Abstract
Objective
To determine the relationship between low vitamin D levels and hospital length of stay in nursing home residents who were admitted to acute medical floors in an urban community teaching hospital.
Methods
This prospective cohort study used multiple regression analysis for patients transferred from nursing homes to the hospital. On admission, patients’ serum 25(OH)D levels were obtained by blood draw using partially purified lipid extracts via a competitive protein binding assay. We defined low levels of serum 25(OH)D as <30 ng/ml. Patient medical histories were compiled by retrospective chart review and/or patient interview. Medical histories were analyzed with special emphasis on history of falls, osteoporosis, comorbidities, medication profile, and hospital length of stay.
Results
The mean serum 25(OH)D level for 71 patients (N = 71) was 22.69 ng/ml (±SD 10.967); the median, 23 ng/ml. Low serum concentrations of 25(OH)D were recorded in 51 patients (72%) all of whom had a longer mean hospital length of stay (13.72 days ± SD 10.778) than the 20 patients with higher vitamin D levels (7.72 days ± SD 4.070).
Conclusion
Low vitamin D levels in nursing home residents admitted to a community hospital were directly associated with increased hospital length of stay.
Keywords: vitamin D deficiency, aged, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, nursing homes, dietary supplements
The growing prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has been widely documented (1–7), along with its associations of increased risk of type I diabetes, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, muscle weakness, and functional deficits (1, 2, 8). In addition, studies have indicated that vitamin D deficiency adversely affects recovery in hospitalized patients and potentially increases hospital length of stay (LOS) (3, 9).
Current research has addressed trends in vitamin D deficiency, especially in the institutionalized geriatric populations such as in Drinka et al. (10). Studies have also addressed the increased risk of hip fracture in both institutionalized and healthy independent geriatric populations in vitamin D deficiency such as in Lips et al. (11). However, only a few studies (3, 9) have investigated the correlation between LOS and low levels of serum 25(OH)D and of these studies, none specifically addressed the acute care hospital setting. Moore and Kiebzak (3) addressed deficiency in both acute care and non-hospitalized patients, showing a relationship between increased muscle weakness, deficits, and increased hospital LOS. Kiebzak et al. (9) studied the relationship of vitamin D deficiency and increased rehabilitation LOS.
The goal of this study was to determine whether low levels of serum 25(OH)D were associated with longer hospital LOS in nursing home residents admitted to acute medical floors in an urban community teaching hospital.
Methods
This prospective cohort study included 71 patients transferred from nursing homes to the hospital. Internal Review Board approval was obtained. On admission, patients’ serum 25(OH)D levels were obtained during a routine phlebotomy using partially purified lipid extracts via a competitive protein binding assay. There was no time limit on when charted serum 25(OH)D levels were last checked nor were adequate oral, tube feeding, or supplemental vitamin D data collected from the nursing home transfer note. Our institution's laboratory defines normal vitamin D levels as 30–72 ng/ml (deficient <19 ng/ml, insufficient = 20–29 ng/ml). Therefore, we defined low levels of serum 25(OH)D as a concentration < 30 ng/ml. Patient medical histories were compiled by retrospective chart review and patient interviews when possible. The medical histories were analyzed with special emphasis on the following variables and comorbidities: history of falls, osteoporosis, fractures, coronary artery disease (CAD), congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), cerebrovascular accident (CVA/stroke), hypoparathyroidism, hypertension (HTN), dementia, decubitus ulcers, diabetes mellitus (DM), Parkinson's disease, psychiatric disorders, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), seizures, arrhythmias, hypothyroidism, malignancy, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and transfer, expiration, medication profile, and hospital LOS.
Statistical analysis
The chi-square and t-test were used to assess the relation between low levels of serum 25(OH)D and LOS and demographic and comorbidity variables. Linear regression was done to examine the association between vitamin D level and length of stay adjusting for other covariates related to length of stay. Analyses were conducted by members of the study team using statistical analysis software package SPSS version 18.0.
Results
Of the 71 patients (mean age 82.2±10.3 years), 49 were women and 22 were men. The mean serum 25(OH)D level was 22.7 ng/ml (±11.0) and median serum 25(OH)D level was 23 ng/ml. Descriptive characteristics of the sample are provided in Table 1. Fifty-one (72%) had low serum concentrations of 25(OH)D (<30 ng/ml). These 51 patients had a longer mean hospital LOS (13.7 days±10.8, ±SD) than patients with normal levels of 25(OH)D (7.7 days±4.1) (p=0.002). Nineteen of 22 men (86%) had low levels of serum 25(OH)D levels compared to 32 of 49 (65%) women (p = 0.09). Patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) had a high prevalence of low vitamin D levels: 13 (87%) of the 15 were admitted directly to the ICU, and 29 (69%) of the 42 transferred to ICU after admission to a medical floor. More patients with decubitus ulcers (p = 0.05) and stroke (p = 0.03) had low serum 25(OH)D levels. History of falls, osteoporosis, and the other comorbidities were not related to vitamin D levels (Table 2).
Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the sample
| Characteristic | N=71 |
|---|---|
| Age (year) | |
| Mean | 81.5 |
| SD | 10.9 |
| Range | 51–98 |
| Gender | |
| Male | 22 (31.0%) |
| Female | 49 (69.0%) |
| Hospital length of stay (days) (n=65) | |
| Mean | 12.1 |
| SD | 9.8 |
| Range | 2–62 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | |
| Mean | 8.8 |
| SD | 0.8 |
| Range | 7.0–11.0 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) (n=70) | |
| Mean | 3.4 |
| SD | 0.7 |
| Range | 2.0–4.9 |
| Magnesium (mg/dL) (n=70) | |
| Mean | 2.1 |
| SD | 0.3 |
| Range | 1.5–2.9 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) | |
| Mean | 107.4 |
| SD | 106.0 |
| Range | 8–835 |
| Total 25 OH-D (ng/ml) | |
| Mean | 22.7 |
| SD | 11.0 |
| Range | 5–55 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | |
| Mean | 3.3 |
| SD | 0.7 |
| Range | 1.7–4.9 |
| Urea nitrogen (BUN) (mg/dL) | |
| Mean | 26.9 |
| SD | 17.8 |
| Range | 5–91 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | |
| Mean | 1.1 |
| SD | 0.8 |
| Range | 0.3–4.1 |
| Coronary artery disease | |
| Yes | 27 (38.0%) |
| No | 44 (62.0%) |
| Congestive heart failure | |
| Yes | 19 (26.8%) |
| No | 52 (73.2%) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | |
| Yes | 15 (21.1%) |
| No | 56 (78.9%) |
| Falls (history of falls?) | |
| Yes | 8 (11.3%) |
| No | 63 (88.7%) |
| Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | |
| Yes | 17 (23.9%) |
| No | 54 (76.1%) |
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD) | |
| Yes | 7 (9.9%) |
| No | 64 (90.1%) |
| Osteoporosis | |
| Yes | 14 (19.7%) |
| No | 57 (80.3%) |
Table 2.
Relationship of comorbidities to low vitamin D levels
| Vitamin D levels <30 ng/ml | ||
|---|---|---|
|
|
||
| Comorbidity | n/total (%) | p |
| Coronary artery disease | ||
| with | 22/27 (82) | 0.184 |
| without | 29/44 (66) | |
| Congestive heart failure | ||
| with | 16/19 (84) | 0.236 |
| without | 35/52 (67) | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | ||
| with | 10/15 (67) | 0.748 |
| without | 41/56 (73) | |
| Falls | ||
| with | 6/8 (75) | 1.0 |
| without | 45/63 (71) | |
| History of stroke | ||
| with | 16/17 (94) | 0.028 |
| without | 35/54 (65) | |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||
| with | 4/7 (57) | 0.394 |
| without | 47/64 (73) | |
| Osteoporosis | ||
| with | 10/14 (71) | 1.0 |
| without | 41/57 (72) | |
| Fracture | ||
| with | 7/12 (58) | 0.299 |
| without | 44/59 (75) | |
| Hypoparathyroidism | ||
| with | 0/0 (0) | |
| without | 51/71 (72) | * |
| Hypertension | ||
| with | 37/52 (71) | 1.0 |
| without | 14/19 (74) | |
| Decubitus ulcer | ||
| with | 10/10 (100) | 0.053 |
| without | 41/61 (67) | |
| Dementia | ||
| with | 27/36 (75) | 0.605 |
| without | 24/35 (67) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||
| with | 15/20 (75) | 0.778 |
| without | 36/51 (71) | |
| Parkinson's disease | ||
| with | 2/4 (50) | 0.314 |
| without | 49/67 (73) | |
| Psychiatric disorder | ||
| with | 10/20 (50) | 0.018 |
| without | 41/51 (80) | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | ||
| with | 2/2 (100) | 1.0 |
| without | 49/69 (71) | |
| History of seizures | ||
| with | 4/6 (67) | 1.0 |
| without | 47/65 (72) | |
| Arrhythmias | ||
| with | 10/14 (72) | 1.0 |
| without | 41/57 (72) | |
| Hypothyroidism | ||
| with | 8/11 (73) | 1.0 |
| without | 43/60 (72) | |
| Dyslipidemia medications | ||
| with | 9/10 (90) | 0.263 |
| without | 42/61 (69) | |
| Malignancy | ||
| with | 4/6 (67) | 1.0 |
| without | 47/65 (72) |
No p-value was calculated because no patient had hypoparathyroidism.
In addition to Vitamin D level, calcium (r=–0.301, p = 0.011) and albumin (r=0–.349, p = 0.004) levels were correlated with length of stay. After adjusting for calcium (p=0.399) and albumin (p = 0.104), vitamin D level was still associated with hospital LOS (p=0.005) (Table 3).
Table 3.
Linear regression model predicative of length of stay
| Factors | Beta | p |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D (constant) | — | 0.005 |
| Calcium | −0.134 | 0.399 |
| Albumin | −0.260 | 0.104 |
Discussion
Our study's results suggested that low levels of serum 25(OH)D were associated with increased hospital LOS. This remained valid even after logistic regression with variables such as age and sex, comorbidities, and serum albumin and calcium concentrations. Furthermore, our analysis failed to identify a significant correlation of low vitamin D levels to any particular comorbidity in respect to LOS. Similar results were observed by Kiebzak et al. (9) in their 2007 study: they reported an inverse relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and rehabilitation unit LOS (9). The higher the patients’ serum 25(OH)D concentrations the shorter their LOS in the hospital rehabilitation unit (9).
Prior studies have suggested that patients with low levels of serum 25(OH)D may have an increased risk of falls, osteoporosis, and fracture, with a subsequent decline in functional status, and more complications from health issues such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (7, 8, 12, 13). Our study, however, found no evidence to support that increased hospital LOS was associated with those particular comorbidities. Comparison of our study population with other studies’ patient populations is difficult to make due to differences in patient care settings and definitions of low vitamin D levels and their various cutoff values (3, 8–10, 14, 15). Our patient population had a high prevalence (72%) of low serum 25(OH)D concentrations, especially in men (86%) compared to women (65%). This may indicate that nursing home residents with low vitamin D levels were prone to develop acute conditions leading to hospital placement. On the other hand, low vitamin D levels may be a predictor, rather than a cause, of increased hospital LOS.
Limitations of the current study included the relatively small sample size and a lack of data regarding patient mobility and dietary intake or supplemental vitamin D in the nursing home. Also, there is known seasonal variability in vitamin D levels. Our data were collected primarily in the fall and winter months, which could have contributed to lower levels as compared to spring or summer. Note that reference ranges for vitamin D levels vary from one laboratory to the next. The cutoff range in our study was <30 ng/ml; however, this number cannot be used in every institution for the aforementioned reasons. Cutoff levels for low vitamin D may need to be addressed on an institutional basis.
Conclusion
Our results showed that low serum 25(OH) D concentrations in nursing home residents were associated with an increased hospital LOS. Further research is needed to determine whether vitamin D supplementation in this patient population will decrease their number of hospital admissions and/or their LOS during those admissions.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Soheila Hedayati, MD and Nibal Ghanim, MD for their assistance with the proposal; Emmanuel Opara, MD for his assistance with data collection; Alison Ball for her assistance writing the introduction; and Laura Gabbe, MS, for her assistance writing and editing the paper.
Conflict of interest and funding
The authors have not received any funding or benefits from industry or elsewhere to conduct this study.
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