Abstract
Introduction
Even the half of patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy has history of previous abdominal surgeries. However, it is still uncertain if this fact has an impact on the operation itself as well as the postoperative course.
Aim
To analyze the effects of previous abdominal surgery on surgical outcomes in adrenal tumor patients subjected to laparoscopic adrenalectomy.
Material and methods
This study included 268 patients with adrenal gland tumors operated on by means of laparoscopic lateral transperitoneal adrenalectomy: 1) previously subjected to at least one abdominal surgery (group A, n = 101), or 2) with no history of previous abdominal operations (group B, n = 167).
Results
Groups A and B did not differ in terms of tumor size (p = 0.132), mean operation time (p = 0.456), mean intraoperative blood loss (p = 0.754), or perioperative complication rate (p = 0.833). Dissection of intraperitoneal adhesions was considered difficult in 32 patients from group A (31.6%) and 8 subjects from group B (4.7%, p < 0.001). Conversion was required in three subjects from group A (2.9%) and 3 patients from group B (1.8%, p = 0.529).
Conclusions
Previous abdominal surgery does not constitute a contraindication to laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy.
Keywords: adrenal tumors, laparoscopic adrenalectomy, previous surgery
Introduction
It was nearly 20 years ago that Michel Gagner removed the adrenal gland laparoscopically for the first time [1]. Since then laparoscopy has developed dynamically, becoming a “gold standard” in adrenal gland surgery [2]. In the hands of an experienced operator, laparoscopic adrenalectomy has many advantages that classical surgery lacks. Established advantages of the laparoscopic approach include shorter operating time, lower blood loss, shorter hospitalization, quicker return of the patient to normal activity and a better cosmetic result [3–7].
Interestingly, up to half of patients operated on due to adrenal pathologies have previously undergone other abdominal surgery [8–11]. Presence of post-surgical adhesions that may complicate future surgery, prolong its duration, cause technical difficulties and increase morbidity and conversion rates is a frequent argument against the transperitoneal approach in favor of application of the retroperitoneal approach in these patients. Previous abdominal surgery is frequently considered a strong indication for use of the retroperitoneal approach by enthusiasts of this technique, although this opinion is not supported by scientific evidence. Nonetheless, the lateral transperitoneal approach is the most frequently used minimally invasive technique for adrenal gland surgery [12–14]. Moreover, in some authors’ opinion previous surgery does not influence the outcomes of laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy [15–17].
Despite ongoing discussion on potential adverse effects of previous abdominal surgery on the course of laparoscopic adrenalectomy by the transperitoneal approach, the relevant literature is relatively scant.
Aim
Therefore the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of previous abdominal surgery on surgical outcomes in adrenal tumor patients subjected to laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy.
Material and methods
This study included 268 patients with adrenal gland tumors operated on in our clinic by means of lateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy between March 2004 and January 2012. Only cases subjected to complete laparoscopic adrenalectomy by the lateral transperitoneal approach were included in further analyses. Exclusion criteria included partial adrenalectomies, resection of the adrenal cysts, and removal of periadrenal tumors.
Two subgroups were distinguished amongst study participants: patients who were previously subjected to at least one abdominal surgery (group A, n = 101), and subjects with no history of previous abdominal operations (group B, n = 167). Statistical characteristics of patients from group A and B are summarized in Table I.
Table I.
Statistical characteristics of study participants and adrenalectomies they were subjected to laparoscopic adrenalectomy
| Variable | Group A (n = 101) | Group B (n = 167) | Value of p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD (range) [years] | 57.04 ±11.63 (20-77) | 51.65 ±13.96 (18-81) | 0.001 |
| Women, n (%) | 73 (72.28) | 111 (66.47) | 0.320 |
| Right adrenalectomy, n (%) | 46 (45.54) | 84 (50.30) | 0.480 |
| Tumor size, mean ± SD (range) [cm] | 3.81 ±1.64 (1.4-12) | 4.18 ±2.13 (1-16) | 0.132 |
| Operation time, mean ± SD (range) [min] | 79.87 ±31.72 (30-180) | 83.30 ±35.86 (30-160) | 0.456 |
| Loss of blood, mean ± SD (range) [ml] | 69.34 ±140.61 (0-1500) | 63.47 ±160.93 (0-500) | 0.754 |
One hundred and one patients included in group A (37.6% of the study group) had a history of previous abdominal surgery. Of this number, 52 (51.5%) patients were subjected to surgery involving the lower part of the abdominal cavity: appendectomy (n = 32, 31.7%) or gynecologic surgery (n = 20, 19.8%). A further 44 (43.6%) patients had previously undergone laparotomy involving the upper part of the abdominal cavity, including 15 midline laparotomies (14.9%), 11 laparotomies involving the upper lateral quadrant on the side of adrenalectomy (10.8%), and 18 laparotomies in the upper quadrant contralateral to the side of adrenalectomy (17.9%). Finally, five study participants had a history of previous laparoscopic surgery: adrenalectomy of the contralateral gland (n = 1, 0.9%), cholecystectomy (n = 2, 2%) or ovarian cyst resection (n = 2, 2%). Eighteen patients from group A had previously undergone more than one abdominal surgery.
According to the surgical protocol, in patients with no history of abdominal operations pneumoperitoneum was established with the closed technique using a Veress needle. In patients with a history of previous abdominal surgery resulting in potential risk of adhesions (midline laparotomy or laparotomy ipsilateral to the side of adrenalectomy) pneumoperitoneum was established by an open technique due to safety reasons.
Groups A and B were compared in terms of patient characteristics and surgical outcomes. Moreover, we have compared the perioperative parameters between the subgroups of group A (lower part vs. upper part vs. laparoscopic surgery, and one vs. more than one previous abdominal surgery). The difficulties on dissection were always assessed by the same person (A.B.), participating in the surgery as a principal operating or assisting surgeon.
All the procedures were approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, and the subjects gave their written informed consent before the start of any procedure.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were presented as arithmetic means and their standard deviations (SD). Their normal distribution was tested with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Arithmetic means between the A and B groups were compared using the Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test, and between subgroups of group A with ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA. Distributions of categorical variables were compared with a χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. Calculations were performed using Statistica 7 (StatSoft®, Poland) software, with statistical significance defined as p ≤ 0.05.
Results
Groups A and B did not differ in terms of tumor size evaluated by means of preoperative CT (Table I). Histopathological characteristics of removed adrenal tumors are summarized in Table II. Dissection of intraperitoneal adhesions was considered difficult if it required more than 5 min of the operating time. This condition was present in nearly one third of patients from group A (n = 32, 31.6%) and only eight subjects from group B (4.7%, p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed between the groups in mean operation time or mean intraoperative blood loss (Table I).
Table II.
Histological types of the adrenal gland tumors removed from the study participants
| Histological type | Group A (n = 101) | Group B (n = 167) | Value of p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pheochromocytoma | 26 (25.74%) | 50 (29.94%) | 0.460 |
| Hormonally active tumor: | 32 (31.68%) | 46 (27.54%) | 0.470 |
| Virilizing tumor | 2 | 2 | 0.609 |
| Cushing syndrome | 16 | 27 | 0.944 |
| Conn's syndrome | 14 | 17 | 0.361 |
| Hormonally inactive tumor: | 43 (42.57%) | 71 (42.51%) | 0.992 |
| Benign | 33 | 58 | 0.730 |
| Malignant | 10 | 13 | 0.549 |
Conversion was required in 6 (2.2%) study participants, including 3 subjects from group A (2.9%) and 3 patients from group B (1.8%, p = 0.529). Tumor size and suspicion of its malignant character were the most frequent reasons for conversion (n = 3). Impossibility of safe laparoscopic adhesiolysis resulted in conversion in only 1 female patient who was previously subjected to four laparotomies, including two operations due to adhesion-related intestinal obstruction. Detailed characteristics of study participants who required conversion are presented in Table III.
Table III.
Cases of conversion in the study participants
| Reason | Age/gender | Histologic type | Size/site | Previous surgery |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group A | ||||
| Neoplastic infiltration | 63 years/F | Pheochromocytoma | 5 cm/left | Classical cholecystectomy |
| Neoplastic infiltration | 51 years/M | Squamous cell lung cancer | 8 cm/right | Classical appendectomy |
| Dense adhesions | 76 years/F | Incidentaloma | 4.4 cm/ right | Classical cholecystectomy, appendectomy, 2 laparotomies due to jejunal obstruction |
| Group B | ||||
| Cardiac dysrhythmia | 74 years/M | Pheochromocytoma | 6.7 cm/left | – |
| Injury of the tumor capsule | 31 years/F | Adrenocortical cancer | 16 cm/right | – |
| Injury of the splenic colic flexure | 56 years/F | Cushing syndrome | 4.6 cm/right | – |
No mortality was observed in the studied group. Overall, perioperative complications were observed in 17 (6.3%) patients including 6 (6.0%) cases from group A and 11 cases (6.6%) from group B (p = 0.833). Intraoperative morbidity was observed in 4 cases (1 patient from group A and 3 patients from group B), including injury of the diaphragm with subsequent pneumothorax, injury of the inferior vena cava, injury of the left colic flexure and severe cardiac dysrhythmia. None of these conditions required changing of the surgical technique. In two patients, intraoperative morbidity was the reason for conversion to classical surgery (injury of the tumor capsule in a case of suspected adrenal malignancy) or video-assisted surgery (injury of the left colic flexure). Postoperative complications were observed in 8 patients, including 3 cases in group A and 5 cases in group B. Reoperation due to intraperitoneal bleeding was required in 3 cases (1 patient from group A and 2 patients from group B). Additionally, suppuration of the trocar-related wound was observed in 5 patients (2 cases from group A and 3 cases from group B). Detailed characteristics of intra- and postoperative complications are presented in Table IV.
Table IV.
Intra- and postoperative complication rates in the study participants
| Complication | Group A (n = 101) | Group B (n = 167) | Value of p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intraoperative complications: | 1 (0.99%) | 3 (1.80%) | 0.598 |
| Injury of diaphragm/pneumothorax | – | 1 | 0.436 |
| Injury of inferior vena cava | – | 1 | 0.436 |
| Injury of left colic flexure | – | 1 | 0.436 |
| Cardiac dysrhythmia | 1 | – | 0.198 |
| Postoperative complications: | 3 (2.97%) | 5 (2.99%) | 0.991 |
| Bleeding requiring re-operation | 1 | 2 | 0.876 |
| Hematoma with no intervention required | 1 | 2 | 0.876 |
| Circulatory insufficiency | 1 | – | 0.198 |
| Respiratory insufficiency | – | 1 | 0.436 |
| Wound suppuration | 2 (1.98%) | 3 (1.80%) | 0.914 |
| Total | 6 (5.94%) | 11 (6.59%) | 0.833 |
The study groups did not differ significantly in the duration of postoperative hospital stay (group A: mean 1.84 days, range 1-8 days; group B: mean 1.91 days, range 1-6 days). No outpatient procedures were performed in our patients.
Additionally, we compared the perioperative parameters between the subgroups of patients with a history of previous abdominal surgery performed in various regions of the abdominal cavity. The only significant difference was related to the duration of surgery, which was significantly longer in patients who had previously undergone upper abdominal surgery (87.79 ±34.17 min vs. 71.59 ±24.80 min for lower abdominal surgery vs. 91.00 ±51.53 min for laparoscopic surgery; p = 0.047). No significant differences, however, were observed in the morbidity rates or the complexity of dissection assessed by the operating surgeon. Additionally, no significant differences were noted between subgroups of patients divided according to the number of previous abdominal operations.
Discussion
Seifman et al. observed that the frequency of abdominal operations increases with patient age, and many patients who require adrenal gland resection are over 40 years old [18]. According to the literature, the fraction of patients subjected to adrenalectomy who have a history of at least one abdominal surgery varies from 10% to 62% [8–11, 15]. In our study, patients with a history of previous abdominal operations constituted 37.6% of the cohort.
For 9 years, laparoscopic adrenalectomy by the lateral transperitoneal approach has been the procedure of choice in our center. Noticeably, during this period there were no cases disqualified from laparoscopic adrenalectomy due to previous abdominal surgery. In our opinion, the risk of inadvertent injury of abdominal organs during an early stage of the surgery in patients with a history of previous operations may be reduced if pneumoperitoneum is established by an open technique rather than using the Veress needle. We prefer the transperitoneal approach due to the larger operating field enabling removal of larger tumors, clearer insight into the operating field anatomical landmarks, and better evaluation of the extent of the disease in case of malignancy.
Appendectomy, cholecystectomy and hysterectomy in female patients are among the most frequent types of abdominal surgery performed these days. In our study group adrenalectomy was most often preceded by appendectomy or gynecologic surgery (more than 50% of cases in total). The high fraction of gynecologic operations is related to the fact that women constituted more than 70% of group A patients. Other authors also confirm our observation [15, 17, 18]. While no significant differences were observed between groups A and B in terms of gender structure and tumor location, the mean age of patients with a history of previous abdominal surgery was significantly higher compared to non-operated individuals. Similar differences referring to patient age were previously described by Morris et al., Parsons et al., and Seifman et al. [15, 17, 18]. In our study, the compared groups did not differ in terms of histological tumor type and its size. Average time of surgery in group A (77 min) was slightly shorter than in group B (80.5 min), but this difference was insignificant. Interestingly, around 30% of subjects from group A required adhesiolysis compared to only 5% of patients from group B. The previously mentioned lack of significant differences in operating time suggests therefore that the duration of laparoscopic adrenalectomy is not influenced by the incidence of abdominal adhesions.
In this study, the intra- and postoperative morbidity rate was around 6-7% in total with no significant differences observed between groups A and B. Gumbs and Gagner analyzed surgical outcomes from several centers specializing in laparoscopic adrenal surgery and revealed that the morbidity rate after laparoscopic adrenalectomy by the lateral transperitoneal approach ranged from 5.1% to 12%, including similar complications as those observed in our study [2]. We compared the conversion rate from our patients to the analogous parameters published by authors who performed at least 100 laparoscopic adrenalectomies by the transperitoneal approach. According to Lezoche et al., the conversion rate after this type of surgery is only 0.9%, compared to 2.7%, 3% and 6% in studies by O'Boyle et al., Guazzoni et al., Gagner et al. and respectively [8, 9, 12, 19]. The highest conversion rate (13%) was reported by Zeh et al. [20]. In our study, conversion was required in 6 patients (2.2%) including 3 cases from group A and 3 cases from group B. We noted only one case requiring conversion due to dense adhesions precluding safe dissection. Morris et al. [15] analyzed results from nine American centers where 1,378 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed in total. Conversion was necessary in 59 cases (4.2%), including only 5 cases (8.5%) due to dense adhesions. In view of the aforementioned data, previous abdominal surgery and resulting adhesions constitute a rather marginal problem in terms of potential conversion necessity.
Conclusions
Previous abdominal surgery does not constitute a contraindication to laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy since it does not affect surgical outcomes, operating time, intraoperative blood loss, conversion and morbidity rates or the type of postoperative complications.
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