Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1992 Apr;12(4):1639–1651. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.4.1639

In vitro initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II on in vivo-assembled chromatin templates.

S C Batson 1, R Sundseth 1, C V Heath 1, M Samuels 1, U Hansen 1
PMCID: PMC369607  PMID: 1312666

Abstract

We have studied the initiation of transcription in vitro by RNA polymerase II on simian virus 40 (SV40) minichromosomal templates isolated from infected cells. The efficiency and pattern of transcription from the chromatin templates were compared with those from viral DNA templates by using two in vitro transcription systems, either HeLa whole-cell extract or basal transcription factors, RNA polymerase II, and one of two SV40 promoter-binding transcription factors, LSF and Sp1. Dramatic increases in numbers of transcripts upon addition of transcription extract and different patterns of usage of the multiple SV40 initiation sites upon addition of Sp1 versus LSF strongly suggested that transcripts were being initiated from the minichromosomal templates in vitro. That the majority of transcripts from the minichromosomes were due to initiation de novo was demonstrated by the efficient transcription observed in the presence of alpha-amanitin, which inhibited minichromosome-associated RNA polymerase II, and an alpha-amanitin-resistant RNA polymerase II, which initiated transcription in vitro. The pattern of transcription from the SV40 late and early promoters on the minichromosomal templates was similar to the in vivo pattern of transcription during the late stages of viral infection and was distinct from the pattern of transcription generated from viral DNA in vitro. In particular, the late promoter of the minichromosomal templates was transcribed with high efficiency, similar to viral DNA templates, while the early-early promoter of the minichromosomal templates was inhibited 10- to 15-fold. Finally, the number of minichromosomes competent to initiate transcription in vitro exceeded the amount actively being transcribed in vivo.

Full text

PDF
1639

Images in this article

1643Image
on p.1643
1643Image
on p.1643
1644Image
on p.1644
1645Image
on p.1645
1646Image
on p.1646
1646Image
on p.1646
1647Image
on p.1647

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ambrose C., Blasquez V., Bina M. A block in initiation of simian virus 40 assembly results in the accumulation of minichromosomes containing an exposed regulatory region. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 May;83(10):3287–3291. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.10.3287. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ambrose C., Rajadhyaksha A., Lowman H., Bina M. Locations of nucleosomes on the regulatory region of simian virus 40 chromatin. J Mol Biol. 1989 Nov 20;210(2):255–263. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(89)90328-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Archer T. K., Cordingley M. G., Wolford R. G., Hager G. L. Transcription factor access is mediated by accurately positioned nucleosomes on the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Feb;11(2):688–698. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.2.688. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Azorin F., Rich A. Isolation of Z-DNA binding proteins from SV40 minichromosomes: evidence for binding to the viral control region. Cell. 1985 Jun;41(2):365–374. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80009-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Baumgartner I., Kuhn C., Fanning E. Identification and characterization of fast-sedimenting SV40 nucleoprotein complexes. Virology. 1979 Jul 15;96(1):54–63. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90172-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Beard P., Bruggmann H. A transcription factor from simian virus 40 chromosomes which activates the viral late promoter in vitro. J Virol. 1988 Nov;62(11):4296–4302. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.11.4296-4302.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Beard P., Nyfeler K. Transcription of Simian Virus 40 chromosomes in an extract of HeLa cells. EMBO J. 1982;1(1):9–14. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01116.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bengal E., Goldring A., Aloni Y. Transcription complexes synthesizing attenuated RNA can serve as a model system for analyzing elongation factors. J Biol Chem. 1989 Nov 15;264(32):18926–18932. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Boyce F. M., Sundin O., Barsoum J., Varshavsky A. New way to isolate simian virus 40 nucleoprotein complexes from infected cells: use of a thiol-specific reagent. J Virol. 1982 Apr;42(1):292–296. doi: 10.1128/jvi.42.1.292-296.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Buchanan R. L., Gralla J. D. Factor interactions at simian virus 40 GC-box promoter elements in intact nuclei. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Apr;7(4):1554–1558. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.4.1554. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bunick D., Zandomeni R., Ackerman S., Weinmann R. Mechanism of RNA polymerase II--specific initiation of transcription in vitro: ATP requirement and uncapped runoff transcripts. Cell. 1982 Jul;29(3):877–886. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90449-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Buratowski S., Hahn S., Guarente L., Sharp P. A. Five intermediate complexes in transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II. Cell. 1989 Feb 24;56(4):549–561. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90578-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Carthew R. W., Samuels M., Sharp P. A. Formation of transcription preinitiation complexes with an amanitin-resistant RNA polymerase II. J Biol Chem. 1988 Nov 15;263(32):17128–17135. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Choder M., Bratosin S., Aloni Y. A direct analysis of transcribed minichromosomes: all transcribed SV40 minichromosomes have a nuclease-hypersensitive region within a nucleosome-free domain. EMBO J. 1984 Dec 1;3(12):2929–2936. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02234.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Coca-Prados M., Vidali G., Hsu M. T. Intracellular forms of simian virus 40 nucleoprotein complexes. III. Study of histone modifications. J Virol. 1980 Nov;36(2):353–360. doi: 10.1128/jvi.36.2.353-360.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cochet-Meilhac M., Nuret P., Courvalin J. C., Chambon P. Animal DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. 12. Determination of the cellular number of RNA polymerase B molecules. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1974 Jun 27;353(2):185–192. doi: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90183-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. DiMaio D., Nathans D. Regulatory mutants of simian virus 40. Effect of mutations at a T antigen binding site on DNA replication and expression of viral genes. J Mol Biol. 1982 Apr 15;156(3):531–548. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90265-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Dynan W. S., Tjian R. The promoter-specific transcription factor Sp1 binds to upstream sequences in the SV40 early promoter. Cell. 1983 Nov;35(1):79–87. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90210-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Eissenberg J. C., Cartwright I. L., Thomas G. H., Elgin S. C. Selected topics in chromatin structure. Annu Rev Genet. 1985;19:485–536. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.19.120185.002413. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Ferdinand F. J., Brown M., Khoury G. Synthesis and characterization of late lytic simian virus 40 RNA from transcriptional complexes. Virology. 1977 May 1;78(1):150–161. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90087-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Fernandez-Munoz R., Coca-Prados M., Hsu M. T. Intracellular forms of simian virus 40 nucleoprotein complexes. I. Methods of isolation and characterization in CV-1 cells. J Virol. 1979 Feb;29(2):612–623. doi: 10.1128/jvi.29.2.612-623.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Fromm M., Berg P. Deletion mapping of DNA regions required for SV40 early region promoter function in vivo. J Mol Appl Genet. 1982;1(5):457–481. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Fromm M., Berg P. Simian virus 40 early- and late-region promoter functions are enhanced by the 72-base-pair repeat inserted at distant locations and inverted orientations. Mol Cell Biol. 1983 Jun;3(6):991–999. doi: 10.1128/mcb.3.6.991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Gariglio P., Llopis R., Oudet P., Chambon P. The template of the isolated native simian virus 40 transcriptional complexes is a minichromosome. J Mol Biol. 1979 Jun 15;131(1):75–105. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(79)90302-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Gerard R. D., Montelone B. A., Walter C. F., Innis J. W., Scott W. A. Role of specific simian virus 40 sequences in the nuclease-sensitive structure in viral chromatin. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Jan;5(1):52–58. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.1.52. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Gerard R. D., Woodworth-Gutai M., Scott W. A. Deletion mutants which affect the nuclease-sensitive site in simian virus 40 chromatin. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Jul;2(7):782–788. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.7.782. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Green M. H., Brooks T. L. Isolation of two forms of SV40 nucleoprotein containing RNA polymerase from infected monkey cells. Virology. 1976 Jul 1;72(1):110–120. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90316-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Gross D. S., Garrard W. T. Nuclease hypersensitive sites in chromatin. Annu Rev Biochem. 1988;57:159–197. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.57.070188.001111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hansen U., Sharp P. A. Sequences controlling in vitro transcription of SV40 promoters. EMBO J. 1983;2(12):2293–2303. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01737.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Hansen U., Tenen D. G., Livingston D. M., Sharp P. A. T antigen repression of SV40 early transcription from two promoters. Cell. 1981 Dec;27(3 Pt 2):603–613. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90402-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Hawley D. K., Roeder R. G. Separation and partial characterization of three functional steps in transcription initiation by human RNA polymerase II. J Biol Chem. 1985 Jul 5;260(13):8163–8172. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Hay N., Aloni Y. Attenuation in SV40 as a mechanism of transcription-termination by RNA polymerase B. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Feb 10;12(3):1401–1414. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.3.1401. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hirt B. Selective extraction of polyoma DNA from infected mouse cell cultures. J Mol Biol. 1967 Jun 14;26(2):365–369. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(67)90307-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Hodo H. G., 3rd, Blatti S. P. Purification using polyethylenimine precipitation and low molecular weight subunit analyses of calf thymus and wheat germ DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II. Biochemistry. 1977 May 31;16(11):2334–2343. doi: 10.1021/bi00630a005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Huang H. C., Sundseth R., Hansen U. Transcription factor LSF binds two variant bipartite sites within the SV40 late promoter. Genes Dev. 1990 Feb;4(2):287–298. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.2.287. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Jackson S. P., Tjian R. Purification and analysis of RNA polymerase II transcription factors by using wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Mar;86(6):1781–1785. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.6.1781. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Jakobovits E. B., Bratosin S., Aloni Y. Formation of a nucleosome-free region in SV40 minichromosomes is dependent upon a restricted segment of DNA. Virology. 1982 Jul 30;120(2):340–348. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90035-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Jongstra J., Reudelhuber T. L., Oudet P., Benoist C., Chae C. B., Jeltsch J. M., Mathis D. J., Chambon P. Induction of altered chromatin structures by simian virus 40 enhancer and promoter elements. Nature. 1984 Feb 23;307(5953):708–714. doi: 10.1038/307708a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Knezetic J. A., Jacob G. A., Luse D. S. Assembly of RNA polymerase II preinitiation complexes before assembly of nucleosomes allows efficient initiation of transcription on nucleosomal templates. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Aug;8(8):3114–3121. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.8.3114. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Knezetic J. A., Luse D. S. The presence of nucleosomes on a DNA template prevents initiation by RNA polymerase II in vitro. Cell. 1986 Apr 11;45(1):95–104. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90541-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. La Bella F., Romani M., Vesco C., Vidali G. High mobility group proteins 1 and 2 are present in simian virus 40 provirions, but not in virions. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Jan 10;9(1):121–131. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.1.121. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. La Bella F., Vesco C. Late modifications of simian virus 40 chromatin during the lytic cycle occur in an immature form of virion. J Virol. 1980 Mar;33(3):1138–1150. doi: 10.1128/jvi.33.3.1138-1150.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. La Bella F., Vidali G., Vesco C. Histone acetylation in CV-1 cells infected with simian virus 40. Virology. 1979 Jul 30;96(2):564–575. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90112-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Llopis R., Perrin F., Bellard F., Gariglio P. Quantitation of transcribing native simian virus 40 minichromosomes extracted from CV1 cells late in infection. J Virol. 1981 Apr;38(1):82–90. doi: 10.1128/jvi.38.1.82-90.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Lorch Y., LaPointe J. W., Kornberg R. D. Nucleosomes inhibit the initiation of transcription but allow chain elongation with the displacement of histones. Cell. 1987 Apr 24;49(2):203–210. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90561-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Losa R., Brown D. D. A bacteriophage RNA polymerase transcribes in vitro through a nucleosome core without displacing it. Cell. 1987 Aug 28;50(5):801–808. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90338-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Manley J. L., Fire A., Cano A., Sharp P. A., Gefter M. L. DNA-dependent transcription of adenovirus genes in a soluble whole-cell extract. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jul;77(7):3855–3859. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.3855. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Matsui T. Transcription of adenovirus 2 major late and peptide IX genes under conditions of in vitro nucleosome assembly. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Apr;7(4):1401–1408. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.4.1401. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Morse R. H. Nucleosomes inhibit both transcriptional initiation and elongation by RNA polymerase III in vitro. EMBO J. 1989 Aug;8(8):2343–2351. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08362.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Nir U., Fodor E., Rutter W. J. Capturing nuclear sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins by using simian virus 40-derived minichromosomes. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Feb;8(2):982–987. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.2.982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Pederson D. S., Thoma F., Simpson R. T. Core particle, fiber, and transcriptionally active chromatin structure. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1986;2:117–147. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.02.110186.001001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Perlmann T., Wrange O. Specific glucocorticoid receptor binding to DNA reconstituted in a nucleosome. EMBO J. 1988 Oct;7(10):3073–3079. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03172.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Pfeiffer P., Hay N., Pruzan R., Jakobovits E. B., Aloni Y. In vitro premature termination in SV40 late transcription. EMBO J. 1983;2(2):185–191. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01403.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Piña B., Brüggemeier U., Beato M. Nucleosome positioning modulates accessibility of regulatory proteins to the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. Cell. 1990 Mar 9;60(5):719–731. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90087-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Reinberg D., Horikoshi M., Roeder R. G. Factors involved in specific transcription in mammalian RNA polymerase II. Functional analysis of initiation factors IIA and IID and identification of a new factor operating at sequences downstream of the initiation site. J Biol Chem. 1987 Mar 5;262(7):3322–3330. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Reinberg D., Roeder R. G. Factors involved in specific transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II. Purification and functional analysis of initiation factors IIB and IIE. J Biol Chem. 1987 Mar 5;262(7):3310–3321. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Rio D., Robbins A., Myers R., Tjian R. Regulation of simian virus 40 early transcription in vitro by a purified tumor antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Oct;77(10):5706–5710. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.10.5706. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Samuels M., Fire A., Sharp P. A. Dinucleotide priming of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. J Biol Chem. 1984 Feb 25;259(4):2517–2525. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Samuels M., Fire A., Sharp P. A. Separation and characterization of factors mediating accurate transcription by RNA polymerase II. J Biol Chem. 1982 Dec 10;257(23):14419–14427. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Saragosti S., Moyne G., Yaniv M. Absence of nucleosomes in a fraction of SV40 chromatin between the origin of replication and the region coding for the late leader RNA. Cell. 1980 May;20(1):65–73. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90235-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Sawadogo M., Roeder R. G. Energy requirement for specific transcription initiation by the human RNA polymerase II system. J Biol Chem. 1984 Apr 25;259(8):5321–5326. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Sawadogo M., Roeder R. G. Factors involved in specific transcription by human RNA polymerase II: analysis by a rapid and quantitative in vitro assay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jul;82(13):4394–4398. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.13.4394. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Sawadogo M., Sentenac A. RNA polymerase B (II) and general transcription factors. Annu Rev Biochem. 1990;59:711–754. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.59.070190.003431. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Scott W. A., Walter C. F., Cryer B. L. Barriers to nuclease Bal31 digestion across specific sites in simian virus 40 chromatin. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Apr;4(4):604–610. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.4.604. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Scott W. A., Wigmore D. J. Sites in simian virus 40 chromatin which are preferentially cleaved by endonucleases. Cell. 1978 Dec;15(4):1511–1518. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90073-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Shimamura A., Tremethick D., Worcel A. Characterization of the repressed 5S DNA minichromosomes assembled in vitro with a high-speed supernatant of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Oct;8(10):4257–4269. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.10.4257. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Tack L. C., Beard P. Both trans-acting factors and chromatin structure are involved in the regulation of transcription from the early and late promoters in simian virus 40 chromosomes. J Virol. 1985 Apr;54(1):207–218. doi: 10.1128/jvi.54.1.207-218.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Van Dyke M. W., Sawadogo M., Roeder R. G. Stability of transcription complexes on class II genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Jan;9(1):342–344. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.1.342. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Varshavsky A. J., Bakayev V. V., Chumackov P. M., Georgiev G. P. Minichromosome of simian virus 40: presence of histone HI. Nucleic Acids Res. 1976 Aug;3(8):2101–2113. doi: 10.1093/nar/3.8.2101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Varshavsky A. J., Sundin O., Bohn M. A stretch of "late" SV40 viral DNA about 400 bp long which includes the origin of replication is specifically exposed in SV40 minichromosomes. Cell. 1979 Feb;16(2):453–466. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90021-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Waldeck W., Föhring B., Chowdhury K., Gruss P., Sauer G. Origin of DNA replication in papovavirus chromatin is recognized by endogenous endonuclease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Dec;75(12):5964–5968. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.12.5964. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Weiss E., Regnier E., Oudet P. Restriction enzyme accessibility and RNA polymerase localization on transcriptionally active SV40 minichromosomes isolated late in infection. Virology. 1987 Jul;159(1):84–93. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90350-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Weiss E., Ruhlmann C., Oudet P. Transcriptionally active SV40 minichromosomes are restriction enzyme sensitive and contain a nucleosome-free origin region. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Mar 11;14(5):2045–2058. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.5.2045. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Wobbe C. R., Struhl K. Yeast and human TATA-binding proteins have nearly identical DNA sequence requirements for transcription in vitro. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Aug;10(8):3859–3867. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.8.3859. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Workman J. L., Roeder R. G. Binding of transcription factor TFIID to the major late promoter during in vitro nucleosome assembly potentiates subsequent initiation by RNA polymerase II. Cell. 1987 Nov 20;51(4):613–622. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90130-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES