The long and short of PKC modulation of the L-type calcium channel

L-type calcium channel (LTCC) function is critical for electrical and cellular signaling in a diverse range of cell types. In cardiac muscle LTCC function (I_Ca,L) provides trigger Ca²⁺ for Ca²⁺-induced Ca release, and I_Ca,L kinetics is a critical determinant of action potential duration.¹ LTCC blockade is an effective antihypertensive regimen, likely owing to contributions of I_Ca,L in vascular smooth muscle for maintenance of vasotone. Cardiac and vascular smooth muscle finely grade function. In part, precise regulation of I_Ca,L contributes to such graded contraction.

The Ca_V1.2 pore-forming Ca²⁺-channel protein is encoded by up to ~50 exons, though there is substantial heterogeneity of Ca_V1.2 exon usage. Three key determinants of I_Ca,L modulation have been associated with: the cytosolic localized N-terminus, connecting linker between homologous repeats I and II (L_I-II), and the C-terminus. For example, L_I-II splice variants prominent in vascular smooth muscle confer higher diltiazem sensitivity.² Angiotensin II (AngII) is an important regulator of vasotone and contributes to cardiomyocyte signaling. In the heart AngII elicits a biphasic response.³ AngII receptor activation via Gq-containing trimeric G-proteins elicits a variety of effects including activation of PKC and I_Ca,L modulation. However, the consequence of Gq-signaling of I_Ca,L is controversial. Discrepant literature can arise from studies of diverse Ca_V1.2 splice variants, and from intricacies of Gq signaling, including, but not limited to differential effects of PKC and Gβγ subunits following receptor activation. In a recent report in Channels the Dascal laboratory sheds new light on the complex regulation of I_Ca,L by Gq-signaling pathways.⁴ Their new study⁴ uses Xenopus oocytes as a ‘null’ background to heterologously express Ca_V1.2 containing four prevalent combinations of exons expressed in human vasculature or heart. Activated-receptors elicited a biphasic response with an early increase followed by decline of I_Ca,L about 10 min after the stimulus. Addition of Gβγ scavenger or Gβγ alone reveals a relatively slowly accumulating inhibition of I_Ca,L by Gβγ. The cardiac expressed long N-terminal Ca_V1.2 recapitulates native biphasic response to Gq-receptor activation. The early increase requires the relatively long cardiac-expressed N-terminus and is mediated by PKC in opposition to the Gβγ diminution of I_Ca,L. From here the story gets more complicated. The C-terminus contains a PKC substrate site at Ser1928, and the new study shows a requirement for S1928 to mediate the PKC enhancement of increase of I_Ca,L (independently of the Gβγ decrease); however, the N-terminus binds to PKC and Gβγ suggesting N- and C-terminal communication reminiscent, for example of CaM signaling.⁵ In a nutshell this new study separates Gq-PLC vs. Gβγ modulation of Ca_V1.2 in an exon-specific fashion (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Exon usage influences PKC-mediated C-terminal phosphorylation (note that phosphorylation was not assayed in this study, but was inferred from a Ser to Ala mutation analysis); in turn, C-terminal phosphorylation increases current in long N-terminal splice variants. Four combinations shown: long vs. short N-terminus or L_I-II. PKC and Gβγ bind to all N-terminal variants, and oppose PKC effects albeit more efficaciously in short N-terminal variants. Long L_I-II partially compensates for short N-terminal.

There are a few caveats also worth noting. First, recapitulation of native I_Ca,L modulation is notoriously difficult to achieve. As the authors note, some of these limitations are uniquely overcome in the X. oocytes (as opposed to mammalian cells, such as HEK 293 cells). The LTCC is a complex of multiple proteins in mammalian cells. The finding that specific N- and C-termini must communicate to capture native modulation suggests a complicated folding pattern that might encompass interactions with other proteins such as CaM, CaMKII, Ca_Vβ subunits, and RGK proteins. A second issue is that Ba²⁺, not Ca²⁺ is used as the charge carrier. In x. oocytes Ca²⁺ induces a large contaminating Cl^- current. Aside from the well-established Ca²⁺-CaM influence on LTCC kinetics, a recent study showed that the dogmatic auto-inhibition by the distal C-terminus is relieved when Ca²⁺ is the charge carrier,⁶ and the accessory protein Rem interacts with Ca_V1.2 C-terminus in a Ca²⁺-CaM dependent fashion.⁷ Therefore, caution must be used interpreting the data. This new study is an interesting step forward, but follow-up studies in native systems are of critical importance to verify the complex interplay of channel exon usage and Gβγ and PKC modulation of L-type Ca²⁺ channel function.

Weiss S, Keren-Raifman T, Oz S, Ben Mocha A, Haase H, Dascal N. Modulation of distinct isoforms of L-type calcium channels by G(q)-coupled receptors in Xenopus oocytes: antagonistic effects of Gβγ and protein kinase C. Channels (Austin) 2012;6:426–37. doi: 10.4161/chan.22016.