Abstract
Low copy number (CN) of the FCGR3B gene reduces FCGR3B membrane expression on neutrophils and results in clearance of a smaller amount of immune complex. We investigated FCGR3B CN in relation to the clinical phenotype in a Caucasian SLE cohort (n = 107). FCGR3B CN was determined by three different qPCR parameter estimations (Ct−, Cy0, and cpD1) and confirmed by the FCGR2C/FCGR2A paralog ratio test. Clinical and serological data were then analyzed for their association with FCGR3B CN. Low FCGR3B CN (<2) was more frequent in SLE patients than in healthy controls (n = 162) (20% versus 6%, OR 4.15, P = 0.003) and associated with higher disease activity scores (SLEDAI 10.4 versus 6.1, P = 0.03), lupus nephritis (LN) (25 versus 5%, P = 0.03), and increased levels of antibodies against dsDNA (81 versus 37 IU, P = 0.03), C1q (22 versus 6 IU, P = 0.003), and ribosomal P (10 versus 5 IU, P = 0.01). No such associations were seen with antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens or high FCGR3B CN (>2). In multivariate analyses, LN was independently associated with anti-C1q-Ab levels (P = 0.03) and low FCGR3B CN (P = 0.09). We conclude that the susceptibility for LN in patients with low FCGR3B CN is linked to increased levels of pathogenic autoantibodies.
1. Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe autoimmune disease that causes a wide spectrum of clinical and serological abnormalities [1]. The characteristic production of antibodies against nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens, which normally are shielded from the immune system, results among others from defective clearance of apoptotic material [2, 3]. Immune complexes containing autoantibodies and nuclear antigens (IC) play a central role in renal inflammation, and depending on their interaction with activating and/or inhibitory FCgR can lead to complement activation, cytokine release, and attraction of neutrophils in Lupus Nephritis (LN), similar to findings in anti-GBM disease [4–6]. Although an abundance of autoantibodies can be detected in sera from SLE patients, only a limited number of autoantibodies are associated with specific disease manifestations such as anti-dsDNA and LN [1]. In contrast, antibodies against other intracellular antigens, such as anti-Ro/La, are in general consistently present in stable titers over prolonged periods of time, independent of underlying disease activity [7].
Copy number variation (CNV) designates the presence of duplications or deletions of DNA segments of considerable size (more than 1 kb) and may be present in as much of 12% of the human genome [8, 9]. CNV is increasingly recognized as an important genetic predisposing factor for complex diseases including SLE and RA [10, 11]. FCGR3B is an activating membrane glycoprotein expressed specifically by human neutrophils (and stimulated eosinophils) and preferentially interacts with complexed IgG [12]. IgG binding initiates a neutrophil effector response resulting in the clearance of IC [13, 14]. The FCGR3B gene is carried in the FCgR cluster on chromosome 1 (1q23), and low FCGR3B CN has emerged as a susceptibility factor for SLE in case-controls studies with different ethnic backgrounds [15–18]. There is however limited information on the relationship between low FCGR3B CN and clinical phenotypes in SLE. An association between low FCGR3B CN and LN has been observed in Caucasian patients as well as in experimental lupus, but several studies have been unable to replicate these associations in Asian or Afro-American patients [16, 18, 19]. Despite the role of FCGR3B in clearance of immune complexes, none of these studies have been able to demonstrate the presumed link between low FCGR3B CN and pathogenic IgG autoantibodies. Given the limited data available, we therefore investigated the potential association between FCGR3B CNV and relevant disease manifestations in SLE.
2. Patients and Methods
The study included 107 Caucasian SLE patients (87% female, median age 47 years), all fulfilling 1997 ACR criteria for SLE classification and 162 population-based Caucasian healthy controls (53% females, median age 56 years). Patient selection, disease activity (SLEDAI-2K), and accrued organ damage assessment (SLICC-DI) have been detailed before [20] (see Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 in the Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/750814). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committees, and all participants gave written informed consent.
2.1. CN Quantification for FCGR3B Gene
Genomic DNA was extracted from frozen PBMCs using DNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), following the manufacturer's instructions. Samples were quantitated using a Nanodrop ND-1000 Spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies). CN determination was performed using 20 ng genomic DNA in an ABI 7300 real-time PCR system using a custom TaqMan copy number assay (Applied Biosystems, Hs04211858-cn). Briefly, the FCGR3B primers specifically amplified FCGR3B within intron 3, and fluorescence detection utilized a dual-labeled FAM-MGB probe. TaqMan copy number RNase P (Applied Biosystems, product 4403326), with a dual-labeled VIC-TAMRA probe, was used as the reference (2CN) assay. Duplex PCR reactions were performed in triplicate with fluorescence signals normalized to ROX. Each test run included three reference samples (1, 2, and 3 FCGR3B copies) to control for potential batch variation.
FCGR3B copy number was analyzed using Copy Caller software (v.1.0, Applied Biosystems, USA); results were accepted only when the calling confidence for discrete CN assignment was >80%, and the dCq standard deviation between replicates was <0.20; otherwise samples were retested. CN assignment was compared for three different quantitation points (Cq): (i) Ct, with auto-baselining and 0, 2 threshold, as recommended by the manufacturer; (ii) Cy0, which is less sensitive to amplification inhibitors [2], again estimated using autobaselined data; (iii) cpD1 (second derivative maximum) estimated from unbaselined data (determined from a 6-parameter log-logistic curve which explicitly models the baseline). The Cy0 and cpD1 estimates were determined using the R qpcR library [2, 21, 22]. The 3 quantitation points gave equivalent CN assignments. However, occasional, sporadic FAM autobaselining problems were observed, which if undetected, resulted in spuriously high CN assignment. Repeat testing confirmed that the cpD1 estimate from unbaselined data was therefore the most reliable.
The FCGR3B qPCR CNV assay was validated against the FCGR2C/FCGR2A paralog ratio, end point, and PCR assay [15]. As FCGR2C CN is in complete linkage with FCGR3B CN and FCGR2A does not exhibit CNV [15, 23], FCGR2C/FCGR2A ratio thus offers independent confirmation of FCGR3B CN [15, 23]. Briefly, a single primer pair was used to coamplify FCGR2C and FCGR2A, and the amplicons corresponding to each gene (274 and 279 bp, resp.) were quantified following capillary electrophoresis (QIAxcel, USA). One hundred samples were tested in parallel for both assays. The methodology has been described in detail before [24]. There was complete concordance between the independently assigned CN for the FCGR3B qPCR assay and the FCGR2C paralog ratio end-point PCR assay for 99 samples; one sample was not assigned by the paralog ratio method and was not retested.
2.2. Serological Assays
IgG class antibodies against double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) and Ro/La were routinely tested in our immunology laboratory by enzyme immunoassays (Elia, Phadia, Freiburg, Germany), while antibody levels against nucleosomes, C1q, and ribosomal protein P were determined by ELISA (Orgentec Diagnostika, Mainz, Germany) and BAFF by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay (Quantikine Immunoassay; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) on stored serum aliquots (−20°C). All assays performed in duplex following the manufacturers' recommendations.
2.3. Statistics
Numbers represent medians unless specified otherwise. The association between FCGR3B CN and disease susceptibility was analyzed by odds ratios (OR). Comparisons of median levels between groups were done by Mann-Whitney U test, while Spearman's correlation coefficient of ranked values was used to determine the strength of relations between continuous variables and χ 2 test to test associations between discontinuous variables. Resulting P-values <0.05 were considered indicative of statistical significance. Clinical and serological disease features associated with LN by logistic regression analyses were subsequently entered into multivariate backward modeling based on Wald statistics (P < 0.1 to enter) to determine their independent relationship with LN.
3. Results
The FCGR3B CN distribution (Table 1) was significantly different in SLE patients compared to controls (χ 2 13.8, P = 0.001). When compared with the normal diploid 2 CN, low FCGR3B CN (≤1) was increased in frequency in SLE (OR 4.15, 95% CI: 1.82–9.46, P = 0.0003), while there was no association with high FCGR3B CN (≥3, P = 0.82) (Table 1).
Table 1.
Frequency of copy number (CN) variation in the FCGR3B gene in SLE patients and controls. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between FCGR3B gene copy number (CN) and SLE. Reference group is healthy controls (n = 162).
| FCGR3B CN | SLE n = 107 | Controls n = 162 | OR | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <2 | 20% | 6% | 4.15 (CI: 1.82–29.46) | P = 0.0003 |
| 2 | 70% | 86% | 1 | |
| >2 | 9% | 8% | 1.03 (CI: 0.43–2.47) | P = 0.82 |
Global χ 2 = 13.78, degrees of freedom = 2, and P = 0.001.
Within the SLE cohort, low FCGR3B CN was associated with higher SLEDAI-2K scores (P = 0.03, Table 2). Low FCGR3B CN was also increased in frequency in patients with active renal disease (characterized by proteinuria with active urinary sediment) (25 versus 6.4%, P = 0.03) (Table 2). Low FCGR3B CN was not associated with onset age or gender, arthritis, skin disease or other manifestation of active disease as defined in SLEDAI-2 K, total or organ system-specific scores SDI scores.
Table 2.
Univariate analysis comparing clinical features between SLE patients with low (<2) FCGR3B and ≥2 FCGR3B gene copy number. Figures indicate mean values or number of patients (percentage). P values derive from Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square testing as appropriate.
| FCGR3B < 2 (n = 21) | FCGR3B ≥ 2 (n = 86) |
P value |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 43.3 | 47.9 | 0.3 |
| Female gender (%) | 18 (86) | 77 (90) | 0.47 |
| Disease duration (months) | 162 | 151 | 0.7 |
| Organ damage present (SDI > 0) | 60 | 58 | 0.9 |
| SLEDAI-2K score | 10.4 | 6.1 | 0.03 |
| LN present (%) | 5 (24) | 6 (6.9) | 0.03 |
| Arthritis present (%) | 4 (19) | 9 (11) | 0.3 |
| Active skin lesions present (%) | 2 (10) | 3 (4) | 0.4 |
| Leukocytopenia (<4) | 3 (14) | 18 (21) | 0.3 |
| Anti-dsDNA positive | 8 (38) | 16 (18) | 0.05 |
| Anti-dsDNA titer (n < 55 IU) | 81 | 37 | 0.03 |
| Anti-C1q positive | 6 (29) | 10 (12) | 0.06 |
| Anti-C1q titer (n < 11 IU) | 22 | 5.5 | 0.003 |
| Antiribosomal P positive | 4 (19) | 6 (7) | 0.1 |
| Antiribosomal P titer (n < 8 IU) | 10 | 5 | 0.01 |
| Anti-Ro positive (%) | 43 | 36 | 0.62 |
| Anti-Sm positive (%) | 5 | 6 | 0.9 |
| Low C3 (<81 mg/dL) (%) | 30 | 28 | 0.9 |
SLEDAI-2K: SLE Disease Activity Index-2000 version, SDI: SLICC-ACR Damage Index, LN: lupus nephritis (see methods for definition), and C3: complement factor 3.
In terms of serological/laboratory findings, low FCGR3B CN was associated with a higher prevalence and increased levels of anti-dsDNA, anti-C1q, and antiribosomal P autoantibodies (Table 2). FCGR3B CN was however unrelated to anti-Ro prevalence, RF titers, ESR, hemoglobin leukocyte or lymphocyte counts, C3, and s-BAFF levels (data not shown). In nonparametric correlation analyses, FCGR3B CN was inversely and significantly correlated with anti-dsDNA (Rs −0.24; P = 0.015), antiribosomal P (Rs −0.31; P = 0.002), and anti-C1q (Rs −0.251; P = 0.01) autoantibody titers, but not to RF (Rs 0.12; P > 0.3). Upon multivariate logistic regression analysis, the final model confirmed an independent relation with LN for anti-C1q antibody levels (OR 1.03, P = 0.026), while the relation with low FCGR3B CN reached only borderline statistical significance despite its large effect size effect (OR 4.2, P = 0.09) (Table 3).
Table 3.
Odds ratios (OR) for the association between disease characteristics and presence of LN. OR correspond to Exp (β) in logistic regression analyses with presence of active LN as the dependent parameter (see methods for detailed description). “—” indicates nonsignificant findings upon multivariate analysis.
| Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exp (β) | CI | P value | Exp (β) | CI | P value | |
|
FCGR3B CN < 2 |
4.8 | 1.25–18.9 | 0.02 | 4.2 | 0.8–23.6 | 0.09 |
| Serum albumin | 0.87 | 0.77–0.99 | 0.047 | — | — | — |
| Anti-dsDNA Ab | 1.01 | 1.003–1.018 | 0.008 | — | — | — |
| Anti-C1q Ab | 1.04 | 1.01–1.06 | 0.003 | 1.03 | 1.03–1.05 | 0.026 |
| Low C3 | 7.1 | 1.6–29.8 | 0.007 | — | — | — |
4. Discussion
FCGR3B is a stimulatory receptor located predominantly on the cell surface of neutrophils and belongs to the family of Fc gamma receptors, which are primarily involved in IC clearance [13]. This study confirms that low FCGR3B CN is a susceptibility factor for SLE [13, 14, 17–19]. In addition, we show for the first time a link between low FCGR3B CN and the presence and titers of specific pathogenic autoantibodies in SLE.
FCGR3B CN variation has become established as a risk factor for a range of systemic autoimmune diseases, including RA, Sjögren's syndrome, and SLE [11]. This reflects a growing realization that CNV is frequent throughout the genome and may be important genetic risk factors for complex disease [9, 25, 26]. The observed effect size for this association (OR 4.2) was larger than in previously reported studies but falls within the confidence interval reported in a recent meta-analysis [11].
While the association between low FCGR3B CN and SLE susceptibility is firmly established, there is still limited knowledge about the mechanism by which FCGR3B CN contributes to this disease [1, 27]. Our data support an association between low FCGR3B CN and the prevalence of LN in Caucasian patients, while no such association has been observed in in Chinese and Hispanic patients [16, 19, 28]. Other studies have demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but not CNV of the FCGR3B gene, constituted a risk factor for LN in Chinese and other SLE cohorts [12, 25, 28]. Morris et al. have shown that there is a combined effect of FCGR3B CNV and the presence of NA1/NA2 SNP on disease susceptibility [29], and it is clearly of interest to further investigate how combined changes in FCGR3B gene copy number and product structure impact on disease susceptibility and clinical phenotypes.
Low FCGR3B CN was not associated with any other clinical manifestation of SLE in this study and other studies [16, 19, 28]. The association with higher SLEDAI scores is likely a reflection of the higher scores obtained by patients with LN.
The biological role of FCGR3B is not fully elucidated. FCGR3B lacks a transmembrane domain and must interact with other membrane receptors such as FCGR2A and β2-integrin (CD11/CD18b) to fully activate neutrophils [30–32]. In vitro cross-linking of FCGR3B induces calcium mobilization and tyrosine phosphorylation and leads to tethering of neutrophils to immobilized ICs and IgG phagocytosis [31, 33, 34]. In healthy controls, low FCGR3B CN reduces the adherence of neutrophils to IC and subsequent IC clearance [35], and it seems reasonable to assume a similar effect in SLE patients. The anticipated consequence would be higher levels of circulating IC/autoantibodies, but this has not been documented in human SLE. This study is one of the first to demonstrate a link between low FCGR3B CN and high titers of antibodies against dsDNA, C1q, and ribosomal protein P in SLE patients. These autoantibodies are among the most disease-specific autoantibodies in SLE, and in particular, anti-dsDNA and anti-C1q are implicated in the pathogenesis of LN [1, 36]. Our data suggest that these circulating autoantibodies represent a potential connection between low FCGR3B CN and human lupus, especially LN [19, 37].
Antibodies against Ro/La, Sm, and IgG (RF) were not associated with variation in FCGR3B CN in this SLE cohort. Compared to anti-dsDNA and anti-C1q autoantibodies, both RF and anti-Ro/La are less disease specific and do not fluctuate with disease activity [1]. RF exerts a differential effect on IC clearance, and depending on characteristics such as antibody excess and glycosylation of the Fc fragment may increase or decrease IC uptake [32, 38]. Data from RA studies have also failed to show a convincing association between low FCGR3B CN and RF or antibodies against citrullinated peptides (ACPA) [24, 39], while studies in Sjögren's syndrome patients failed to find an association with anti-Ro antibodies [40, 41]. An association between renal disease and anti-Sm has been described in African-American SLE patients who tend to have a fourfold higher prevalence of anti-Sm than Caucasian patients [42]. The distribution of anti-Sm was similar between patients with low or high FCGR3B CN as was otherwise the case for other antibodies against ENA, which all have a less distinctive association with clinical disease. While a potential role for FCGR3B CNV and anti-Sm could not be substantiated in this Caucasian cohort, this does not exclude a potential association in other cohorts. Together, these data indicate that the specificity of an antibody is of major importance in the interaction with FCGR3B, and more detailed study of the functional consequences of FCGR3B stimulation by SLE-specific (complexed as well as monomeric) autoantibodies will be highly informative.
The strength of this study lies in the integrated approach for measuring CN variation that included extensive data quality checking as well as independent validation by a separate assay. This methodology resulted in high confidence and discrete CN calls which have emerged as important aspect of FCGR3B CNV determination [11, 43]. Nonetheless, every method for CNV study presents its own unique challenges making direct comparisons difficult, especially given with regards to the newer microarray-based technologies [25].
Another asset of this study is the uniformity of data ensured by simultaneous collection of clinical and laboratory data in a genetically homogenous cohort from a single centre and subsequent uniform ELISA-based testing of expanded autoantibody profiles. The main limitation of this study is the moderate cohort size. While a larger sample size would have increased the power of our findings, it would not be anticipated to effectively change the results as sample size was not widely different from other studies where the impact of FCGR3B CNV on disease susceptibility was described [24, 41]. Also, serological data on circulating immune complexes (CIC) were not available as CIC measurement is no longer routinely practiced. CIC assays do not provide insight into the specificity of the antigen-antibody interaction [44, 45]. Particularly important, CIC assays do not differentiate antigen-complexed antibody from non-specifically aggregated or monomeric autoantibody asC1qBA results are confounded by monomeric immunoglobulin such as anti-C1q in serum of SLE patients [46].
5. Conclusions
We confirm that low FCGR3B CN is a risk factor for LN in Caucasian SLE patients, likely through a selective reduction in the clearance of disease-specific autoantibodies only. This suggests that FCGR3B is involved in removal of a limited repertoire of pathogenic autoantibodies in SLE.
Supplementary Material
Supplemental Table 1: Overview of the assessment of the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) used in this study showing the absolute scores and definitions for their use. The maximum score is 104.
Supplemental Table 2: Provides the details for the assessment of the SLICC damage index (SDI) used in this study. Scores are only registered if a specific type of organ damage has been present for >6 months, irrespective of its cause.
Conflict of Interests
The authors report no conflict of interests with regard to this work, and none of the authors has a direct financial relation with the commercial identities mentioned in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Angela Berry and Kirsten Nilsen for technical assistance. This work was supported by grants from Northern Norway Health Authority and Norwegian Rheumatism Association. These institutions had no role in study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the paper, or in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
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Associated Data
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Supplementary Materials
Supplemental Table 1: Overview of the assessment of the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) used in this study showing the absolute scores and definitions for their use. The maximum score is 104.
Supplemental Table 2: Provides the details for the assessment of the SLICC damage index (SDI) used in this study. Scores are only registered if a specific type of organ damage has been present for >6 months, irrespective of its cause.