Surgical Approach to Cervical Esophagogastric Anastomoses for Post-esophagectomy Complications

Abstract

In gastric tube reconstruction, anastomotic leakage and stricture occasionally occur. Additionally, new or recurrent cancer may occur in the esophageal remnant or at the anastomotic site. Such complications, after cervical anastomoses, led to our adoption of a procedure to approach the anastomosis by manubrium and proximal left clavicle resection. This procedure was applied to seven patients between April 2000 and March 2011. The mean age of the patients was 69.9 years (range, 65–76 years); all were men. The mean operative time was 506 min (range, 374–845 min), with an average blood loss of 297 ml (range, 180–606 ml). Esophagogastric anastomoses were performed in two cases, and free jejunal graft transplantations were performed in the remaining five cases; oral intake became possible for all patients. Limited range of motion or other movement disorders of the neck and upper limbs, due to the upper sternum and clavicle resection, were not observed. This invasive surgical procedure can be acceptable for patients who are facing life-threatening consequences or significant decreases in quality of life and are resistant to conservative treatment.

Introduction

In general, the gastric tube is used for reconstruction after an esophagectomy, and the reconstruction may be performed via the posterior mediastinum, retrosternal, or presternal route. As the posterior mediastinum route is the shortest and most natural, this route is most often chosen. However, in cases of locally advanced esophageal cancer where there are concerns about local recurrence, the retrosternal route may be chosen in order to minimize the risk of tumor invasion or irradiation of the gastric tube. In which route, we adopted a cervical anastomosis, so that the anastomosis was located behind the sternum.

In gastric tube reconstructions, slow peripheral circulation of the gastric tube, tension, and anastomotic complications, such as leakage or stricture, occasionally occur. Leakage induces local inflammation around the anastomosis, with scarring occurring as a result of the inflammation; ultimately an anastomotic stricture is formed. The bend in the anastomosis occasionally worsens the stricture. When we perform gastric tube reconstructions, we always carefully perform end-to-side esophagogastric anastomoses, using a circular stapler to avoid bending the anastomosis, but regardless of this, strictures occasionally occur.

For anastomotic strictures, bougie dilations or endoscopic balloon dilation techniques are often performed, but in some cases, frequent dilation is required and the resultant expansion may still be insufficient. Additionally, new or recurrent cancer may occur in the esophageal remnant or at the anastomotic site. These complications indicate surgical treatment. However, in the case of cervical anastomoses, approaching the anastomosis is difficult because it is located on the dorsal side of the sternum, and advanced adhesions to the surrounding tissues are often encountered. For such cases, we have adopted a procedure to approach the anastomosis via the sternum; the procedure involves resection of the proximal left clavicle and manubrium.

Technique

First, an incision is made in the left half of the neck wound that resulted from the previous operation, followed by a midline incision (Fig. 1a). The platysma is peeled back and the sternocleidomastoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and the left pectoralis major muscle are detached from the sternum and left clavicle (Fig. 1b). Release of the left sternoclavicular joint is accomplished by cutting through the center of the left clavicle with a wire saw, and removing the proximal left clavicle (Fig. 1c). Resection of the manubrium is then performed. Because the gastric tube is extensively adherent to the manubrium, the manubrium is carefully shaped, using Luer bone rongeur forceps, from the left proximal side of the manubrium to ensure an appropriate field of view (Fig. 1d), thereby maximizing patient safety. In the case of cancer, a neck dissection may be performed, if necessary. Subsequently, the esophagus and the gastric tube around the stricture are totally exposed and resected (Fig. 1e). Since the adhesion is not as severe around the proximal side of the remnant esophagus, the esophagus is encircled and lifted with cotton tape, prior to the anastomotic site being carefully detached. In this series of operations, care is taken to avoid damaging the left recurrent nerve. Occasionally, the left recurrent nerve is difficult to identify due to the severe adhesions; we attempt to stay as far away from the trachea as possible and promote the dissection along the esophagus and gastric tube.

Fig. 1.

Schema of the operation. a An incision is made in the left half of the neck wound, created during the previous operation, along with a midline incision. b The sternocleidomastoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and the left pectoralis major muscle are detached from the sternum and left clavicle. c Release of the left sternoclavicular joint, by cutting the center of the left clavicle and removing the proximal left clavicle. d The manubrium is resected and shaped using Luer bone rongeur forceps, from the left proximal side. e Exposure and resection of the esophagus and gastric tube around the stricture. At first, the esophagus is encircled and lifted with a cotton tape. The anastomotic site is carefully detached, being careful not to damage the left recurrent nerve. f Reconstruction is completed

When the excision range is small, re-anastomosis is possible but requires a free jejunal interposition. In the case of re-anastomosis, we perform an end-to-end manual anastomosis with the Albert–Lembert procedure. In the case of free jejunal interposition, we usually perform an end-to-side anastomosis for the proximal anastomosis and an end-to-end procedure for the distal one, using a circular stapler. The left cervical transverse artery, the left internal thoracic artery, the left internal or external jugular vein, or the left vertebral vein can be used for revascularization, depending on the position and length of the jejunal graft. Figure 1f shows a completed reconstruction. Finally, the surgical field is washed thoroughly with saline, vacuum drains are placed on both sides of the anastomosis, and the incised wound is sutured.

Results

This procedure was used for seven patients between April 2000 and March 2011; a summary of these cases is shown in Table 1. All cases were gastric tube reconstructions, via the retrosternal route. Three cases involved cancer of the esophageal remnant and four involved anastomotic strictures, with one of the anastomotic stricture cases being complicated by a gastric tube-bronchial fistula. The mean age of the patients was 69.9 years (range, 65–76 years) and all of the patients were men. The mean operative time was 506 min (range, 374–845 min), with an average blood loss of 297 ml (range, 180–606 ml). Esophagogastric anastomoses were performed in two cases, and free jejunal graft transplantations were performed in five cases. For the arterial grafts, the left internal mammary artery was chosen in one patient and the left cervical transverse artery was chosen in four patients. For the venous grafts, the left external jugular vein was chosen in two patients, and the left internal jugular vein, the left vertebral vein, and the left internal thoracic vein were each chosen in one patient.

Table 1.

Summary of seven patients who underwent surgical reparation of anastomotic strictures

Case	Age (years)	Gender	Time from first operation (months)	Cause	Operation time (min)	Bleeding (ml)	Reconstruction	Graft vessels	Other findings	Complications
1	74	Male	20	Anastomotic stricture	590	606	Free jejunal graft interposition	Left transverse cervical artery		Dysphagia
								Left external jugular vein
2	76	Male	15	Anastomotic stricture	400	229	Esophagogastric anastomosis		Neck dissection	None
3	67	Male	250	Residual esophageal cancer	415	180	Free jejunal graft interposition	Left transverse cervical artery	Neck dissection	None
								Left internal jugular vein
4	73	Male	290	Residual esophageal cancer	845	418	Free jejunal graft interposition	Left transverse cervical artery	Pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy with neck dissection	None
								Left external jugular vein
5	65	Male	4	Anastomotic stricture	375	282	Esophagogastric anastomosis			Surgical site infection
6	67	Male	10	Anastomotic stricture	480	181	Free jejunal graft interposition	Left internal thoracic artery		Jejunal graft necrosis
								Left internal thoracic vein
7	67	Male	190	Residual esophageal cancer	435	187	Free jejunal graft interposition	Left transverse cervical artery	Combined resection of the left internal jugular vein with neck dissection	Dysphagia
								Left vertebral vein

Surgical complications included jejunal graft necrosis in one patient (a reoperation was required); grade 2 dysphagia, by the Clavien–Dindo classification, occurred in two patients; and a deep, surgical site infection occurred in one patient. However, oral intake became possible in all cases, and none of the patients developed limited range of motion or other movement disorders of the neck and upper limbs as a result of the upper sternum and clavicle resections.

Discussion

In the case of a gastric tube reconstruction, leakage and scarring may occur at the site of the anastomosis, with an anastomotic stricture eventually forming. The bend in the anastomosis may worsen the stricture, leading to the patient’s worsening nutritional status and an increased risk of aspiration. Certainly, these strictures decrease the post-surgical quality of life (QOL) for patients with esophageal cancer and also negatively impact the patient’s prognosis. Therefore, when an anastomotic stricture develops, bougie dilation or endoscopic balloon dilations are commonly performed. One report has suggested that these dilation techniques have an initial success rate of 78–100 %, but approximately 50 % of the patients require a repeat dilation.1 In some cases, the cancer may also recur or new cancer may develop in the esophageal remnant or anastomosis. In addition, some patients require frequent dilation or sufficient extension cannot be obtained even after repeated dilation. In patients with refractory benign esophageal strictures, electrocautery incisions, steroid injections, and esophageal stents2–4 have been reportedly used to dilate the stricture. However, these techniques are limited when a long stricture is present or when it is bent.

In our division, anastomotic strictures are normally treated by endoscopic balloon dilation, but we have adopted the currently described surgical procedure for patients with severely degraded QOL, resulting from the complications described earlier. The operation takes approximately 500 min, or longer, as it requires revascularization. Nonetheless, the intraoperative blood loss is only approximately 300 ml.

In the 1970s, Orringer has already reported that resection of the manubrium, adjacent clavicles and ribs provides access to the upper thoracic esophagus.5 One published report described a tracheal approach, with a manubrium resection.6 There is also a report of an approach to the anastomotic stricture involving a manubrium resection.7 Because resection of the manubrium and the left clavicle causes depression of the anterior chest wall, this procedure is cosmetically inferior to the manubrium resection approach. Resection of the manubrium and left clavicle allows the motion of the neck and the upper limbs to be preserved. In terms of the surgical procedure, if only manubrial dissection is performed, then a sufficient field of view cannot be obtained or the surgical field may be deepened. Hence, left clavicle resection is also performed to ensure a sufficient surgical field. If advanced adhesions are present, adhesiolysis between the manubrium and the anastomosis may become difficult or cause damage to other organs. At first, we removed the proximal left clavicle, which makes the dissection relatively easy, and preserves the field of view and the working space. The manubrium can then be excised, piece by piece, using Luer bone rongeur forceps from the left proximal side of the manubrium.

As a means of repairing a cervical esophagogastric anastomosis complication, we have adopted direct re-anastomosis or free jejunal graft interposition. It is believed that stricturoplasty may be sufficient when the length of the stricture is short; however, the indications for stricturoplasty are known to overlap with the indications for other interventions, such as electrocautery incisions or esophageal stents. For these reasons, and to ensure a complete cure of the stenosis, we do not perform simple stricturoplasties because we want to ensure complete cure of the stricture. The described procedure may be an acceptable alternative for patients who have life-threatening consequences or a significant decrease in QOL and are resistant to conservative treatment.