, moderate, severe, or very severe.1 Results from both clinical trials are shown in Table 1. In the clinical trials, all assessments were statistically greater for the tazarotene foam 0.1% as compared to the vehicle foam. Statistically, more patients on tazarotene foam as compared with vehicle were classified as ISGA of clear or almost clear with at least a two grade improvement by week 4 for one of the Phase III trials (8.8% versus 4.3%) and by week 8 for the second trial (17.3% versus 11.8%).11
Table 1.
Reductions in lesion counts and improvement in Investigator’s Global Assessment at week 121
| Primary efficacy variables | Study 1
|
Study 2
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tazarotene foam N = 371 | Vehicle foam N = 372 | Tazarotene foam N = 373 | Vehicle foam N = 369 | |
| Inflammatory lesions | ||||
| Mean absolute reduction from Baseline | 18.0 | 14.0 | 18.0 | 15.0 |
| Mean percent reduction from Baseline | 58% | 45% | 55% | 45% |
| Non-inflammatory lesions | ||||
| Mean absolute reduction from Baseline | 28.0 | 17.0 | 26.0 | 18.0 |
| Mean percent reduction from Baseline | 55% | 33% | 57% | 41% |
| Total lesions | ||||
| Mean absolute reduction from Baseline | 46.0 | 31.0 | 43.0 | 33.0 |
| Mean percent reduction from Baseline | 56% | 39% | 56% | 43% |
| Investigator’s Global Assessment, n (%) | ||||
| Minimum 2-grade improvement and IGA of 0 or 1 | 107 (29%) | 60 (16%) | 103 (28%) | 49 (13%) |
Abbreviation: IGA, Investigator’s Global Assessment.
Safety data is presented in Table 2. Most adverse reactions were mild to moderate in severity. Severe adverse reactions occurred in 3.0% of subjects. 2.6% of patients discontinued the studies due to local skin reactions.1
Table 2.
Incidence of adverse reactions at the application site in ≥1% of patients treated with tazarotene foam 0.1%1
| Adverse reactions at the application site | Tazarotene foam N = 744 | Vehicle foam N = 741 |
|---|---|---|
| Patients with any adverse reaction, n (%) | 163 (22) | 19 (3) |
| Irritation | 107 (14) | 9 (1) |
| Dryness | 50 (7) | 8 (1) |
| Erythema | 48 (6) | 3 (<1) |
| Exfoliation | 44 (6) | 3 (<1) |
| Pain | 9 (1) | 0 |
| Photosensitivity (including sunburn) | 8 (1) | 3 (<1) |
| Pruritus | 7 (1) | 3 (<1) |
| Dermatitis | 6 (1) | 1 (<1) |
A sub-analysis of the safety and efficacy data in these Phase III trials was also done by race. Overall, 77% of subjects were white, 15% were black, and 8% were other races (eg, Asian or American Indian). There were similar proportions of males (49%) and females (51%). Results showed that the tazarotene foam 0.1% was effective in each racial subgroup. Local irritation peaked at weeks 2 and 4, and then gradually declined. The incidence of tazarotene-related adverse events was similar across races: black (24%), white (21%), and other (23%).12
Like the other topical tazarotene formulations, tazarotene foam 0.1% is pregnancy category X. Tazarotene is a teratogenic substance and it is not known what level of exposure is required for teratogenicity in humans.13 There were five pregnancies in women who participated in the tazarotene foam studies. Only one subject was exposed to the active drug and her exposure was for 25 days. She delivered a healthy baby. In clinical trials with the other topical tazarotene formulations, nine pregnant women were exposed to the active drug. One woman elected to terminate her pregnancy and the other eight women delivered healthy babies.7,13
According to the package insert, topical tazarotene should be avoided in women of child-bearing potential who are contemplating pregnancy or who are unwilling to take adequate precautions to avoid pregnancy. It is recommended that a negative serum or urine pregnancy test be obtained prior to beginning therapy.1
Topical tazarotene foam provides an efficacious topical retinoid for the treatment of acne in a unique, cosmetically elegant vehicle. The irritation profile is acceptable and the potential for improved patient compliance exists.
Footnotes
Disclosure
Dr Stein Gold has been a consultant, investigator and/or speaker for Stiefel, Galderma, Allergan, Valeant Pharmaceuticals, Ferndale, Merz, Taro, Ranbaxy. The other author reports no conflicts of interest in this work.
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