Abstract
Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (EPF) is a chronic intractable pruritic dermatosis. Although indomethacin is generally effective against EPF and considered as a first-line therapy, quite a few patients with indomethacin still suffer from the symptoms. Among other therapeutic options, some antibiotics have been reported to be effective; however, there has been no epidemiological description regarding oral antibiotics use in patients with EPF. In this study, we investigated the frequency of antibiotics use and the effectiveness in patients with EPF.
Key Words: Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, Therapeutic options, Antibiotics, Tetracyclines, Macrolides
Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (EPF) is a chronic intractable pruritic dermatosis that is characterized by massive eosinophilic infiltrates involving the pilosebaceous units. The diagnosis is made in patients showing repeated pruritic follicular papules and sterile pustules arranged in arcuate plaques with central healing and peripheral spread with the histopathological finding of folliculotropic infiltration of eosinophils. The cause of EPF has not been elucidated, but it has been suggested that it may be caused by hypersensitivity reactions to various infections, medications and autoimmune disorders that are facilitated by sebaceous gland lipid-derived eosinophilic chemotactic and activation factors [1]. Indomethacin is generally effective against EPF, and cyclooxygenase metabolites are assumed to be involved in the pathomechanism of EPF [2]. In particular, we have previously reported that prostaglandin D2 directly attracts inflammatory cells such as T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and also induces a marked upregulation of eotaxin-3 in sebocytes, which may explain the massive eosinophil infiltration around pilosebaceous units [3]. Other therapeutic options, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug derivatives, oral and topical corticosteroids, dapsone, cyclosporine, ultraviolet phototherapy, retinoid, antihistamines, antifungals, scabicides and some oral antibiotics, have also been used to treat patients with EPF [1, 2, 4, 5]. Several case reports have revealed that among oral antibiotics, tetracyclines such as minocycline and doxycycline and macrolides such as roxithromycin were effective against EPF [4, 6]. However, there has been no epidemiological description regarding the use of oral antibiotics in patients with EPF. Therefore, we investigated the frequency of antibiotic use and its effectiveness in patients with EPF. In the present study, we collected detailed information about current antibiotic use and asked attending doctors about their perceived effectiveness in each patient. The antibiotics were assessed using a 3-point ordinal scale as follows: not effective/unknown, moderately effective and highly effective.
The study was based on case report forms of 143 outpatients with EPF who visited dermatology clinics in 67 hospitals across Japan between 2010 and 2011. Participation was limited to patients with the diagnosis of EPF made by dermatologists in each facility with the help of the following criteria: having lesions characterized by erythematous plaques with itchy follicular papulopustules, histopathologically manifested by folliculocentric infiltrations of eosinophils. Of those patients, 34 (23.8%) were treated with oral antibiotics, either minocycline (MINO; n = 19), doxycycline (DOXY; n = 3), tetracycline (TC; n = 1), roxithromycin (RXM; n = 10) or cefcapene pivoxil hydrochloride hydrate (CFPN-PI; n = 1). The baseline characteristics of the patients are shown in table 1. It is notable that antibiotics were moderately or highly effective in 79.41% of the patients (table 2). RXM was evaluated as moderately or highly effective in 90% of the patients who were prescribed the drug. In contrast, the present results revealed that MINO was moderately or highly effective in 73.6% of the patients. Regarding other tetracyclines, DOXY and TC were reported to be moderately effective in all the patients who were prescribed these drugs.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the subjects
| EPF with oral antibiotics (n = 34) | |
|---|---|
| Age, years | 44.1±16.4 |
| Disease duration, years | 02.1±3.1 |
| Treatment duration, months | 19.4±49.1 |
| Male | 58.8 |
| Oral indomethacin use | 58.8 |
| Oral corticosteroid use | 0 |
| Oral cyclosporine use | 0 |
| Topical indomethacin use | 23.5 |
| Topical corticosteroid use | 58.8 |
| Topical tacrolimus use | 20.6 |
| Topical antifungal agent use | 2.9 |
| Topical antibiotic use | 11.8 |
| HIV infection | 11.8 |
Values represent mean ± standard deviation or percentage.
Table 2.
Effectiveness of antibiotics
| Not effective/unknown | Moderately effective | Highly effective | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MINO, % | 26.32 (5/19) | 57.89 (11/19) | 15.79 (3/19) |
| DOXY, % | 0 (0/3) | 100 (3/3) | 0 (0/3) |
| RXM, % | 10 (1/10) | 80 (8/10) | 10 (1/10) |
| TC, % | 0 (0/1) | 100 (1/1) | 0 (0/1) |
| CFPN-PI, % | 0.100 (1/1) | 0 (0/1) | 0 (0/1) |
| Total, % | 20.59 (7) | 67.65 (23) | 11.76 (4) |
Figures in parentheses are absolute numbers.
It is assumed that the effectiveness of tetracyclines against EPF is due to their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties [4]. These drugs modify the fatty acid balance by increasing the concentration of esterified fatty acids and decreasing the concentration of free fatty acids, which are considered to be the obligatory substratum for the production of inflammatory mediators and exert chemotactic effects on eosinophils [4]. In addition, tetracyclines markedly depress the migration of human leukocytes in vitro and accelerate neutrophil apoptosis, limiting the ability of neutrophils to damage the surrounding tissues in patients with EPF [4].
The results suggest that RXM is also effective against EPF and that it might be worthwhile to use RXM in patients with EPF who are nonresponsive to indomethacin or MINO. RXM suppresses the production of Th2 chemokines [7]. The evidence accumulated to date indicates that Th2-mediated immunologic mechanisms are involved in EPF pathogenesis [8], which may explain the reason why RXM is also effective against EPF. Because both tetracyclines and macrolides are considered to be largely effective due to their anti-inflammatory properties as mentioned previously, they might be effective against EPF even at concentrations less than their minimal inhibitory concentrations.
The present study has several limitations. Although participation was limited to patients who had visited hospitals in recent years, the results might include incorrect patient information. Because the therapeutic response was assessed only by each attending doctor, it was often associated with a measurement bias. Therefore, we asked doctors in each facility to evaluate the therapeutic response once they had reviewed the medical records.
Although indomethacin is the primary treatment for EPF, further investigation is necessary to identify other options. In case indomethacin is ineffective, we believe that antibiotics, particularly tetracyclines and macrolides, might be effective in EPF treatment.
Disclosure Statement
The authors have no financial interests to declare.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported in part by a grant-in-aid from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan.
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