Long-term excess mortality of patients with treated and untreated unruptured intracranial aneurysms

Abstract

Background and aim

Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) patients have an excess mortality proportion in long-term outcome studies because of the high rate of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular deaths. The aim of the present study was to assess the excess long-term mortality among patients with unruptured aneurysms with no previous SAH and to compare excess mortality after coiling, clipping and without treatment.

Methods

Between 1989 and 1999, a total of 1294 patients with intracranial aneurysms were admitted to our hospital. Of these, 1154 had previous SAH and were excluded leaving 140 patients with 178 intracranial unruptured aneurysms as the study population. The patients were followed up until death or by the end of April 2011. Causes of death were determined. Relative survival ratios (RSRs) were calculated and compared with the matched general population.

Results

Mean follow-up time was 13 years (range 1–19). During the follow-up period, 36% of patients died. Death was caused by cerebrovascular event in half of the cases. There were 12% excess mortality at 15 years in men and 35% excess mortality in women compared with general population. Excess mortality among women over 50 years was significantly higher than that among men (p=0.018).

Conclusions

Patients with untreated unruptured aneurysms have 50% excess long-term mortality compared with general population. Men with treated unruptured aneurysms have a survival proportion comparable with matched general population. Women, instead, have 28% excess mortality after surgical treatment and 23% excess mortality after endovascular treatment of unruptured aneurysms.

Introduction

Mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) remains high in spite of the treatment methods developed. Overall case fatality rates have been shown to be between 33% and 77% at 1 year after bleeding, with only slightly decreased in-hospital mortality from 1986 to 2001.^1–12 Even patients with successfully treated ruptured aneurysms and good outcome 1 year after bleeding have an excess death rate in long-term outcome studies.^13–15 General cerebrovascular and cardiovascular causes of death are higher among SAH patients than among general population.^{12 13 15} However, long-term mortality in patients with unruptured aneurysms is not well studied in spite of the increasing number of incidentally discovered and aggressively treated aneurysms. The management of unruptured aneurysms is controversial because the risk of treatment is thought to be greater than the risk of rupture.¹⁶ Thus, our aim was to assess excess long-term mortality among patients with unruptured aneurysms.

Methods

Patients

Our hospital serves as a primary and secondary care centre for patients with intracranial aneurysms, with a catchment area of approximately 1.2 million inhabitants. Between 1989 and 1999, a total of 1294 patients with intracranial aneurysms were admitted to our hospital. Of these, 1154 had previous SAH and were excluded leaving 140 patients with 178 intracranial unruptured aneurysms as the study population. All patients were followed up until death or by the end of April 2011, and no patients were lost from the follow-up. A total of 50 out of the 140 patients (36%) died, and death certificates were obtained from Statistics Finland. The study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee and Statistics Finland.

Statistical analysis

Excess mortality of the patients was measured by one minus relative survival ratio (RSR). The RSR is the ratio of the observed survival proportion divided by the expected survival proportion of a comparable group of Finnish general population matched for sex, age and calendar time. The expected survival proportions were estimated by Ederer II method.¹⁷ Applying this method, follow-up year-specific expected survival proportion is estimated as the average of the annual patient-specific expected survival proportions of the patients alive at the start of the follow-up year. The cumulative expected survival proportion is estimated as the product of the follow-up year-specific expected survival proportions. In this study, the survival probability of Finnish general population of same sex, age and calendar time as the patient served as annual patient-specific expected survival proportion and changed each consecutive year of patient's follow-up. Relative survival measured the survival experience of patients corrected for mortality from competing risks of death. However, if the patients have, for example, more severe comorbidities than the group of general population for comparison, the excess mortality is not due to only disease of interest, and relative survival underestimates survival related to the disease of interest only. RSRs and 95% CIs were estimated by survival package SURV3 V.3.01 (Finnish Cancer Registry, Helsinki, Finland). Differences in relative survival between patient groups were tested applying likelihood ratio tests.¹⁸

Results

Patients (65 men and 75 women) were aged 18–86 years (mean 54) at the time of diagnosis of the unruptured intracranial aneurysm (table 1). A total of 15 (11%) out of 140 patients were scrutinised because of familial history of SAH and 32 patients (23%) had neurological symptoms because of an unruptured aneurysm. Rest, 66%, were incidental findings.

Table 1.

Patient demographics with the actual number in each group except mean age and aneurysm size

	Men				Women
	No treatment	Embolisation	Surgery	Total	No treatment	Embolisation	Surgery	Total	p
N	25	22	18	65	21	34	20	75
Mean age at diagnosis (years)	57.4	49.0	49.6	52.1	64.1	52.5	50.0	54.6	0.1
Hypertension	13	7	8	28	11	10	11	32	1.0
Diabetes	1	1	1	3	1	2	1	4	1.0
Hypercholesterolaemia	2	1	2	5	1	1	2	4	0.7
Previous stroke	8	4	4	16	8	7	4	19	1.0
Other cardiovascular disease	3	0	2	5	4	7	1	12
Anticoagulant therapy	4	2	1	7	5	4	3	12	0.5
Aneurysm with neurological (mass) symptom	6	3	3	12	7	8	5	20	0.3
Anterior circulation aneurysm location	19	23	19	61	13	32	23	68
Vertebrobasilar aneurysm location	4	0	0	4	6	1	0	7
Mean fundus size (mm)	15.5	8.2	10.3	11.4	13.2	10.7	12.5	11.9	1.0
Multiple aneurysms	4	5	3	12	6	7	7	20	0.3
Death at follow-up	16	6	4	26	12	6	6	24
Neurological death	8	2	1	11	9	2	2	13
SAH	4	1	0	5	3	2	1	6
Other cerebrovascular than SAH	4	1	1	6	6	0	1	7
Cardiovascular	3	1	0	4	2	2	3	7
Cancer	3	0	1	4	1	1	0	2
Other	2	3	2	7	0	1	1	2

SAH, subarachnoid haemorrhage.

A total of 66 out of 178 aneurysms were left untreated. Sixty-four aneurysms were treated with endovascular coiling and 48 aneurysms were treated surgically. A total of 50 out of 140 patients (36%) died during the 1702 patient-year follow-up period. Eleven patients (8%) died from aneurysmal bleeding and 13 died due to cerebrovascular disease other than SAH. Cause of death in one patient was unverified stroke. Nine out of 11 patients who died due to SAH had large aneurysms (>15 mm, mean 24 mm) and 6 aneurysms were symptomatic. Aneurysm fundus size was larger in the dead than in the survival group (mean 14 mm and 10 mm, respectively, p=0.02). Patients with multiple aneurysms had no excess mortality compared with patients with only one aneurysm. Eleven patients died of cardiovascular diseases (22% of deaths), 6 of malignancies (12% of deaths) and 8 of other causes (16% of deaths). Patients with treated aneurysms were less likely to die from neurologically related causes than patients with untreated aneurysms (32% vs 61% of deaths). Cumulative observed survival proportions are shown in figure 1.

Figure 1.

Cumulative observed survival proportions in men and women.

The 5-year cumulative RSR was 0.78 among men and 0.56 among women with untreated unruptured aneurysms, implying 22% and 44% excess mortality, respectively (table 2). The 10-year cumulative RSR was 0.80 in men and 0.49 in women in untreated aneurysms. The 15-year cumulative RSR was 0.50 among women and men with untreated unruptured aneurysms, implying 50% excess mortality (figure 2).

Table 2.

Cumulative relative survival ratio (RSR) in different treatment groups

	At 1 year	At 5 years	At 10 years	at 15 years
No treatment
Men (31)
Alive	27	19	18	4
Cumulative RSR	0.87072	0.77865	0.79619	0.53259
95% CI	0.690 to 0.962	0.570 to 0.931	0.559 to 0.992	0.276 to 0.846
Women (27)
Alive	21	12	10	3
Cumulative RSR	0.72735	0.56173	0.49419	0.47843
95% CI	0.510 to 0.878	0.347 to 0.768	0.282 to 0.732	0.261 to 0.743
Embolisation
Men (34)
Alive	34	33	30	15
Cumulative RSR	1.00988	0.99549	1.00257	1.06370
95% CI	0.000 to 0.000	0.856 to 1.040	0.834 to 1.083	0.870 to 1.168
Women (17)
Alive	16	15	12	10
Cumulative RSR	0.94297	0.97004	0.81039	0.76765
95% CI	0.721 to 0.995	0.742 to 1.023	0.546 to 0.971	0.496 to 0.958
Surgery
Men (24)
Alive	23	21	20	8
Cumulative RSR	0.96374	0.94982	0.95419	0.92089
95% CI	0.796 to 1.000	0.762 to 1.015	0.745 to 1.048	0.631 to 1.080
Women (14)
Alive	14	13	12	8
Cumulative RSR	1.00547	0.95945	0.92754	0.72207
95% CI	0.000 to 0.000	0.708 to 1.020	0.650 to 1.039	0.428 to 0.949

Figure 2.

Cumulative observed and expected survival proportions in men and women with no treatment.

Mortality among treated groups did not differ from general population at 5-year follow-up period. Women had 19% excess mortality in the embolisation group and 8% excess mortality in the surgical group at 10-year follow-up. Such difference was not found in men. At 15-year follow-up, men with embolised aneurysms had no excess mortality compared with the matched Finnish male population (figure 3), and men with clipped aneurysms had approximately 8% excess mortality (figure 4). However, women had excess mortality in all subgroups (figure 1). The 15-year cumulative RSR was 0.77 in the embolisation group and 0.72 in the surgical group, implying 23% and 28% excess mortality, respectively (figures 3 and 4). Excess mortality was related to age and was, after 50 years of age, higher among women than among men. Both genders under 50 years had 15-year cumulative RSR around 0.90, but the 15-year cumulative RSR in patients over 50 years was 0.91 in men and 0.49 in women (p=0.018).

Figure 3.

Cumulative observed and expected survival proportions in men and women after embolisation.

Figure 4.

Cumulative observed and expected survival proportions in men and women after surgery.

Discussion

SAH patients have an excess mortality proportion in long-term outcome studies because of the high rate of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular deaths.^12–15 To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies comparing long-term mortality of patients with clipped, coiled and untreated unruptured aneurysms compared with the general population. In previous outcome studies of patients with unruptured aneurysms, patients have had a previous SAH and thus outcome can be related to previous SAH, not truly to unruptured aneurysms.^{19 20} Long-term survival among patients with unruptured aneurysms has been studied in only one large, administrative database study.²¹ In that study, it was stated that survival among SAH patients was significantly lower than that among patients with unruptured aneurysms, but after the first-year post-clipping, differences in the survival rate diminished.²¹

Britz et al²¹ found that patients with untreated unruptured aneurysms were 30% more likely to die than patients in the clipped group. Our study corroborates this and we found that patients with untreated unruptured aneurysms had long-term excess mortality compared with population matched for age, sex and calendar time. However, in both studies, demographical features differed between groups: patients with untreated aneurysms were older, more likely to be men and had more comorbidities. Thus, higher mortality among untreated and treated may be attributable to bias. However, Britz et al²¹ found that survival differed between the surgically treated group and the untreated group also after controlling for age and comorbidities using proportional hazards modelling. The question of confounding by indication is difficult to assess in our retrospective study. Smoking and other risk factors related to lifestyle are not reliably assessed in this retrospective study, and such risk factors may be associated to premature death. Thus, it is not clear that the aneurysm itself is the problem; rather the aneurysm is simply a marker of predisposition towards vascular and, in particular, cerebrovascular disease. The excess mortality should probably be lower and relative survival higher in this study, if smoking and other comorbidities were taken account of. This limitation might alter the study conclusion to be that smoking people are more likely to die from cardiovascular disease than people who do not smoke. However, smoking in previous years in Finland has been more common among men, so the difference between female and male survival can unlikely be explained only by smoking.

Indication for treatment or no treatment was not clear and about 150 out of 380 unruptured aneurysms were left untreated in our hospital between 1989 and 1999. Patients over 60 years were usually not treated, likewise patients with numerous comorbidities and non-independent status. Posterior circulation aneurysms were not as often treated as anterior circulation aneurysms. Decisions were made individually and are difficult to assess retrospectively. Most aneurysms in 1990s were detected because of previous SAH, and excluding those patients, the study population is quite small. Nowadays, unruptured aneurysms are more often detected because of common use of MRI and CT. Unfortunately, there might be bias as we could analyse only patients admitted to the hospital because of the aneurysms, not whole prevalence of population with unruptured aneurysms.

Our study is the first study to scrutinise all death certificates of patients with unruptured aneurysms. The validity of Finnish death certificates is assessed to be appropriate.²² By law, the death certificate has to include a short case history relevant to medical certification of death. More than 90% of Finnish death certificates are completed as instructed and can be coded according to rules of WHO and registered at Statistics Finland. The rest, the most inconsistently filled death certificates, 7% of all death certificates in 1995, are sent for validation to a panel representing both nosological and medical expertise. In 1995, 1.4% of all death certificates remained for reference back to the certifiers. Another important reason for high validity is that autopsy rates both in medicolegal, and in clinical deaths are at high levels in Finland. We found that a majority of deaths, 48%, were caused by cerebrovascular diseases and one-third of deaths were aneurysm related, due to either SAH or giant aneurysm mass effect. Most deaths (70%) were attributable to cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, supporting the hypothesis that aneurysmal disease is part of a more generalised vascular disease. Mortality did not differ significantly between endovascular and surgical groups, supporting the opinion that unruptured aneurysms can be coiled or clipped. It is known that there are some differences between aneurysmal disease in Finnish and in other western countries (like higher incidence for rupture, differences in location), but outcome differences are not widely studied. Treatment and patient selection in Finland in 1990s were most likely same as in other countries because studies of these differences are from recent years.

We found, unexpectedly, that women had lower RSR than men. Male patients treated with endovascular coiling or surgical clipping had no statistically significant excess mortality compared with matched general population. However, women had 20% excess mortality in the endovascular group and 28% excess mortality in the surgical group at 15-year follow-up. It is known that the incidence of SAH is higher among women than among men, and women have more often multiple aneurysms.^{19 23–26} However, outcome after SAH has not differed between genders,²³ and thus the difference in long-term death rate is somewhat surprising. The reason for this is unclear. The study population was small and may lack precision. However, in recent studies, vascular physiology has been found to differ between genders, and cardiovascular risk increases with age more sharply in women than in men.^{27 28} Our finding confirms that there may be differences between female and male aneurysm patients, and further studies with larger population are needed.

Conclusion

Patients with untreated unruptured aneurysms have 50% excess long-term mortality compared with general population. Men with treated unruptured aneurysms have a survival proportion comparable with matched general population. Women, instead, have 28% excess mortality after surgical treatment and 23% excess mortality after endovascular treatment of unruptured aneurysms.