Outcome of corneal transplantation in a private institution in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Background

The aim of this work was to describe the indications, complications, and outcomes of penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) in Saudi Arabia.

Methods

In a retrospective, noncomparative interventional case series, the medical records of patients who underwent PKP from January 2000 to December 2008 and had a minimum follow-up of 6 months were reviewed. All corneas were obtained from eye banks in the US. Indications, complications, and outcomes of surgery were recorded. This study was approved by the institutional review board.

Results

Eighty-five consecutive eyes were included in this study. There were 52 (61.2%) males and 33 (38.8%) females. The median age was 35.0 years (range 3–85 years), and the median follow-up period was 24 months (range 6–108 months). The indications for PKP were keratoconus, bullous keratopathy, corneal scars, corneal dystrophy, and corneal regraft. The overall graft survival time was 88.9 months ± 4.9 months (mean ± standard error of mean, 95% confidence interval [CI] 79.4 months –98.4 months) while the 3-year and 5-year cumulative survival rates were 90.7% and 84.3%, respectively. Surgical indication (P = 0.038), immune rejection (P < 0.001), preoperative corneal vascularization (P = 0.022), and perioperative high intraocular pressure (P = 0.032) were associated significantly with corneal graft failure in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis reduced these significant associations to rejection (P < 0.001) and vascularization (P = 0.009). Relative risk for failure in rejected cornea was 16.22 (95% CI 4.99–52.69) and in vascularized cornea was 3.89 (95% CI 1.36–11.09). At last visit following PKP, 34 (40%) eyes had best spectacle-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better, and 51 (60.0%) eyes had 20/80 or better. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was worse than 20/400 in 15 (17.6%) eyes.

Conclusion

The overall corneal graft survival in a private setting in Saudi Arabia can be excellent. Thorough preoperative evaluation and comprehensive postoperative management are crucial for successful corneal transplantation. A larger multicenter study is recommended to portray the outcome of private corneal transplantation in Saudi Arabia in general.

Introduction

Ever since the first successful human full-thickness corneal transplant, or penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), by Eduard Zirm in 1906,¹² it has been regarded as one of the most frequently performed tissue transplantations in humans.³⁴ It has also enjoyed a relatively high success rate.⁵⁶ Improvement in instrumentation and surgical techniques, systematic and efficient tissue banking, and better postoperative management that includes anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs^7–10 have collectively improved corneal transplant outcome.¹¹ This has led to the extension of indications for performing PKP to encompass high-risk eyes, such as vascularized cornea and previously failed corneal graft.^12–14 However, these indications were shown to be associated with a lower rate of graft survival.¹²

Several reviews of corneal transplant revealed, not only that indications for PKP have changed, but also that keratoplasty techniques have also evolved.^15–18 Although there was a decrease in the number of PKPs performed over the last decade in favor of lamellar keratoplasty for selected indications, PKP remained the most frequently indicated type of corneal transplant.^15,19 As such, continuous efforts to understand issues related to graft survival in PKP will continue to be of high relevance in the field of transplant immunology, especially in developing countries.

In Saudi Arabia, several reports on patient profiles, surgical indications, complications, and outcomes of PKP performed by multiple surgeons in public hospitals have been published.^20–24 In contrast, such data from a private institution are a rarity. To the best of our knowledge, this report represents the first published PKP data by a single surgeon in a private ophthalmic institution in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the prevalent dry-eye issue²⁵ poses an additional challenge in the treatment for PKP in developing countries with hot, arid desert environments such as Saudi Arabia. It demands a closer follow-up regime, which might more likely be achieved in the private setting. Therefore, this study was of particular importance, as it allowed us to understand the outcomes following PKP in a private institution with no intersurgeon bias and with a closer follow-up system. This would eventually lead to better patient selection, surgical performance, and postoperative management. As such, the best possible result can be hoped for and practically achieved.

Patients and methods

Patients

This study was a retrospective, uncontrolled interventional case series. After obtaining the approval from the institutional review board, medical records of every patient who underwent PKP at the Eye Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from January 2000 to December 2008 were reviewed. All cases with follow-up for at least 6 months were included. In order to accommodate for the possibility of primary graft failure, all failed corneal grafts were included regardless of their follow-up period. Epidemiological data, indication for PKP, surgical profile, and the outcome were recorded. We certify that all applicable institutional and governmental regulations concerning the ethical use of human volunteers were complied with during this research.

All surgical procedures were performed on an inpatient basis by a single senior consultant ophthalmic surgeon. Donor corneal tissues were entirely obtained from eye banks in the US that were accredited members of the Eye Bank Association of America. All recipient corneas were sent for histopathologic analysis to confirm the clinical diagnosis, and the donor corneal rims were subjected to culture and sensitivity tests.

Surgical procedures and follow-up

The PKP surgeries were performed under general anesthesia. After preparing the recipient eye, the corneal donor buttons were prepared using manual trephine. The suture techniques used were either continuous 11–0 nylon or interrupted 10–0 nylon, or a combination of both techniques. The operated eyes were padded and shielded until the first eye dressing, usually carried out on the following day.

Following PKP, patients were evaluated daily for the first 3 days or until re-epithelialization had completed and patients were discharged from the ward. The patients were later examined at 1 week and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months from the date of surgery, and every 6 months thereafter. In the absence of suspicion for infection, postoperative treatment for patients with keratoconus, bullous keratopathy, and corneal dystrophy consisted of topical corticosteroid (prednisolone acetate 1%) which was administered every 2 hours for 1 week, followed by 6-hourly for 4 weeks and 12-hourly for 3 months. Patients were then maintained on one drop of steroid daily until sutures were removed, which took place after refraction at 1 year postoperatively.

Patients with preoperative herpetic keratitis received prophylactic systemic and topical antiviral drugs before and after surgery. Oral antiviral in the form of valacyclovir 500 mg twice daily was discontinued 2 weeks after surgery. Patients were then maintained on topical ganciclovir 0.15% ophthalmic gel (Virgan; Laboratoires Théa, Claremont-Ferrand, France) once daily for 1 month followed by twice-weekly for a period of 2 years after the surgery.²⁶ All patients were given topical prophylactic antibiotics in the form of third- or fourth-generation quinolone for 1 month.

Patients with vascularized corneas were given sub-Tenon’s injection of triamcinolone acetate 40 mg at the conclusion of surgery and kept on topical prednisolone acetate 1% eye drops every 2 hours for a period of 1 week, followed by 6-hourly for 4 weeks and 12-hourly for 3 months. Patients were then maintained on one drop of steroid daily until sutures were removed at 1 year. Loose or infected sutures were removed immediately with appropriate coverage of steroids, antibiotics, or a combination of both.

Follow-up retrieval system

A couple of days before their scheduled appointment, the patients were called to remind them of their appointments. In the event of failure to attend the follow-up examination, the patients were called again and an earliest new appointment convenient for the patients was set.

Clinical data management

Data extracted included patients’ reference number, age, sex, laterality, postoperative follow-up period, surgical indication, and presence of vascularization, defined as presence of at least a blood vessel extending more than 3 mm from the limbus. The surgical variables assessed were suture techniques used and concurrent procedures performed. Postoperative complications examined were persistent epithelial defect, corneal graft rejection, PKP-related infection, and glaucoma deterioration. Outcome of surgery was represented by best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) and presence of graft failure during last follow-up visit.

Statistical analyses

Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Potential predictors of graft failure were determined using univariate and multivariate regression analysis. The Spearman chi-squared test was used for categorical data and Wilcoxon ranks test was used to compare pre- and postoperative logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) BSCVA. Survival analysis using the Kaplan–Meier model was performed to determine the overall corneal graft survival time and probability. Log-rank (Mantel–Cox) tests were used to determine the difference of survival between the strata. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Patient characteristics

Eighty-five consecutive PKP surgeries performed during the study period were included. No case was excluded, as all had a follow-up period of more than 6 months and there was no graft failure occurring less than 6 months after surgery. There were 52 (64.3%) males and 33 (35.7%) females. Age ranged from 3 to 85 years, with a median age of 35 years. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 108 months, and the median was 24 months.

Corneal graft failure

Graft failure was encountered in eleven (12.9%) of 85 eyes. The overall survival time for corneal graft in this study was 88.9 months ± 4.9 months (mean ± standard error of mean, 95% confidence interval [CI] 79.4 months −98.4 months). The projected 3-year and 5-year cumulative survival rates were 90.7% and 84.3%, respectively (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Kaplan–Meier survival curve for corneal graft following penetrating keratoplasty. The overall survival time was 88.9 months ± 4.9 months (mean ± standard error of mean, 95% confidence interval 79.4 months –98.4 months).

Corneal graft-failure association

Univariate analysis revealed age-group (P = 0.291), sex (P = 0.132), side of eye operated on (P = 0.753), concurrent surgical procedure (P = 0.702), suturing technique (P = 0.316), and infection (P = 0.062) had no statistically significant association with corneal graft failure. On the other hand, surgical indication (P = 0.038), corneal graft rejection (P < 0.001), preoperative corneal vascularization (P = 0.022), and perioperative raised intraocular pressure (IOP) (P = 0.032) were found to have statistically significant associations with corneal graft failure (Table 1).

Table 1.

Univariate analysis of graft failure association (P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance)

Factors associated with corneal graft failure (total eyes = 85)	n (%)	Failed grafts (%)	P-value
Age-group			0.291
20 years and less	15 (17.6)	1 (6.7)
21 to 40 years	31 (36.5)	2 (6.5)
41 to 60 years	11 (12.9)	2 (18.2)
Above 60 years	28 (32.9)	6 (21.4)
Sex			0.132
Male	52 (61.2)	9 (17.3)
Female	33 (38.8)	2 (6.1)
Side			0.753
Right	49 (57.6)	7 (14.3)
Left	36 (42.4)	4 (11.1)
Surgery			0.702
PKP only	61 (71.8)	7 (11.5)
PKP with cataract surgery, IOL	20 (23.5)	3 (15.0)
PKP with IOL implantation	4 (4.7)	1 (4.3)
Suturing technique			0.316
Interrupted only	1 (1.2)	0 (0)
Combined	60 (70.6)	10 (16.4)
Double continuous	24 (28.3)	1 (4.3)
Indication			0.038
Keratoconus	33 (38.8)	2 (6.1)
Scar	15 (17.6)	1 (6.7)
Bullous keratopathy	11 (12.9)	3 (27.3)
Regraft	10 (11.8)	4 (40.0)
Corneal dystrophy	16 (18.8)	1 (6.3)
Rejection	12 (14.1)	8 (66.7)	<0.001
Vascularization	15 (17.6)	5 (33.3)	0.022
Infection	8 (9.4)	3 (37.5)	0.062
Raised intraocular pressure			0.032
No glaucoma	44 (51.8)	4 (9.1)
Preexisting glaucoma	10 (11.8)	4 (40.0)
Steroid responder	11 (12.9)	0 (0)
Other	20 (23.5)	3 (15.0)

Abbreviations: PKP, penetrating keratoplasty; IOL, intraocular lens.

The majority of the infected cases were elderly patients (more than 60 years, seven cases, 87.5%) and male (six cases, 75.0%). In terms of surgical indication for PKP, no indication was spared except keratoconus. Suture-related infection was encountered in three (37.5%) cases, and infected ulcer in the remaining five (62.5%) cases. Microbiological investigation was performed in seven cases. Culture was positive in five (71.4%) out of seven cases. Among the culture-positive infections, Gram-positive bacteria in the form of Staphylococcus epidermidis (two cases, 40%), Streptococcus species (two cases, 40%), and Candida albicans (one case, 20%) were isolated. All cases responded to appropriate topical antimicrobial treatment.

Multivariate analysis was conducted, and revealed only rejection (P < 0.001) and corneal vascularization (P = 0.009) had statistically significant associations with corneal graft failure, but neither raised IOP (P = 0.962) or surgical indication (P = 0.741). Regression analysis and graft survival for comparison of strata within rejection and vascularization factors were performed. Risk for graft failure increased by 16-fold if there was rejection (relative risk = 16.22, 95% CI 4.99–52.69), and by almost fourfold in vascularized cornea (relative risk = 3.89, 95% CI 1.36–11.09). From the Kaplan–Meier model, it was revealed that grafts with rejection had shorter mean survival time compared to grafts without rejection. Likewise, grafts in vascularized corneas had shorter mean survival time compared to grafts in nonvascularized corneas (Table 2). In line with these findings, the 3-year and 5-year survival rates of grafts with rejection and vascularization were also reduced when compared to survival of corneal grafts without rejection and vascularization (Figure 2).

Table 2.

Comparison of corneal graft survival time between strata in rejection, vascularization, and surgical indication factors (P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance)

Factor	Survival time (months)	95% CI		Log-rank (Mantel–Cox)
	Mean ± SD	Lower	Upper	λ2	P
Rejection
None	100.5 ± 3.9	92.8	100.1	31.13	<0.001
Present	46.8 ± 9.5	28.2	65.3
Vascularization
None	94.6 ± 4.9	85.0	104.3	4.570	0.033
Present	63.4 ± 9.0	45.6	81.1
Surgical indication
Bullous keratopathy	68.1 ± 12.3	44.1	92.1	8.016	0.091
Keratoconus	88.6 ± 4.8	79.2	98.0
Corneal dystrophy	101.1 ± 6.6	88.2	114.1
Regraft	68.3 ± 11.2	46.4	90.1
Corneal scar	55.5 ± 4.2	47.3	63.7
Raised IOP*

Note:

^*Not computable, as all cases were censored in one strata.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; IOP, intraocular pressure.

Figure 2.

Kaplan–Meier survival curves for (A) rejection (log-rank test, λ² = 31.13, P < 0.001) and (B) vascularization (log-rank test, λ² = 4.57, P = 0.033).

Outcome measures

Distribution of the eyes with regard to the preoperative and postoperative logMAR BSCVA is depicted in Figure 3. BSCVA improvement was seen following PKP in 71 (83.5%) eyes, unchanged in nine (10.6%) eyes, and worsened in five (5.9%) eyes. There was a statistically significant improvement in the vision from median preoperative logMAR of 2.0 (Snellen equivalent to finger-counting) to median postoperative logMAR 0.5 (Snellen equivalent to 20/60) (Z = 6.508, P < 0.001). At latest follow up, 34 (40%) eyes had Snellen BSCVA of 20/40 or better, 51 (60.0%) had BSCVA of 20/80 or better. BSCVA was worse than 20/400 in 15 (17.6%) eyes.

Figure 3.

Distribution of eyes according to the pre-operative and post-operative logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) (slope = 0.73±0.12, 95% confidence interval 0.48-0.97).

Discussion

Although PKP has been among the most successful tissue transplantations in humans, outcomes may vary between different cohorts. This study provides important information about the indications and outcome of PKP in a private healthcare facility, which may have patients of higher socio-economic profile compared to public hospitals. Furthermore, wide accessibility, close follow-up and thorough surveillance in the private center were available to every patient. As comparison, appointments could be relatively longer and close follow-ups were generally limited in the public hospitals. In addition, the region where this study was conducted is characterized by a hot and arid desert climate. Such a climate may compromise the ocular surface and aggravate ocular conditions like dry-eye syndrome. Patients often required frequent lubrication, and this made the postoperative management of PKP patients more challenging than in other regions.

In our study, the indications for PKP, in order of decreasing frequency, were keratoconus (38.8%), corneal dystrophy (18.8%), corneal scar (17.6%), bullous keratopathy (12.9%), and regraft (11.8%). Wagoner et al^22,27 reported keratoconus (51.2%), corneal edema (20.3%), and scar (19.3%) as the indications with highest frequency in a PKP series in a public hospital in Saudi Arabia. Tan et al²⁸ reported bullous keratopathy (23.4%) and corneal scar (12.9%) as the main indications for PKP in Singapore. Fasolo et al²⁹ reported keratoconus (47%), regraft (14%), and bullous keratopathy (14%) as the main indications for PKP in Italy. Sheldon et al³⁰ reported failed graft (21%), bullous keratopathy (20%), and keratoconus as their most frequent indications for PKP. The observable difference and variation in PKP indications and outcomes in different countries are interesting. Many factors may play a role, including the climate, types of surgical procedures, prevalence of coexisting ocular surface disorders, and certain genetically determined tissue antigens.³¹

The 3-year and 5-year graft survival rates for our cohort were 90.7% and 84.3%, respectively (Figure 1). These findings were comparable to the survival rates reported by other authors. Wagoner et al²⁴ showed 86.0% and 80.3% survival at 3- and 5-year follow-ups, respectively. Fasolo et al³² reported probability of 5-year survival as 83% in their study. With longer follow-up, Thompson et al⁶ reported graft survival to be 90% and 82% at 5 and 10 years following PKP.

Surgical indication was recorded by Wagoner et al²² as the most significant risk factor affecting corneal graft survival. In contrast to their findings, we found that surgical indication was significantly associated with graft failure only in univariate analysis. It was also found that there was no significant difference in survival time between surgical indication strata. Certain surgical indications, such as corneal scarring and regraft, would have had vascularization, which actually contributed to the failure rate in these groups. We assessed that a larger sample size with longer follow-up would be necessary to resolve this issue. Having mentioned this, one has to bear in mind that the patients’ profiles and indications for PKP may change with time, and these influence surgical outcome and graft survival.³³

This study revealed corneal graft rejection occurred in twelve (14.1%) of 85 eyes. Wagoner et al²² reported endothelial rejection as the most common complication (17.3%) following primary adult PKP. Yalniz-Akkaya³⁴ et al reported allograft rejection in 14.7% of eyes with primary corneal graft. In all these studies, immune rejection was significantly associated with graft failure. Immune rejection may result from loss of anterior chamber-associated immune deviation, which together with corneal avascularity and absence of corneal lymphatics partly confers immune privilege to the cornea and therefore is associated with graft failure.⁸ Our study also showed that corneal vascularization was significantly associated with a higher rate of corneal graft failure, both in univariate and multivariate analyses. Inoue et al³⁵ reported that the relative risk of corneal graft failure increased from 1.67 in cornea with one quadrant vascularized to 3.39 in cornea with three or more quadrants vascularized. Price et al⁵ also reported that deep stromal vascularization had been identified as significantly associated with corneal graft failure in their study. Being vascularized, donor corneas could be exposed to the host immune system, which then triggers an inflammatory cascade leading to graft failure.

The graft failure rate was found to be significantly higher in eyes with raised IOP compared to eyes with normal IOP.³⁶ Our series revealed perioperative raised IOP was significantly associated with graft failure only in univariate analysis. Good IOP control is important to prolong corneal graft survival comparable to eyes with normal IOP.

The rate of infection following PKP in different countries ranges from 1.8% to as high as 11.9%.^37,38 In this study, the rate of infection was 9.4% (eight eyes). We identified a higher corneal graft failure rate among eyes that encountered infection (three eyes, 37.5%) compared to those without infections (ten eyes, 13.0%), but statistical significance was marginally not met (P = 0.062). This could be due to our relatively small sample size. Nevertheless, this finding underscored the fact that aggressive and prompt control of infection is important to avoid corneal graft failure. Closer monitoring of elderly male patients regardless of the PKP indication is strongly advisable. The possibility of fungal infection should be ruled out in all cases.

We found there was no significant association between performing a concurrent procedure during PKP and corneal graft failure. Bersudsky et al³⁹ showed that there was an increase of the corneal graft failure rate with simultaneous cataract surgery, but not with intraocular lens implant. In this study, the suture technique was not found to have a statistically significant association with corneal graft failure. This is in agreement with the findings reported by Inoue et al.³⁵

The causes of corneal graft failure in our study were immune rejection in eight of eleven (72.72%) eyes, raised IOP in two (18.18%) eyes, and infection in one (9.09%) eye. Data from the Australian Corneal Graft Registry 1990–1992⁴⁰ stated that the common reasons for failure of penetrating corneal graft were rejection (33%), glaucoma (11%), nonviral infections (10%), endothelial cell failure (8%), and herpetic infection (7%). In our practice, the risk for herpetic keratitis recurrence, and thus corneal graft failure, was minimized by adopting a protocol using prophylactic perioperative oral valacyclovir and long-term postoperative topical ganciclovir, as previously described.²⁶

In this series, statistically significant improvement of overall BSCVA from finger counting to Snellen acuity 20/60 following corneal transplantation was achieved. Individually, improvement in BSCVA was observed in 71 (83.5%), unchanged in nine (10.5%) and worsened in the remaining five (5.9%) eyes. Wagoner et al²² reported overall improvement in vision in 82.4% of eyes, no change in 10.7% of the eyes, and deterioration in 6.9% of the eyes following adult PKP performed in a public health facility in Saudi Arabia. In our study, the proportions of eyes with postoperative BSCVA of 20/40 or better and 20/80 or better were 40.0% and 60.0%, respectively. In general, postoperative vision improved significantly from preoperative vision following keratoplasty. Eyes that eventually had poor postoperative BSCVA were found to have concurrent ocular co-morbidity, such as advanced open-angle glaucoma.

Conclusion

The overall corneal graft survival is excellent in patients who are under close observation. Patient selection, proper donor corneal handling, and thorough preoperative and postoperative evaluation are crucial for successful corneal transplantation. While overall short-term corneal graft survival in PKP is excellent, long-term survival continues to be a topic of high interest. The high number of PKPs performed worldwide despite the emergence of various lamellar keratoplasty techniques underlines the importance of PKP as a vision-restorative procedure. Finally, with disruption of the geographic barriers in this global village, it was possible to obtain donor corneal tissues from eye banks in the US, underscoring international cooperation among the ophthalmic community. However, it is hoped that local donors will be widely available in the long run, as foreign donor tissues might be associated with antigen mismatches with local recipients.

Disclosure

The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this study.