Table 1.
Psychosocial factors in Caucasians and Hispanics by ethnicity. Data are given as n (%) or median (interquartile range)
| Puerto Ricans (PR) (n = 56) | Dominicans (D) (n = 42) | Central Americans (CA) (n = 29) | Cubans (Cu) (n = 44) | South Americans (SA) (n = 106) | NHC (n = 142) |
p Values
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHC vs. Hispanic | Hispanic comparisons | Post-hoc comparisons | |||||||
| Mean age (SD) (years) | 46.4 (3.1) | 45.4 (2.6) | 47.4 (2.9) | 46.7 (3.0) | 46.3 (2.5) | 46.2 (2.8) | 0.71 | 0.05 | NA |
| Education ≥high school | 32 (61.5) | 17 (43.6) | 11 (42.3) | 29 (67.4) | 54 (53.5) | 125 (95.4) | <0.001 | 0.12 | NA |
| Current smokers | 15 (26.8) | 5 (12.8) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (25.0) | 15 (14.4) | 32 (22.7) | 0.15 | 0.01 | PR vs. CA |
| Acculturation | |||||||||
| low | 28 (50.0) | 34 (81.0) | 27 (93.1) | 29 (65.9) | 79 (76.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | <0.0001 | PR vs. Cu |
| PR vs. SA | |||||||||
| mid | 16 (28.6) | 6 (14.3) | 2 (6.9) | 14 (31.8) | 20 (19.2) | 4 (2.9) | |||
| high | 12 (21.4) | 2 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.3) | 5 (4.8) | 136 (97.1) | |||
| Depressed | |||||||||
| yes | 33 (58.9) | 17 (40.5) | 16 (55.2) | 14 (31.8) | 41 (39.4) | 41 (29.3) | <0.01 | 0.04 | NS** |
| no | 23 (41.1) | 25 (59.5) | 13 (44.8) | 30 (68.2) | 63 (60.6) | 99 (70.7) | |||
| Cynicism | 7.0 (3.0–10.0) | 6.0 (3.0–9.0) | 7.0 (3.0–11.0) | 5.0 (2.0–8.0) | 6.0 (3.0–8.0) | 3.0 (2.0–6.0) | <0.001 | 0.61 | NA |
| Mistreatment/discrimination (blatant factor)* | 1.0 (1.3, 1.8) | 1.0 (1.3, 1.8) | 1.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.3) | 1.3 (1.5, 2.0) | <0.001 | 0.07 | NA |
| Mistreatment/discrimination (subtle factor)* | 1.1 (1.8, 2.3) | 1.0 (1.8, 2.2) | 1.0 (1.7, 2.3) | 1.0 (1.3, 1.5) | 1.0 (1.5, 2.0) | 1.8 (2.2, 2.5) | <0.001 | 0.15 | NA |
| Perceived stress | 12.0 (8.0–12.0) | 12.0 (9.0–12.0) | 11.0 (8.0–12.0) | 10.0 (7.0–12.0) | 10.0 (8.0–12.0) | 9.0 (7.0–12.0) | 0.03 | 0.10 | NA |
| Sleep problems | 4.0 (2.0–6.5) | 3.5 (1.0–6.0) | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 2.0 (0.0–4.0) | 3.0 (0.0–6.0) | 4.0 (1.0–6.0) | 0.08 | <0.01 | PR vs. Cu |
| Cu vs. D | |||||||||
| Social support | 12.0 (7.5–15.5) | 11.0 (7.0–16.0) | 11.0 (6.0–15.0) | 14.0 (12.0–16.0) | 11.5 (7.0–14.5) | 13.0 (10.0–15.0) | 0.06 | 0.05 | NA |
| Trait anxiety† | 20.0 (15.5–23.5) | 20.0 (16.0–22.0) | 20.5 (16.5–23.0) | 15.5 (13.0–19.0) | 16.0 (13.0–20.0) | 16.0 (13.0–20.0) | 0.09 | <0.01 | PR vs. SA |
| PR vs. Cu | |||||||||
| Anger expression in† | 14.0 (11.5–16.0) | 13.0 (11.0–16.0) | 14.0 (11.0–16.0) | 14.0 (10.0–16.0) | 14.0 (11.0–15.0) | 12.0 (11.0–14.0) | 0.03 | 0.93 | NA |
| Anger expression out† | 14.5 (11.0–17.0) | 12.0 (9.0–16.0) | 14.5 (11.5–16.5) | 11.0 (10.0–15.0) | 12.0 (10.0–14.0) | 13.0 (11.0–15.0) | 0.08 | 0.09 | NA |
| Physical functioning†,‡ | 77.5 (25.0, 50.0) | 100.0 (50.0, 50.0) | 100.0 (72.0, 100) | 100.0 (50.0, 92.5) | 100.0 (50.0, 90.0) | 95.0 (50.0, 80.0) | 0.18 | 0.01 | NS** |
*
75th and 90th percentiles presented in parentheses;
†
measured at 4th year follow-up, approximately 40% of women have missing values;
‡
10th and 25th percentiles presented in parentheses;
**
NS = all groups comparable in post-hoc testing using adjustment for multiple comparisons; NHC, non-Hispanic Caucasian; NA, not available; SD, standard deviation