ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND
The number of women Veterans (WVs) utilizing the Veterans Health Administration (VA) has doubled over the past decade, heightening the importance of understanding their healthcare delivery preferences and utilization patterns. Other studies have identified healthcare issues and behaviors of WVs in specific military service eras (e.g., Vietnam), but delivery preferences and utilization have not been examined within and across eras on a population basis.
OBJECTIVE
To identify healthcare delivery preferences and healthcare use of WVs by military service era to inform program design and patient-centeredness.
DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS
Cross-sectional 2008–2009 survey of a nationally representative sample of 3,611 WVs, weighted to the population.
MAIN MEASURES
Healthcare delivery preferences measured as importance of selected healthcare features; types of healthcare services and number of visits used; use of VA or non-VA; all by military service era.
KEY RESULTS
Military service era differences were present in types of healthcare used, with World War II and Korea era WVs using more specialty care, and Vietnam era-to-present WVs using more women’s health and mental health care. Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) WVs made more healthcare visits than WVs of earlier military eras. The greatest healthcare delivery concerns were location convenience for Vietnam and earlier WVs, and cost for Gulf War 1 and OEF/OIF/OND WVs. Co-located gynecology with general healthcare was also rated important by a sizable proportion of WVs from all military service eras.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings point to the importance of ensuring access to specialty services closer to home for WVs, which may require technology-supported care. Younger WVs’ higher mental health care use reinforces the need for integration and coordination of primary care, reproductive health and mental health care.
KEY WORDS: women Veterans, VA healthcare, health services need, health services utilization, health care preferences
BACKGROUND
The Veterans Health Administration (VA)—the largest integrated healthcare delivery system in the United States (U.S.)—is a forerunner of the Accountable Care Organization (ACO) model.1,2 ACOs, such as the VA, need to design services that map to the healthcare needs and delivery preferences of the different population groups they serve.3 Among the fastest growing segment of VA users are women Veterans (WVs), who account for more than one-half million enrollees and whose numbers have doubled in the past decade.4 Despite the growth in size of the WV population, women currently comprise less than 10 % of U.S. Veterans, and therefore planning for the needs of this market segment requires separate and/or gender-stratified population-based assessments.5
Much prior research has documented gender differences in Veterans’ characteristics, healthcare needs, healthcare delivery preferences, and receipt of evidence-based care.6–10 However, heterogeneity within the WV population (e.g., by military service era) was not addressed.11 A burgeoning literature on specific Veteran military service era groups (e.g., Vietnam) highlights salient health issues for these population segments,11–14 but delivery preferences and utilization have not been examined across eras on a population basis. Healthcare providers within and outside the VA would benefit from more knowledge distinguishing health and healthcare characteristics of different military groups. Understanding and accounting for era of military service among WVs may be important for considerations of how to tailor access and healthcare for women.
The purpose of this paper is to examine healthcare delivery preferences and healthcare use of WVs by military service era, and identify implications for improving WVs’ care.
METHODS
Design and Sample
Our methods have been described previously.15,16 Briefly, we conducted a cross-sectional national survey, enrolling a population-based, stratified random sample of WVs. Stratification was based on VA use/nonuse and military service period.16 Inclusion criteria were being a WV of the regular armed forces, or a member of the National Guard or Reserves who had been called to active duty. Exclusion criteria were current active military duty, VA employment, hospitalization or residence in a long-term care facility. Eighty-six percent of screened and eligible WVs consented to survey participation.16 We conducted computer-assisted telephone interviews over a 9-month period through May 2009. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, and the survey was also approved by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget.
Main Measures
Survey items included previously validated measures and measures developed for the NSWV. Healthcare delivery preferences were assessed using items derived from an earlier regional study of WVs ambulatory care decision-making.17 These items were 4-point Likert scales on the importance of different healthcare delivery features in decision-making about healthcare. They were dichotomized to very important versus less than very important. Healthcare use in the prior 12 months was characterized by use of VA or non-VA healthcare, having a regular source and provider for healthcare (yes/no for each), type of healthcare services used (women’s health [WH], other primary care, mental health [MH], specialty care), and number of healthcare visits.17–19 WH services could include gender-specific preventive care (such as cervical cancer screening), gynecologic care, and obstetrical care.
Military service era was the main independent variable. We asked participants when they served in the military, allowing respondents to select multiple date ranges or service periods. Using established dates for U.S. military wartimes and peacetimes,20,21 we defined military service eras as starting with the beginning of a wartime period, and ending with the end of the subsequent peacetime. Given the small number of living WVs with service prior to the start of World War 2 (WWII), we combined pre-WWII veterans with the WWII group. For this analysis, veterans were assigned to the most recent military service era in which they served. This resulted in five military service eras: WWII, Korea, Vietnam, Gulf War pre-9/11 (GW1), and Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND).
Independent Variables
Sociodemographic characteristics measured were: age, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, employment, household income, insurance status, and military service-connected disability rating. Age was categorized into groups that correspond to reproductive years (< 45), middle age (45–64), and Medicare-eligibility (≥ 65). Priority for VA enrollment is determined on the basis of military service-connected disability, income, recent military service, and other factors. Therefore, we used these variables to estimate whether or not respondents were in a high priority group for VA enrollment.
Health characteristics included self-reported overall health (fair-or-poor versus excellent/very good/good). We queried respondents about diagnosed physical health conditions using a list of medical conditions derived from prior Veteran surveys, then created summation measures for number of medical conditions.20 Similarly, we asked about diagnosed depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or other diagnosed MH conditions, then created a summation measure for number of MH conditions.
Statistical Analysis
Our main comparisons were among the five groups of WVs as defined by their military service era. Characteristics of these groups were compared using chi-square tests for categorical variables and linear regression for continuous measures. To identify between-group differences in characteristics that had clinically relevant variations by military service era, we conducted four regression analyses per characteristic of interest, varying the military service era that was the reference group. This generated pairwise statistical comparisons among the five groups. See Table 1 for characteristics of WVs by military service era, and Table 2 for WV health care use and delivery preferences.
Table 1.
Characteristics of U.S. Women Veterans by Military Service Era
| Characteristics | WWII era (n = 506) | Korea era (n = 737) | Vietnam era (n = 555) | Gulf War 1 era (n = 780) | OEF/OIF/OND (n = 1,029) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
| Age group in years (%)* | |||||
| 18–44 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 43.8 | 69.9 |
| 45–64 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 38.2 | 53.7 | 30.1 |
| ≥ 65 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 57.3 | 2.6 | 0.0 |
| Race-ethnicity (%)* | |||||
| Hispanic | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 7.2 | 13.6 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 93.6 | 87.8 | 86.1 | 69.2 | 59.2 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.2 | 2.2 | 7.8 | 14.7 | 20.9 |
| All others | 6.0 | 9.3 | 5.3 | 8.9 | 6.3 |
| Marital status, current (%)* | |||||
| Married or partnered | 19.6 | 31.7 | 47.6 | 72.3 | 57.8 |
| Divorced | 5.9 | 20.0 | 11.9 | 13.9 | 17.8 |
| Separated | 2.8 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.3 |
| Widowed | 64.3 | 29.4 | 5.6 | 1.5 | 0.4 |
| Never married | 7.4 | 18.2 | 32.2 | 9.5 | 20.8 |
| College graduate (%)* | 34.5 | 29.0 | 62.6 | 43.9 | 39.0 |
| Employed (%)* | 0.4 | 8.0 | 28.0 | 65.9 | 67.2 |
| Annual household income < $20,000 (%)* | 36.9 | 26.8 | 8.8 | 6.3 | 10.2 |
| Medical insurance (%)* | |||||
| None | 8.9 | 9.7 | 10.9 | 11.2 | 22.6 |
| Medicare (+/− other insurance) | 85.3 | 85.1 | 59.2 | 3.6 | 0.3 |
| Private or other only | 5.8 | 5.2 | 29.9 | 85.2 | 77.1 |
| Has military service-connected disability (%)* | 56.7 | 46.3 | 54.0 | 28.2 | 27.9 |
| VA enrollment priority group high (%)* | 85.5 | 74.2 | 68.0 | 51.0 | 97.7 |
| Health characteristics | |||||
| Overall health status fair or poor (%)* | 39.0 | 40.0 | 19.7 | 14.5 | 14.8 |
| Number of diagnosed physical health conditions (mean (SD))* | 3.8 (2.2) | 3.5 (3.0) | 2.5 (1.3) | 1.2 (0.8) | 0.7 (2.3) |
| One or more diagnosed physical health conditions (%)* | 99.5 | 98.0 | 89.3 | 65.1 | 44.4 |
| Number of diagnosed mental health conditions (mean (SD))* | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.4) | 0.5 (1.8) |
| One or more diagnosed mental health conditions (%)† | 10.9 | 33.8 | 30.1 | 32.3 | 33.6 |
Column headers list unweighted sample size; table percentages and means are weighted population estimates for the U.S. woman veteran population
*p < 0.001, †p = 0.05 for comparisons among groups
Table 2.
Health Care Delivery Preferences and Health Care Use of U.S. Women Veterans by Military Service Era
| WWII era (n = 506) | Korea era (n = 737) | Vietnam era (n = 555) | Gulf War 1 era (n = 780) | OEF/OIF/OND (n = 1,029) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health care delivery preferences | |||||
| % rating healthcare feature very important | |||||
| Cost of care* | 46.7 | 59.1 | 49.0 | 65.1 | 67.1 |
| Convenience of the location† | 76.2 | 68.3 | 61.5 | 52.5 | 61.7 |
| Ability to obtain gynecology and general health care at same place† | 61.1 | 41.1 | 35.7 | 47.5 | 47.7 |
| Ability to obtain an evening or weekend appointment | 31.2 | 41.4 | 33.1 | 35.1 | 48.1 |
| Ability to obtain women’s health (WH) care from WH doctor or clinic | 13.8 | 17.0 | 24.3 | 21.7 | 26.9 |
| Health care use in prior 12 months | |||||
| Any health care use (%) | 91.5 | 95.5 | 93.7 | 87.5 | 92.4 |
| Any VA health care use (%)‡ | 10.3 | 20.1 | 19.0 | 9.0 | 35.0 |
| No regular source of health care (%)‡ | 6.2 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 9.3 | 21.4 |
| No regular provider (e.g., PCP) (%)‡ | 14.2 | 7.3 | 15.2 | 33.6 | 37.5 |
| Types of healthcare services used in any healthcare setting | |||||
| Women’s health (WH) care (%)‡ | 30.1 | 45.9 | 55.6 | 71.7 | 71.6 |
| Primary care other than WH (%) | 79.2 | 83.0 | 87.3 | 84.9 | 73.7 |
| Mental health care (%)* | 3.6 | 6.1 | 11.1 | 16.2 | 22.3 |
| Specialty care (%)‡ | 71.7 | 69.6 | 62.6 | 47.3 | 43.7 |
| Number of health care visits in any healthcare setting (mean (SD))§ | 6.1 (12.9) | 8.6 (20.8) | 8.1 (9.1) | 5.9 (9.2) | 10.2 (41.8) |
Column headers list unweighted sample size; table percentages and means are weighted population estimates for the U.S. woman veteran population
*p < 0.01, †p = 0.02, ‡p < 0.001, §p = 0.002 for comparisons among groups
Sampling weights were developed from the inverse of the probabilities of inclusion in the sample. All analyses applied weights to account for disproportional allocation of the population by strata, so that resulting estimates are representative of the U.S. WV population. All analyses were conducted using STATA version 12.0.22
RESULTS
The NSWV enrolled 3,611 women Veterans, of whom 3,607 (99.9 %) provided data sufficient to categorize their military service era. The population distribution of WVs by military service era is shown in Table 3. GW1 WVs formed the largest military service era group, accounting for 51 % of WVs.
Table 3.
Population Estimates of U.S. Women Veterans by Military Service Era
| Ending era | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WWII | Korea | Vietnam | Gulf War 1 | OEF/OIF/OND | Total | |
| Wartime | 9/16/40–7/25/47 | 6/27/50–1/31/55 | 8/05/64–5/07/75 | 8/02/90–2/28/91 | 9/11/01- | |
| Peacetime | 7/26/47–6/26/50 | 2/01/55–8/04/64 | 5/08/75–8/01/90 | 3/01/91–9/10/01† | ||
| Starting era | ||||||
| WWII era* | 7.2 % | 1.6 % | 1.0 % | 9.7 % | ||
| Korea era | 5.4 % | 12.2 % | 0.7 % | 18.3 % | ||
| Vietnam era | 16.6 % | 34.9 % | 1.9 % | 53.3 % | ||
| Gulf war 1 era | 15.8 % | 2.0 % | 17.8 % | |||
| OEF/OIF/OND | 0.9 % | 0.9 % | ||||
| Total | 7.2 % | 7.0 % | 29.7 % | 51.4 % | 4.8 % | 100.0 % |
Population estimates as of 9/30/09. Each era is comprised of the war period and the subsequent peacetime period. Column totals sum to > 100 % due to rounding. Analyses use ending era of military service
*Includes service prior to the start of WWII
†Includes post-9/11 service that was not in support of Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND)
Characteristics by Military Service Era
Characteristics of WVs by military service era are given in Table 1. There were differences by military service era on most characteristics assessed. The mean age in years was 87 for WWII, 77 for Korea, 64 for Vietnam, 46 for GW1, and 38 for OEF/OIF/OND era WVs. Seventy percent of OEF/OIF/OND and 44 % of GW1 WVs were in reproductive age groups. OEF/OIF/OND WVs were most likely and GW1 WVs were least likely to have high VA enrollment priority (p < 0.01 for pairwise comparisons).
Overall health status and number of diagnosed physical health conditions varied by military service era, with WVs of more recent eras having better health on all physical health measures. By contrast, WWII era WVs had better health on all MH measures (p < 0.01 for pairwise comparisons).
Health Care Delivery Preferences and Health Care Use
Health care delivery preferences varied for some features of care, but not others (Table 2). Overall, features of care were rated as very important in healthcare decision-making by: 58.6 % of WVs for cost of care; 58.5 % for convenience of locations; 44.5 % for co-located gynecologic with general healthcare; 35.3 % for availability of after-hours care; and 21.8 % for obtaining WH care from a WH clinic or doctor. WWII, Korea and Vietnam era WVs most often cited location convenience (p = 0.02), whereas GW1 and OEF/OIF/OND WVs most often cited cost of care (p < 0.01) as very important. Sizeable proportions of all groups rated co-located WH with general healthcare as important.
Though WVs from all military eras were all likely to have used healthcare (in any setting) in the prior 12 months, reliance on VA healthcare varied (p < 0.001). At 9 % market penetration, GW1 WVs proportionately had the lowest VA reliance. However, given their numerically large size, they constitute 33 % of WV VA users. Vietnam era women constitute 40 % of VA users, OEF/OIF/OND 12 %, Korea 10 %, and WWII 5 % (data not shown). With 35 % using VA, OEF/OIF/OND WVs proportionately had the greatest VA reliance.
Types of healthcare services used and amount of healthcare use also varied (Table 2). OEF/OIF/OND and GW1 WVs were most likely to use WH and MH care. WWII and Korea era WVs were most likely to use specialty care. Vietnam era WVs were intermediate between WVs of earlier and later eras in use of these services. OEF/OIF/OND WVs had more healthcare visits than WVs of earlier military eras.
DISCUSSION
We found that the U.S. WV population is comprised of distinct military service era groups in different life stages, and varying in their healthcare needs, delivery preferences, and use. Types of healthcare services used reflect both age-related and military service era-related associations.
Despite their younger age, OEF/OIF/OND WVs had the greatest average use of healthcare. OEF/OIF/OND and GW1 WVs had the highest prevalence of WH services use, which may be related to both reproductive health and deployment-related effects.23 MH service use was also greatest for the most recent eras of Veterans, consistent with previously documented needs.24,25 Compared with other groups, OEF/OIF/OND WVs had the greatest VA reliance. This higher utilization of VA services by this group of newer Veterans has significant implications for resource needs. As this population grows, VA must continue to monitor availability, quality, and delivery arrangements for comprehensive WH care that includes reproductive health services and MH care.
Healthcare cost was an important factor for OEF/OIF/OND and GW1 WVs. These two groups were also more likely to lack a regular healthcare provider for care. Having a regular healthcare provider is an important predictor of receiving preventive care services.26 Further, care continuity is important for achieving optimal chronic disease management.27,28 Therefore, if U.S. healthcare reform and VA outreach efforts are successful in improving access to a regular healthcare provider for these groups, health outcomes for these WVs may be improved.1,16
Many Vietnam, Korea, and WWII WVs have multiple medical conditions. Concordantly, they had the highest prevalence of specialty care use. Convenience of healthcare location being an important factor for these groups gives support for VA’s specialty care transformational initiatives to improve the convenience of care and reduce patient travel costs through the provision of virtual healthcare and consultative support. Further, with a sizable proportion of Vietnam and Korea WVs having MH conditions, geriatric and extended care services need to incorporate or be coordinated with MH care.
WH clinics and co-location of gynecologic with general healthcare were important healthcare features for a sizable proportion of WVs. These healthcare features have been incorporated as WH care delivery models within VA. Efforts are underway to assure that such comprehensive care is available in VA community-based outpatient clinics, which may be more conveniently located for WVs than VA hospitals.29
Healthcare delivery for WVs should account for their military service era-related needs, preferences, and use. Since many WVs obtain healthcare outside the VA, health plans and providers in all settings should be informed about WVs’ healthcare needs and delivery preferences. Within the VA, findings from this national, population-based study suggest that the next steps in VA’s research and policy agendas should be to accelerate implementation of comprehensive WH care, accounting for military service era variations.
Acknowledgements
Contributors
The authors gratefully acknowledge Mark Canning for project management, Julia Yosef, MA for assistance with survey fieldwork, Su Sun, MPH for assistance with data management, and Michael Mitchell, PhD, for statistical assistance.
Funders
This study was funded by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Women’s Health Services in the Office of Patient Care Services, and the VA Health Services Research and Development (HSR&D) Service (#SDR-08-270). Dr. Yano is supported by a VA HSR&D Research Career Scientist award (#RCS-05-195). Dr. Bean-Mayberry was supported by a VA HSR&D Research Career Development Transition award (#RCD 02-039) during this study. The views expressed within are solely those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States government.
Conflict of Interest
All authors are employed by the Department of Veterans Affairs. Drs. Washington, Cordasco, and Yano receive research funding from the VA Health Services Research and Development Service and from the VA Office of Patient Care Services.
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