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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 7.
Published in final edited form as: Demography. 2012 Feb;49(1):49–76. doi: 10.1007/s13524-011-0081-9

Table 5.

Four Estimates of the Effects of Fathers’ Incarceration on Child Wellbeing

Model 1:
Cross-section		 Model 2:
Incarceration
Y3-Y5		 Model 3:
Lagged DV		 Model 4:
Individual
Fixed Effects
Aggressive Behavior 0.131**
(0.044)		 0.225***
(0.057)		 0.247***
(0.059)		 0.239***
(0.061)
Internalizing Behavior −0.075
(0.046)		 −0.028
(0.050)		 0.002
(0.055)		 −0.053
(0.069)
Attention problems 0.029
(0.045)		 0.201***
(0.056)		 0.182**
(0.063)		 0.037
(0.074)
Child Health 0.096
(0.129)		 −0.035
(0.143)		 −0.026
(0.158)		 0.067
(0.248)
Verbal ability (PPVT-R) 0.159
(0.688)		 0164
(0.770)		 0.801
(0.810)		 −0.455
(1.044)

Notes: PPVT Models also control for child’s age (in months) at the time test was administered.

Standard Errors in Parentheses.

*

p<.05

**

p<.01

***

p<.001