Skip to main content
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1986 Dec;6(12):4344–4352. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.12.4344

Immortalization of rat embryo fibroblasts by mutant polyomavirus large T antigens deficient in DNA binding.

A Cowie, J de Villiers, R Kamen
PMCID: PMC367216  PMID: 3025653

Abstract

We have identified a putative DNA-binding domain in polyomavirus large T antigen. Mutations introduced into the gene between amino acids 290 and 310 resulted in proteins that no longer bound to the high-affinity binding sites on the polyomavirus genome, showed no detectable nonspecific DNA binding, and were not able to initiate DNA replication from the viral origin. These mutant T antigen genes were introduced into rat embryo fibroblasts together with the neomycin resistance gene to allow selection for growth in the presence of G418. All the mutations tested facilitated the establishment of these cells in long-term culture at an efficiency indistinguishable from that of the wild-type protein.

Full text

PDF
4344

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Asselin C., Bastin M. Sequences from polyomavirus and simian virus 40 large T genes capable of immortalizing primary rat embryo fibroblasts. J Virol. 1985 Dec;56(3):958–968. doi: 10.1128/jvi.56.3.958-968.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Chen E. Y., Seeburg P. H. Supercoil sequencing: a fast and simple method for sequencing plasmid DNA. DNA. 1985 Apr;4(2):165–170. doi: 10.1089/dna.1985.4.165. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Cogen B. Virus-specific early RNA in 3T6 cells infected by a tsA mutant of polyoma virus. Virology. 1978 Mar;85(1):222–230. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90426-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Connan G., Rassoulzadegan M., Cuzin F. Focus formation in rat fibroblasts exposed to a tumour promoter after transfer of polyoma plt and myc oncogenes. Nature. 1985 Mar 21;314(6008):277–279. doi: 10.1038/314277a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Cowie A., Kamen R. Guanine nucleotide contacts within viral DNA sequences bound by polyomavirus large T antigen. J Virol. 1986 Feb;57(2):505–514. doi: 10.1128/jvi.57.2.505-514.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Cowie A., Kamen R. Multiple binding sites for polyomavirus large T antigen within regulatory sequences of polyomavirus DNA. J Virol. 1984 Dec;52(3):750–760. doi: 10.1128/jvi.52.3.750-760.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. DeLucia A. L., Lewton B. A., Tjian R., Tegtmeyer P. Topography of simian virus 40 A protein-DNA complexes: arrangement of pentanucleotide interaction sites at the origin of replication. J Virol. 1983 Apr;46(1):143–150. doi: 10.1128/jvi.46.1.143-150.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dilworth S. M., Cowie A., Kamen R. I., Griffin B. E. DNA binding activity of polyoma virus large tumor antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):1941–1945. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.1941. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Donner P., Greiser-Wilke I., Moelling K. Nuclear localization and DNA binding of the transforming gene product of avian myelocytomatosis virus. Nature. 1982 Mar 18;296(5854):262–269. doi: 10.1038/296262a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Eliyahu D., Raz A., Gruss P., Givol D., Oren M. Participation of p53 cellular tumour antigen in transformation of normal embryonic cells. Nature. 1984 Dec 13;312(5995):646–649. doi: 10.1038/312646a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Francke B., Eckhart W. Polyoma gene function required for viral DNA synthesis. Virology. 1973 Sep;55(1):127–135. doi: 10.1016/s0042-6822(73)81014-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Gaudray P., Tyndall C., Kamen R., Cuzin F. The high affinity binding site on polyoma virus DNA for the viral large-T protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Nov 11;9(21):5697–5710. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.21.5697. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gluzman Y. SV40-transformed simian cells support the replication of early SV40 mutants. Cell. 1981 Jan;23(1):175–182. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90282-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Hirt B. Selective extraction of polyoma DNA from infected mouse cell cultures. J Mol Biol. 1967 Jun 14;26(2):365–369. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(67)90307-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Houweling A., van den Elsen P. J., van der Eb A. J. Partial transformation of primary rat cells by the leftmost 4.5% fragment of adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology. 1980 Sep;105(2):537–550. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90054-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Jacobs K., Shoemaker C., Rudersdorf R., Neill S. D., Kaufman R. J., Mufson A., Seehra J., Jones S. S., Hewick R., Fritsch E. F. Isolation and characterization of genomic and cDNA clones of human erythropoietin. 1985 Feb 28-Mar 6Nature. 313(6005):806–810. doi: 10.1038/313806a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Jenkins J. R., Rudge K., Chumakov P., Currie G. A. The cellular oncogene p53 can be activated by mutagenesis. 1985 Oct 31-Nov 6Nature. 317(6040):816–818. doi: 10.1038/317816a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Jenkins J. R., Rudge K., Currie G. A. Cellular immortalization by a cDNA clone encoding the transformation-associated phosphoprotein p53. Nature. 1984 Dec 13;312(5995):651–654. doi: 10.1038/312651a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Jones K. A., Tjian R. Essential contact residues within SV40 large T antigen binding sites I and II identified by alkylation-interference. Cell. 1984 Jan;36(1):155–162. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90084-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kalderon D., Roberts B. L., Richardson W. D., Smith A. E. A short amino acid sequence able to specify nuclear location. Cell. 1984 Dec;39(3 Pt 2):499–509. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90457-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Keller J. M., Alwine J. C. Analysis of an activatable promoter: sequences in the simian virus 40 late promoter required for T-antigen-mediated trans activation. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Aug;5(8):1859–1869. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.8.1859. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Kingston R. E., Baldwin A. S., Sharp P. A. Transcription control by oncogenes. Cell. 1985 May;41(1):3–5. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90049-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Kingston R. E., Cowie A., Morimoto R. I., Gwinn K. A. Binding of polyomavirus large T antigen to the human hsp70 promoter is not required for trans activation. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Sep;6(9):3180–3190. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.9.3180. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Kriegler M., Perez C. F., Hardy C., Botchan M. Transformation mediated by the SV40 T antigens: separation of the overlapping SV40 early genes with a retroviral vector. Cell. 1984 Sep;38(2):483–491. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90503-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680–685. doi: 10.1038/227680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Land H., Parada L. F., Weinberg R. A. Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. Nature. 1983 Aug 18;304(5927):596–602. doi: 10.1038/304596a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Lanford R. E., Butel J. S. Construction and characterization of an SV40 mutant defective in nuclear transport of T antigen. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):801–813. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90415-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Lanford R. E., Wong C., Butel J. S. Differential ability of a T-antigen transport-defective mutant of simian virus 40 to transform primary and established rodent cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 May;5(5):1043–1050. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.5.1043. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Luthman H., Magnusson G. High efficiency polyoma DNA transfection of chloroquine treated cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Mar 11;11(5):1295–1308. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.5.1295. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Luthman H., Nilsson M. G., Magnusson G. Non-contiguous segments of the polyoma genome required in cis for DNA replication. J Mol Biol. 1982 Nov 15;161(4):533–550. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90406-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Margolskee R. F., Nathans D. Simian virus 40 mutant T antigens with relaxed specificity for the nucleotide sequence at the viral DNA origin of replication. J Virol. 1984 Feb;49(2):386–393. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.2.386-393.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Mougneau E., Lemieux L., Rassoulzadegan M., Cuzin F. Biological activities of v-myc and rearranged c-myc oncogenes in rat fibroblast cells in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Sep;81(18):5758–5762. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.18.5758. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Muller W. J., Mueller C. R., Mes A. M., Hassell J. A. Polyomavirus origin for DNA replication comprises multiple genetic elements. J Virol. 1983 Sep;47(3):586–599. doi: 10.1128/jvi.47.3.586-599.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Parada L. F., Land H., Weinberg R. A., Wolf D., Rotter V. Cooperation between gene encoding p53 tumour antigen and ras in cellular transformation. Nature. 1984 Dec 13;312(5995):649–651. doi: 10.1038/312649a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Persson H., Leder P. Nuclear localization and DNA binding properties of a protein expressed by human c-myc oncogene. Science. 1984 Aug 17;225(4663):718–721. doi: 10.1126/science.6463648. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Petit C. A., Gardes M., Feunteun J. Immortalization of rodent embryo fibroblasts by SV40 is maintained by the A gene. Virology. 1983 May;127(1):74–82. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90372-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Pomerantz B. J., Hassell J. A. Polyomavirus and simian virus 40 large T antigens bind to common DNA sequences. J Virol. 1984 Mar;49(3):925–937. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.3.925-937.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Pomerantz B. J., Mueller C. R., Hassell J. A. Polyomavirus large T antigen binds independently to multiple, unique regions on the viral genome. J Virol. 1983 Sep;47(3):600–610. doi: 10.1128/jvi.47.3.600-610.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Prives C., Barnet B., Scheller A., Khoury G., Jay G. Discrete regions of simian virus 40 large T antigen are required for nonspecific and viral origin-specific DNA binding. J Virol. 1982 Jul;43(1):73–82. doi: 10.1128/jvi.43.1.73-82.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Prives C., Covey L., Scheller A., Gluzman Y. DNA-binding properties of simian virus 40 T-antigen mutants defective in viral DNA replication. Mol Cell Biol. 1983 Nov;3(11):1958–1966. doi: 10.1128/mcb.3.11.1958. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Rassoulzadegan M., Cowie A., Carr A., Glaichenhaus N., Kamen R., Cuzin F. The roles of individual polyoma virus early proteins in oncogenic transformation. Nature. 1982 Dec 23;300(5894):713–718. doi: 10.1038/300713a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Rassoulzadegan M., Naghashfar Z., Cowie A., Carr A., Grisoni M., Kamen R., Cuzin F. Expression of the large T protein of polyoma virus promotes the establishment in culture of "normal" rodent fibroblast cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jul;80(14):4354–4358. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.14.4354. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Ruley H. E. Adenovirus early region 1A enables viral and cellular transforming genes to transform primary cells in culture. Nature. 1983 Aug 18;304(5927):602–606. doi: 10.1038/304602a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Scheller A., Prives C. Simian virus 40 and polyomavirus large tumor antigens have different requirements for high-affinity sequence-specific DNA binding. J Virol. 1985 May;54(2):532–545. doi: 10.1128/jvi.54.2.532-545.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Sompayrac L., Danna K. J. The simian virus 40 sequences between 0.169 and 0.423 map units are not essential to immortalize early-passage rat embryo cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 May;5(5):1191–1194. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.5.1191. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Southern P. J., Berg P. Transformation of mammalian cells to antibiotic resistance with a bacterial gene under control of the SV40 early region promoter. J Mol Appl Genet. 1982;1(4):327–341. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Spandidos D. A., Wilkie N. M. Malignant transformation of early passage rodent cells by a single mutated human oncogene. Nature. 1984 Aug 9;310(5977):469–475. doi: 10.1038/310469a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Tegtmeyer P., Andersen B., Shaw S. B., Wilson V. G. Alternative interactions of the SV40 A protein with DNA. Virology. 1981 Nov;115(1):75–87. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90090-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Tevethia M. J. Immortalization of primary mouse embryo fibroblasts with SV40 virions, viral DNA, and a subgenomic DNA fragment in a quantitative assay. Virology. 1984 Sep;137(2):414–421. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90234-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Tjian R. The binding site on SV40 DNA for a T antigen-related protein. Cell. 1978 Jan;13(1):165–179. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90147-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Treisman R., Novak U., Favaloro J., Kamen R. Transformation of rat cells by an altered polyoma virus genome expressing only the middle-T protein. Nature. 1981 Aug 13;292(5824):595–600. doi: 10.1038/292595a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Tyndall C., La Mantia G., Thacker C. M., Favaloro J., Kamen R. A region of the polyoma virus genome between the replication origin and late protein coding sequences is required in cis for both early gene expression and viral DNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Dec 11;9(23):6231–6250. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.23.6231. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Veldman G. M., Lupton S., Kamen R. Polyomavirus enhancer contains multiple redundant sequence elements that activate both DNA replication and gene expression. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Apr;5(4):649–658. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.4.649. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Wong G. G., Witek J. S., Temple P. A., Wilkens K. M., Leary A. C., Luxenberg D. P., Jones S. S., Brown E. L., Kay R. M., Orr E. C. Human GM-CSF: molecular cloning of the complementary DNA and purification of the natural and recombinant proteins. Science. 1985 May 17;228(4701):810–815. doi: 10.1126/science.3923623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Zhu Z. Y., Veldman G. M., Cowie A., Carr A., Schaffhausen B., Kamen R. Construction and functional characterization of polyomavirus genomes that separately encode the three early proteins. J Virol. 1984 Jul;51(1):170–180. doi: 10.1128/jvi.51.1.170-180.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES