Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Microbiological Reviews logoLink to Microbiological Reviews
. 1991 Sep;55(3):512–542. doi: 10.1128/mr.55.3.512-542.1991

Relationship of eukaryotic DNA replication to committed gene expression: general theory for gene control.

L P Villarreal 1
PMCID: PMC372832  PMID: 1943999

Abstract

The historic arguments for the participation of eukaryotic DNA replication in the control of gene expression are reconsidered along with more recent evidence. An earlier view in which gene commitment was achieved with stable chromatin structures which required DNA replication to reset expression potential (D. D. Brown, Cell 37:359-365, 1984) is further considered. The participation of nonspecific stable repressor of gene activity (histones and other chromatin proteins), as previously proposed, is reexamined. The possible function of positive trans-acting factors is now further developed by considering evidence from DNA virus models. It is proposed that these positive factors act to control the initiation of replicon-specific DNA synthesis in the S phase (early or late replication timing). Stable chromatin assembles during replication into potentially active (early S) or inactive (late S) states with prevailing trans-acting factors (early) or repressing factors (late) and may asymmetrically commit daughter templates. This suggests logical schemes for programming differentiation based on replicons and trans-acting initiators. This proposal requires that DNA replication precede major changes in gene commitment. Prior evidence against a role for DNA replication during terminal differentiation is reexamined along with other results from terminal differentiation of lower eukaryotes. This leads to a proposal that DNA replication may yet underlie terminal gene commitment, but that for it to do so there must exist two distinct modes of replication control. In one mode (mitotic replication) replicon initiation is tightly linked to the cell cycle, whereas the other mode (terminal replication) initiation is not cell cycle restricted, is replicon specific, and can lead to a terminally differentiated state. Aberrant control of mitotic and terminal modes of DNA replication may underlie the transformed state. Implications of a replicon basis for chromatin structure-function and the evolution of metazoan organisms are considered.

Full text

PDF
512

Images in this article

527Image
on p.527

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abramczuk J., Vorbrodt A., Solter D., Koprowski H. Infection of mouse preimplantation embryos with simian virus 40 and polyoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Feb;75(2):999–1003. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.2.999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Acampora D., D'Esposito M., Faiella A., Pannese M., Migliaccio E., Morelli F., Stornaiuolo A., Nigro V., Simeone A., Boncinelli E. The human HOX gene family. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Dec 25;17(24):10385–10402. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.24.10385. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Akam M. Hox and HOM: homologous gene clusters in insects and vertebrates. Cell. 1989 May 5;57(3):347–349. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90909-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Alberts B., Sternglanz R. Gene expression. Chromatin contract to silence. Nature. 1990 Mar 15;344(6263):193–194. doi: 10.1038/344193a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Alexandre H., De Petrocellis B., Brachet J. Studies on differentiation without cleavage in Chaetopterus. Requirement for a definite number of DNA replication cycles shown by aphidicolin pulses. Differentiation. 1982;22(2):132–135. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1982.tb01237.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Alexandre H. Involvement of DNA-polymerase activities in mouse-blastocyst differentiation in vitro. Differentiation. 1985;29(2):152–159. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1985.tb00309.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Allison L., Arndt-Jovin D. J., Gratzner H., Ternynck T., Robert-Nicoud M. Mapping of the pattern of DNA replication in polytene chromosome from Chironomus thummi using monoclonal anti-bromodeoxyuridine antibodies. Cytometry. 1985 Nov;6(6):584–590. doi: 10.1002/cyto.990060613. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Almouzni G., Clark D. J., Méchali M., Wolffe A. P. Chromatin assembly on replicating DNA in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Oct 11;18(19):5767–5774. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.19.5767. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Almouzni G., Méchali M., Wolffe A. P. Competition between transcription complex assembly and chromatin assembly on replicating DNA. EMBO J. 1990 Feb;9(2):573–582. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08145.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Amati P. Polyoma regulatory region: a potential probe for mouse cell differentiation. Cell. 1985 Dec;43(3 Pt 2):561–562. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90225-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Anders D. G., Punturieri S. M. Multicomponent origin of cytomegalovirus lytic-phase DNA replication. J Virol. 1991 Feb;65(2):931–937. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.2.931-937.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Ariizumi K., Ariga H. New class of polyomavirus mutant that can persist as free copies in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Nov;6(11):3920–3927. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.11.3920. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Barklis E., Mulligan R. C., Jaenisch R. Chromosomal position or virus mutation permits retrovirus expression in embryonal carcinoma cells. Cell. 1986 Nov 7;47(3):391–399. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90596-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Barlow P. W., Sherman M. I. The biochemistry of differentiation of mouse trophoblast: studies on polyploidy. J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1972 Apr;27(2):447–465. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Baron M. H., Maniatis T. Rapid reprogramming of globin gene expression in transient heterokaryons. Cell. 1986 Aug 15;46(4):591–602. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90885-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bender W., Weiffenbach B., Karch F., Peifer M. Domains of cis-interaction in the bithorax complex. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1985;50:173–180. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1985.050.01.023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Benyajati C., Worcel A. Isolation, characterization, and structure of the folded interphase genome of Drosophila melanogaster. Cell. 1976 Nov;9(3):393–407. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(76)90084-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bernstein A., Dick J. E., Huszar D., Robson I., Rossant J., Magli C., Estrov Z., Freedman M., Phillips R. A. Genetic engineering of mouse and human stem cells. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1986;51(Pt 2):1083–1091. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1986.051.01.126. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bird A. P. CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation. Nature. 1986 May 15;321(6067):209–213. doi: 10.1038/321209a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Blackburn E. H., Karrer K. M. Genomic reorganization in ciliated protozoans. Annu Rev Genet. 1986;20:501–521. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.20.120186.002441. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Blanco J., Gottesfeld J. M. Xenopus transcription factor IIIA forms a complex of covalent character with 5S DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Dec 9;16(23):11267–11284. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.23.11267. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Blau H. M., Chiu C. P., Pavlath G. K., Webster C. Muscle gene expression in heterokaryons. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1985;182:231–247. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4907-5_20. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Blobel G. Gene gating: a hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(24):8527–8529. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.24.8527. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Bodnar J. W. A domain model for eukaryotic DNA organization: a molecular basis for cell differentiation and chromosome evolution. J Theor Biol. 1988 Jun 22;132(4):479–507. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5193(88)80086-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Bohmann D., Bos T. J., Admon A., Nishimura T., Vogt P. K., Tjian R. Human proto-oncogene c-jun encodes a DNA binding protein with structural and functional properties of transcription factor AP-1. Science. 1987 Dec 4;238(4832):1386–1392. doi: 10.1126/science.2825349. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Bonifer C., Vidal M., Grosveld F., Sippel A. E. Tissue specific and position independent expression of the complete gene domain for chicken lysozyme in transgenic mice. EMBO J. 1990 Sep;9(9):2843–2848. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07473.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Bonne-Andrea C., Wong M. L., Alberts B. M. In vitro replication through nucleosomes without histone displacement. Nature. 1990 Feb 22;343(6260):719–726. doi: 10.1038/343719a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Botchan M., Berg L., Reynolds J., Lusky M. The bovine papillomavirus replicon. Ciba Found Symp. 1986;120:53–67. doi: 10.1002/9780470513309.ch5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Boulet A. M., Scott M. P. Control elements of the P2 promoter of the Antennapedia gene. Genes Dev. 1988 Dec;2(12A):1600–1614. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.12a.1600. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Boyd J. B., Boyd S. F. Influence of bromodeoxyuridine on the stability and function of polytene chromosomes. Chromosoma. 1977 Apr 27;61(1):75–94. doi: 10.1007/BF00292682. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Braithwaite A. W., Sturzbecher H. W., Addison C., Palmer C., Rudge K., Jenkins J. R. Mouse p53 inhibits SV40 origin-dependent DNA replication. Nature. 1987 Oct 1;329(6138):458–460. doi: 10.1038/329458a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Brand A. H., Micklem G., Nasmyth K. A yeast silencer contains sequences that can promote autonomous plasmid replication and transcriptional activation. Cell. 1987 Dec 4;51(5):709–719. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90094-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Braun T., Bober E., Buschhausen-Denker G., Kohtz S., Grzeschik K. H., Arnold H. H., Kotz S. Differential expression of myogenic determination genes in muscle cells: possible autoactivation by the Myf gene products. EMBO J. 1989 Dec 1;8(12):3617–3625. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08535.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Braun T., Bober E., Winter B., Rosenthal N., Arnold H. H. Myf-6, a new member of the human gene family of myogenic determination factors: evidence for a gene cluster on chromosome 12. EMBO J. 1990 Mar;9(3):821–831. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08179.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Bresnick E. H., John S., Berard D. S., LeFebvre P., Hager G. L. Glucocorticoid receptor-dependent disruption of a specific nucleosome on the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter is prevented by sodium butyrate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 May;87(10):3977–3981. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.10.3977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Brewer B. J. When polymerases collide: replication and the transcriptional organization of the E. coli chromosome. Cell. 1988 Jun 3;53(5):679–686. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90086-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Britten R. J., Davidson E. H. Gene regulation for higher cells: a theory. Science. 1969 Jul 25;165(3891):349–357. doi: 10.1126/science.165.3891.349. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Brodsky W. Y., Uryvaeva I. V. Cell polyploidy: its relation to tissue growth and function. Int Rev Cytol. 1977;50:275–332. doi: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60100-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Brown D. D. The role of stable complexes that repress and activate eucaryotic genes. Cell. 1984 Jun;37(2):359–365. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90366-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Brown E. H., Iqbal M. A., Stuart S., Hatton K. S., Valinsky J., Schildkraut C. L. Rate of replication of the murine immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus: evidence that the region is part of a single replicon. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jan;7(1):450–457. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.1.450. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Brun C., Dang Q., Miassod R. Studies of an 800-kilobase DNA stretch of the Drosophila X chromosome: comapping of a subclass of scaffold-attached regions with sequences able to replicate autonomously in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Oct;10(10):5455–5463. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.10.5455. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Bryant P. J., Fraser S. E. Wound healing, cell communication, and DNA synthesis during imaginal disc regeneration in Drosophila. Dev Biol. 1988 May;127(1):197–208. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(88)90201-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Burgers P. M. Eukaryotic DNA polymerases alpha and delta: conserved properties and interactions, from yeast to mammalian cells. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. 1989;37:235–280. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60700-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Burhans W. C., Selegue J. E., Heintz N. H. Isolation of the origin of replication associated with the amplified Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Oct;83(20):7790–7794. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.20.7790. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Burhans W. C., Selegue J. E., Heintz N. H. Replication intermediates formed during initiation of DNA synthesis in methotrexate-resistant CHOC 400 cells are enriched for sequences derived from a specific, amplified restriction fragment. Biochemistry. 1986 Jan 28;25(2):441–449. doi: 10.1021/bi00350a025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Burhans W. C., Vassilev L. T., Caddle M. S., Heintz N. H., DePamphilis M. L. Identification of an origin of bidirectional DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes. Cell. 1990 Sep 7;62(5):955–965. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90270-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Burnett S., Kiessling U., Pettersson U. Loss of bovine papillomavirus DNA replication control in growth-arrested transformed cells. J Virol. 1989 May;63(5):2215–2225. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.5.2215-2225.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Cahill K. B., Roome A. J., Carmichael G. G. Replication-dependent transactivation of the polyomavirus late promoter. J Virol. 1990 Mar;64(3):992–1001. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.3.992-1001.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Callan H. G. DNA replication in the chromosomes of eukaryotes. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1974;38:195–203. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1974.038.01.023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Calza R. E., Eckhardt L. A., DelGiudice T., Schildkraut C. L. Changes in gene position are accompanied by a change in time of replication. Cell. 1984 Mar;36(3):689–696. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90349-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Camargo M., Cervenka J. Patterns of DNA replication of human chromosomes. II. Replication map and replication model. Am J Hum Genet. 1982 Sep;34(5):757–780. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Campbell B. A., Villarreal L. P. Functional analysis of the individual enhancer core sequences of polyomavirus: cell-specific uncoupling of DNA replication from transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 May;8(5):1993–2004. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.5.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Campbell B. A., Villarreal L. P. Host species specificity of polyomavirus DNA replication is not altered by simian virus 40 72-base-pair repeats. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Jun;5(6):1534–1537. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.6.1534. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Campbell B. A., Villarreal L. P. Lymphoid and other tissue-specific phenotypes of polyomavirus enhancer recombinants: positive and negative combinational effects on enhancer specificity and activity. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Jun;6(6):2068–2079. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.6.2068. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Campbell B. A., Villarreal L. P. Tissue specific phenotypes of polyomavirus A and B enhancer transpositions and duplications: positional and nonpositional effects on replication in lymphoid cells. Virus Genes. 1987 Nov;1(1):23–34. doi: 10.1007/BF00125683. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Carrì M. T., Micheli G., Graziano E., Pace T., Buongiorno-Nardelli M. The relationship between chromosomal origins of replication and the nuclear matrix during the cell cycle. Exp Cell Res. 1986 Jun;164(2):426–436. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(86)90041-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Cheng G. H., Nandi A., Clerk S., Skoultchi A. I. Different 3'-end processing produces two independently regulated mRNAs from a single H1 histone gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(18):7002–7006. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.18.7002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Cheng G. H., Skoultchi A. I. Rapid induction of polyadenylated H1 histone mRNAs in mouse erythroleukemia cells is regulated by c-myc. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Jun;9(6):2332–2340. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.6.2332. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Cheng L., Kelly T. J. Transcriptional activator nuclear factor I stimulates the replication of SV40 minichromosomes in vivo and in vitro. Cell. 1989 Nov 3;59(3):541–551. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90037-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Chiu C. P., Blau H. M. Reprogramming cell differentiation in the absence of DNA synthesis. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):879–887. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90423-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Ciejek E. M., Tsai M. J., O'Malley B. W. Actively transcribed genes are associated with the nuclear matrix. Nature. 1983 Dec 8;306(5943):607–609. doi: 10.1038/306607a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Clarke H. J., Varmuza S., Prideaux V. R., Rossant J. The development potential of parthenogenetically derived cells in chimeric mouse embryos: implications for action of imprinted genes. Development. 1988 Sep;104(1):175–182. doi: 10.1242/dev.104.1.175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Conconi A., Widmer R. M., Koller T., Sogo J. M. Two different chromatin structures coexist in ribosomal RNA genes throughout the cell cycle. Cell. 1989 Jun 2;57(5):753–761. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90790-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Contreras R., Gheysen D., Knowland J., van de Voorde A., Fiers W. Evidence for the direct involvement of DNA replication origin in synthesis of late SV40 RNA. Nature. 1982 Dec 9;300(5892):500–505. doi: 10.1038/300500a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Cook P. R., Brazell I. A. Conformational constraints in nuclear DNA. J Cell Sci. 1976 Nov;22(2):287–302. doi: 10.1242/jcs.22.2.287. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Crick F. General model for the chromosomes of higher organisms. Nature. 1971 Nov 5;234(5323):25–27. doi: 10.1038/234025a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Daimon M., Tsutsumi K., Ishikawa K. DNA methylation and the regulation of aldolase B gene expression. J Biochem. 1986 Nov;100(5):1279–1286. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a121834. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Dandolo L., Aghion J., Blangy D. T-antigen-independent replication of polyomavirus DNA in murine embryonal carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Feb;4(2):317–323. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.2.317. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Darby M. K., Andrews M. T., Brown D. D. Transcription complexes that program Xenopus 5S RNA genes are stable in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug;85(15):5516–5520. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.15.5516. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Davidson I., Xiao J. H., Rosales R., Staub A., Chambon P. The HeLa cell protein TEF-1 binds specifically and cooperatively to two SV40 enhancer motifs of unrelated sequence. Cell. 1988 Sep 23;54(7):931–942. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90108-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Dawe C. J., Freund R., Barncastle J. P., Dubensky T. W., Mandel G., Benjamin T. L. Necrotizing arterial lesions in mice-bearing tumors induced by polyoma virus. J Exp Pathol. 1987 Spring;3(2):177–201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Dawe C. J., Morgan W. D., Slatick M. S. Influence of epithelio-mesenchymal interactions on tumor induction by polyoma virus. Int J Cancer. 1966 Sep 15;1(5):419–450. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910010504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Dawson B. A., Lough J. Immunocytochemical localization of transient DNA strand breaks in differentiating myotubes using in situ nick-translation. Dev Biol. 1988 Jun;127(2):362–367. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(88)90322-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. De Simone V., Amati P. Replicative cis-advantage of polyomavirus regulatory region mutants in different murine cell lines. J Virol. 1987 May;61(5):1615–1620. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.5.1615-1620.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. De Simone V., La Mantia G., Lania L., Amati P. Polyomavirus mutation that confers a cell-specific cis advantage for viral DNA replication. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Aug;5(8):2142–2146. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.8.2142. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. De Souza Y. G., Greenspan D., Felton J. R., Hartzog G. A., Hammer M., Greenspan J. S. Localization of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in the epithelial cells of oral hairy leukoplakia by in situ hybridization of tissue sections. N Engl J Med. 1989 Jun 8;320(23):1559–1560. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198906083202315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. DePamphilis M. L. Transcriptional elements as components of eukaryotic origins of DNA replication. Cell. 1988 Mar 11;52(5):635–638. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90398-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. DePolo N. J., Villarreal L. P. E1A represses wild-type and F9-selected polyomavirus DNA replication by a mechanism not requiring depression of large tumor antigen transcription. J Virol. 1991 Jun;65(6):2921–2928. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.2921-2928.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Dean N., Berk A. J. Ordering promoter binding of class III transcription factors TFIIIC1 and TFIIIC2. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Aug;8(8):3017–3025. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.8.3017. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Decker R. S., Yamaguchi M., Possenti R., Bradley M. K., DePamphilis M. L. In vitro initiation of DNA replication in simian virus 40 chromosomes. J Biol Chem. 1987 Aug 5;262(22):10863–10872. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Delidakis C., Kafatos F. C. Amplification of a chorion gene cluster in Drosophila is subject to multiple cis-regulatory elements and to long-range position effects. J Mol Biol. 1987 Sep 5;197(1):11–26. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90605-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Delli Bovi P., De Simone V., Giordano R., Amati P. Polyomavirus growth and persistence in Friend erythroleukemic cells. J Virol. 1984 Feb;49(2):566–571. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.2.566-571.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Dhar V., Mager D., Iqbal A., Schildkraut C. L. The coordinate replication of the human beta-globin gene domain reflects its transcriptional activity and nuclease hypersensitivity. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Nov;8(11):4958–4965. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.11.4958. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Diffley J. F., Stillman B. Purification of a yeast protein that binds to origins of DNA replication and a transcriptional silencer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Apr;85(7):2120–2124. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.7.2120. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Diffley J. F., Stillman B. Similarity between the transcriptional silencer binding proteins ABF1 and RAP1. Science. 1989 Nov 24;246(4933):1034–1038. doi: 10.1126/science.2511628. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Diffley J. F., Stillman B. The initiation of chromosomal DNA replication in eukaryotes. Trends Genet. 1990 Dec;6(12):427–432. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(90)90305-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Dijkwel P. A., Wenink P. W., Poddighe J. Permanent attachment of replication origins to the nuclear matrix in BHK-cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Apr 25;14(8):3241–3249. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.8.3241. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Dresler S. L., Kimbro K. S. 2',3'-Dideoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate inhibition of DNA replication and ultraviolet-induced DNA repair synthesis in human cells: evidence for involvement of DNA polymerase delta. Biochemistry. 1987 May 19;26(10):2664–2668. doi: 10.1021/bi00384a002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Dynan W. S., Sazer S., Tjian R., Schimke R. T. Transcription factor Sp1 recognizes a DNA sequence in the mouse dihydrofolate reductase promoter. Nature. 1986 Jan 16;319(6050):246–248. doi: 10.1038/319246a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Dyson N., Bernards R., Friend S. H., Gooding L. R., Hassell J. A., Major E. O., Pipas J. M., Vandyke T., Harlow E. Large T antigens of many polyomaviruses are able to form complexes with the retinoblastoma protein. J Virol. 1990 Mar;64(3):1353–1356. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.3.1353-1356.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Echols H. Multiple DNA-protein interactions governing high-precision DNA transactions. Science. 1986 Sep 5;233(4768):1050–1056. doi: 10.1126/science.2943018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Edgar B. A., O'Farrell P. H. Genetic control of cell division patterns in the Drosophila embryo. Cell. 1989 Apr 7;57(1):177–187. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90183-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Edgar L. G., McGhee J. D. DNA synthesis and the control of embryonic gene expression in C. elegans. Cell. 1988 May 20;53(4):589–599. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90575-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Edmondson D. G., Olson E. N. A gene with homology to the myc similarity region of MyoD1 is expressed during myogenesis and is sufficient to activate the muscle differentiation program. Genes Dev. 1989 May;3(5):628–640. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.5.628. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Elder F. F., Robinson T. J. Rodent common fragile sites: are they conserved? Evidence from mouse and rat. Chromosoma. 1989 May;97(6):459–464. doi: 10.1007/BF00295030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Endow S. A., Glover D. M. Differential replication of ribosomal gene repeats in polytene nuclei of Drosophila. Cell. 1979 Jul;17(3):597–605. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90267-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Enver T., Brewer A. C., Patient R. K. Role for DNA replication in beta-globin gene activation. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Mar;8(3):1301–1308. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.3.1301. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Falaschi A., Biamonti G., Cobianchi F., Csordas-Toth E., Faulkner G., Giacca M., Pedacchia D., Perini G., Riva S., Tribioli C. Presence of transcription signals in two putative DNA replication origins of human cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1988 Dec 20;951(2-3):430–442. doi: 10.1016/0167-4781(88)90117-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Felsani A., Maione R., Ricci L., Amati P. Coordinate expression of myogenic functions and polyoma virus replication. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1985;50:753–757. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1985.050.01.093. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Felsenfeld G., McGhee J. D. Structure of the 30 nm chromatin fiber. Cell. 1986 Feb 14;44(3):375–377. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90456-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Filipak M., Estervig D. N., Tzen C. Y., Minoo P., Hoerl B. J., Maercklein P. B., Zschunke M. A., Edens M., Scott R. E. Integrated control of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Environ Health Perspect. 1989 Mar;80:117–125. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8980117. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Filipak M., Sparks R. L., Tzen C. Y., Scott R. E. Tumor necrosis factor inhibits the terminal event in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. J Cell Physiol. 1988 Nov;137(2):367–373. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041370222. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Finlay C. A., Hinds P. W., Levine A. J. The p53 proto-oncogene can act as a suppressor of transformation. Cell. 1989 Jun 30;57(7):1083–1093. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90045-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Fletcher C., Heintz N., Roeder R. G. Purification and characterization of OTF-1, a transcription factor regulating cell cycle expression of a human histone H2b gene. Cell. 1987 Dec 4;51(5):773–781. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90100-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Foe V. E., Alberts B. M. Reversible chromosome condensation induced in Drosophila embryos by anoxia: visualization of interphase nuclear organization. J Cell Biol. 1985 May;100(5):1623–1636. doi: 10.1083/jcb.100.5.1623. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Foe V. E., Alberts B. M. Studies of nuclear and cytoplasmic behaviour during the five mitotic cycles that precede gastrulation in Drosophila embryogenesis. J Cell Sci. 1983 May;61:31–70. doi: 10.1242/jcs.61.1.31. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Fornace A. J., Jr, Zmudzka B., Hollander M. C., Wilson S. H. Induction of beta-polymerase mRNA by DNA-damaging agents in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Feb;9(2):851–853. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.2.851. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Forrester W. C., Epner E., Driscoll M. C., Enver T., Brice M., Papayannopoulou T., Groudine M. A deletion of the human beta-globin locus activation region causes a major alteration in chromatin structure and replication across the entire beta-globin locus. Genes Dev. 1990 Oct;4(10):1637–1649. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.10.1637. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Fotedar R., Roberts J. M. Multistep pathway for replication-dependent nucleosome assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(17):6459–6463. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.17.6459. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Fridland A. Effect of cytosine arabinoside on replicon initiation in human lymphoblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1977 Jan 10;74(1):72–78. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)91376-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Fujimura F. K., Deininger P. L., Friedmann T., Linney E. Mutation near the polyoma DNA replication origin permits productive infection of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. Cell. 1981 Mar;23(3):809–814. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90445-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Furukawa Y., DeCaprio J. A., Freedman A., Kanakura Y., Nakamura M., Ernst T. J., Livingston D. M., Griffin J. D. Expression and state of phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product in cycling and noncycling human hematopoietic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Apr;87(7):2770–2774. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.7.2770. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Gallo G. J., Gilinger G., Alwine J. C. Simian virus 40 T antigen alters the binding characteristics of specific simian DNA-binding factors. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Apr;8(4):1648–1656. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.4.1648. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Gannon J. V., Lane D. P. p53 and DNA polymerase alpha compete for binding to SV40 T antigen. Nature. 1987 Oct 1;329(6138):456–458. doi: 10.1038/329456a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Giampaolo A., Acampora D., Zappavigna V., Pannese M., D'Esposito M., Carè A., Faiella A., Stornaiuolo A., Russo G., Simeone A. Differential expression of human HOX-2 genes along the anterior-posterior axis in embryonic central nervous system. Differentiation. 1989 Jun;40(3):191–197. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1989.tb00598.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Gilbert D. M. Temporal order of replication of Xenopus laevis 5S ribosomal RNA genes in somatic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 May;83(9):2924–2928. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.9.2924. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Goldman M. A., Holmquist G. P., Gray M. C., Caston L. A., Nag A. Replication timing of genes and middle repetitive sequences. Science. 1984 May 18;224(4650):686–692. doi: 10.1126/science.6719109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Goldstein S. Replicative senescence: the human fibroblast comes of age. Science. 1990 Sep 7;249(4973):1129–1133. doi: 10.1126/science.2204114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Gottesfeld J. M. DNA sequence-directed nucleosome reconstitution on 5S RNA genes of Xenopus laevis. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 May;7(5):1612–1622. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.5.1612. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Gottesfeld J., Bloomer L. S. Assembly of transcriptionally active 5S RNA gene chromatin in vitro. Cell. 1982 Apr;28(4):781–791. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90057-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Gould A. P., Lai R. Y., Green M. J., White R. A. Blocking cell division does not remove the requirement for Polycomb function in Drosophila embryogenesis. Development. 1990 Dec;110(4):1319–1325. doi: 10.1242/dev.110.4.1319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Gourdeau H., Fournier R. E. Genetic analysis of mammalian cell differentiation. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1990;6:69–94. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.06.110190.000441. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Greaves D. R., Antoniou M., van Assendelft G. B., Collis P., Dillon N., Hanscombe O., Hurst J., Lindenbaum M., Talbot D., Grosveld F. The beta-globin dominant control region. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1989;316A:37–46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Griffin J., Munroe D., Major P., Kufe D. Induction of differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells by inhibitors of DNA synthesis. Exp Hematol. 1982 Oct;10(9):774–781. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Grosveld F., van Assendelft G. B., Greaves D. R., Kollias G. Position-independent, high-level expression of the human beta-globin gene in transgenic mice. Cell. 1987 Dec 24;51(6):975–985. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90584-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Grunstein M. Histone function in transcription. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1990;6:643–678. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.06.110190.003235. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Gruss C., Gutierrez C., Burhans W. C., DePamphilis M. L., Koller T., Sogo J. M. Nucleosome assembly in mammalian cell extracts before and after DNA replication. EMBO J. 1990 Sep;9(9):2911–2922. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07482.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Guinta D. R., Tso J. Y., Narayanswami S., Hamkalo B. A., Korn L. J. Early replication and expression of oocyte-type 5S RNA genes in a Xenopus somatic cell line carrying a translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jul;83(14):5150–5154. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.14.5150. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Guo Z. S., Gutierrez C., Heine U., Sogo J. M., Depamphilis M. L. Origin auxiliary sequences can facilitate initiation of simian virus 40 DNA replication in vitro as they do in vivo. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Sep;9(9):3593–3602. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.9.3593. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Gutierrez C., Guo Z. S., Burhans W., DePamphilis M. L., Farrell-Towt J., Ju G. Is c-myc protein directly involved in DNA replication? Science. 1988 May 27;240(4856):1202–1203. doi: 10.1126/science.3287614. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Gyurkovics H., Gausz J., Kummer J., Karch F. A new homeotic mutation in the Drosophila bithorax complex removes a boundary separating two domains of regulation. EMBO J. 1990 Aug;9(8):2579–2585. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07439.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Hahn P., Kapp L. N., Morgan W. F., Painter R. B. Chromosomal changes without DNA overproduction in hydroxyurea-treated mammalian cells: implications for gene amplification. Cancer Res. 1986 Sep;46(9):4607–4612. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Hai T. W., Horikoshi M., Roeder R. G., Green M. R. Analysis of the role of the transcription factor ATF in the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex. Cell. 1988 Sep 23;54(7):1043–1051. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90119-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Hales K., Lehman J. M. Further characterization of the interaction of polyoma virus and simian virus 40 with embryonal carcinoma cells. Exp Mol Pathol. 1987 Aug;47(1):48–58. doi: 10.1016/0014-4800(87)90006-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Hammerschmidt W., Sugden B. Genetic analysis of immortalizing functions of Epstein-Barr virus in human B lymphocytes. Nature. 1989 Aug 3;340(6232):393–397. doi: 10.1038/340393a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Hammerschmidt W., Sugden B. Identification and characterization of oriLyt, a lytic origin of DNA replication of Epstein-Barr virus. Cell. 1988 Nov 4;55(3):427–433. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90028-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Hamzeh F. M., Lietman P. S., Gibson W., Hayward G. S. Identification of the lytic origin of DNA replication in human cytomegalovirus by a novel approach utilizing ganciclovir-induced chain termination. J Virol. 1990 Dec;64(12):6184–6195. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.12.6184-6195.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Hand R. Eucaryotic DNA: organization of the genome for replication. Cell. 1978 Oct;15(2):317–325. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90001-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Handeli S., Klar A., Meuth M., Cedar H. Mapping replication units in animal cells. Cell. 1989 Jun 16;57(6):909–920. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90329-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Harris H. The genetic analysis of malignancy. J Cell Sci Suppl. 1986;4:431–444. doi: 10.1242/jcs.1986.supplement_4.23. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Harris H. The role of differentiation in the suppression of malignancy. J Cell Sci. 1990 Sep;97(Pt 1):5–10. doi: 10.1242/jcs.97.1.5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Hatton K. S., Dhar V., Brown E. H., Iqbal M. A., Stuart S., Didamo V. T., Schildkraut C. L. Replication program of active and inactive multigene families in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 May;8(5):2149–2158. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.5.2149. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Hendrickson E. A., Fritze C. E., Folk W. R., DePamphilis M. L. The origin of bidirectional DNA replication in polyoma virus. EMBO J. 1987 Jul;6(7):2011–2018. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02465.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Henikoff S. Position-effect variegation after 60 years. Trends Genet. 1990 Dec;6(12):422–426. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(90)90304-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Herbomel P., Bourachot B., Yaniv M. Two distinct enhancers with different cell specificities coexist in the regulatory region of polyoma. Cell. 1984 Dec;39(3 Pt 2):653–662. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90472-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Herbomel P. From gene to chromosome: organization levels defined by the interplay of transcription and replication in vertebrates. New Biol. 1990 Nov;2(11):937–945. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Herendeen D. R., Kassavetis G. A., Barry J., Alberts B. M., Geiduschek E. P. Enhancement of bacteriophage T4 late transcription by components of the T4 DNA replication apparatus. Science. 1989 Sep 1;245(4921):952–958. doi: 10.1126/science.2672335. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Hinds P., Finlay C., Levine A. J. Mutation is required to activate the p53 gene for cooperation with the ras oncogene and transformation. J Virol. 1989 Feb;63(2):739–746. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.2.739-746.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Hoeveler A., Doerfler W. Specific factors binding to the late E2A promoter region of adenovirus type 2 DNA: no apparent effects of 5'-CCGG-3' methylation. DNA. 1987 Oct;6(5):449–460. doi: 10.1089/dna.1987.6.449. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Holliday R. The inheritance of epigenetic defects. Science. 1987 Oct 9;238(4824):163–170. doi: 10.1126/science.3310230. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Holmquist G. P. Role of replication time in the control of tissue-specific gene expression. Am J Hum Genet. 1987 Feb;40(2):151–173. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Holmquist G., Gray M., Porter T., Jordan J. Characterization of Giemsa dark- and light-band DNA. Cell. 1982 Nov;31(1):121–129. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90411-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Holtzer H., Biehl J., Antin P., Tokunaka S., Sasse J., Pacifici M., Holtzer S. Quantal and proliferative cell cycles: how lineages generate cell diversity and maintain fidelity. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1983;134:213–227. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Holtzer H., Rubinstein N., Fellini S., Yeoh G., Chi J., Birnbaum J., Okayama M. Lineages, quantal cell cycles, and the generation of cell diversity. Q Rev Biophys. 1975 Nov;8(4):523–557. doi: 10.1017/s0033583500001980. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Holtzer H., Weintraub H., Mayne R., Mochan B. The cell cycle, cell lineages, and cell differentiation. Curr Top Dev Biol. 1972;7:229–256. doi: 10.1016/s0070-2153(08)60073-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Horikoshi M., Hai T., Lin Y. S., Green M. R., Roeder R. G. Transcription factor ATF interacts with the TATA factor to facilitate establishment of a preinitiation complex. Cell. 1988 Sep 23;54(7):1033–1042. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90118-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Hoy C. A., Rice G. C., Kovacs M., Schimke R. T. Over-replication of DNA in S phase Chinese hamster ovary cells after DNA synthesis inhibition. J Biol Chem. 1987 Sep 5;262(25):11927–11934. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Hraba-Renevey S., Kress M. Expression of a mouse replacement histone H3.3 gene with a highly conserved 3' noncoding region during SV40- and polyoma-induced Go to S-phase transition. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Apr 11;17(7):2449–2461. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.7.2449. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Iguchi-Ariga S. M., Itani T., Yamaguchi M., Ariga H. c-myc protein can be substituted for SV40 T antigen in SV40 DNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Jun 25;15(12):4889–4899. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.12.4889. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Iguchi-Ariga S. M., Okazaki T., Itani T., Ogata M., Sato Y., Ariga H. An initiation site of DNA replication with transcriptional enhancer activity present upstream of the c-myc gene. EMBO J. 1988 Oct;7(10):3135–3142. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03180.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Iliakis G., Pantelias G., Okayasu R., Seaner R. Comparative studies on repair inhibition by araA, araC and aphidicolin of radiation induced DNA and chromosome damage in rodent cells: comparison with fixation of PLD. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 May;16(5):1261–1265. doi: 10.1016/0360-3016(89)90295-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Iliakis G., Seaner R. Differences in inhibition by beta-arabinofuranosyladenine (araA) of radiation induced DNA damage repair in exponentially growing and plateau-phase CHO-cells. Radiat Environ Biophys. 1988;27(4):295–305. doi: 10.1007/BF01209758. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Iqbal M. A., Chinsky J., Didamo V., Schildkraut C. L. Replication of proto-oncogenes early during the S phase in mammalian cell lines. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Jan 12;15(1):87–103. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.1.87. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Jenkins J. R., Rudge K., Currie G. A. Cellular immortalization by a cDNA clone encoding the transformation-associated phosphoprotein p53. Nature. 1984 Dec 13;312(5995):651–654. doi: 10.1038/312651a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Jensen L., Linn S. A reduced rate of bulky DNA adduct removal is coincident with differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells induced by nerve growth factor. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Sep;8(9):3964–3968. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.9.3964. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Joe C. O., Sylvia V. L., Norman J. O., Busbee D. L. Repair of benzo[a]pyrene-initiated DNA damage in human cells requires activation of DNA polymerase alpha. Mutat Res. 1987 Sep;184(2):129–137. doi: 10.1016/0167-8817(87)90069-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Johnson A. D., Poteete A. R., Lauer G., Sauer R. T., Ackers G. K., Ptashne M. lambda Repressor and cro--components of an efficient molecular switch. Nature. 1981 Nov 19;294(5838):217–223. doi: 10.1038/294217a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Jones N. C., Rigby P. W., Ziff E. B. Trans-acting protein factors and the regulation of eukaryotic transcription: lessons from studies on DNA tumor viruses. Genes Dev. 1988 Mar;2(3):267–281. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.3.267. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Jones N. Transcriptional regulation by dimerization: two sides to an incestuous relationship. Cell. 1990 Apr 6;61(1):9–11. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90207-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Kamakaka R. T., Thomas J. O. Chromatin structure of transcriptionally competent and repressed genes. EMBO J. 1990 Dec;9(12):3997–4006. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07621.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Karch F., Weiffenbach B., Peifer M., Bender W., Duncan I., Celniker S., Crosby M., Lewis E. B. The abdominal region of the bithorax complex. Cell. 1985 Nov;43(1):81–96. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90014-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Karpen G. H., Spradling A. C. Reduced DNA polytenization of a minichromosome region undergoing position-effect variegation in Drosophila. Cell. 1990 Oct 5;63(1):97–107. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90291-l. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Kassavetis G. A., Riggs D. L., Negri R., Nguyen L. H., Geiduschek E. P. Transcription factor IIIB generates extended DNA interactions in RNA polymerase III transcription complexes on tRNA genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Jun;9(6):2551–2566. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.6.2551. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Kayne P. S., Kim U. J., Han M., Mullen J. R., Yoshizaki F., Grunstein M. Extremely conserved histone H4 N terminus is dispensable for growth but essential for repressing the silent mating loci in yeast. Cell. 1988 Oct 7;55(1):27–39. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90006-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Keller J. M., Alwine J. C. Analysis of an activatable promoter: sequences in the simian virus 40 late promoter required for T-antigen-mediated trans activation. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Aug;5(8):1859–1869. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.8.1859. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Kelly F., Condamine H. Tumor viruses and early mouse embryos. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982 Apr 29;651(2-3):105–141. doi: 10.1016/0304-419X(82)90009-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Kelly J. J., Munholland J. M., Wildeman A. G. Comeasurement of simian virus 40 early and late promoter activity in HeLa and 293 cells in the presence of T antigen. J Virol. 1989 Jan;63(1):383–391. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.1.383-391.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Khochbin S., Lawrence J. J. An antisense RNA involved in p53 mRNA maturation in murine erythroleukemia cells induced to differentiate. EMBO J. 1989 Dec 20;8(13):4107–4114. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08595.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Kingston R. E., Baldwin A. S., Sharp P. A. Transcription control by oncogenes. Cell. 1985 May;41(1):3–5. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90049-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Kirk D. L., Harper J. F. Genetic, biochemical, and molecular approaches to Volvox development and evolution. Int Rev Cytol. 1986;99:217–293. doi: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61428-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Ko M. S., Nakauchi H., Takahashi N. The dose dependence of glucocorticoid-inducible gene expression results from changes in the number of transcriptionally active templates. EMBO J. 1990 Sep;9(9):2835–2842. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07472.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Krokan H., Schaffer P., DePamphilis M. L. Involvement of eucaryotic deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases alpha and gamma in the replication of cellular and viral deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochemistry. 1979 Oct 2;18(20):4431–4443. doi: 10.1021/bi00587a025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Kryszke M. H., Piette J., Yaniv M. Induction of a factor that binds to the polyoma virus A enhancer on differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells. Nature. 1987 Jul 16;328(6127):254–256. doi: 10.1038/328254a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Kunkel T. A., Bebenek K., Roberts J. D., Fitzgerald M. P., Thomas D. C. Analysis of fidelity mechanisms with eukaryotic DNA replication and repair proteins. Genome. 1989;31(1):100–103. doi: 10.1139/g89-019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Kuwano A., Sugio Y., Murano I., Kajii T. Common fragile sites induced by folate deprivation, BrdU and aphidicolin: their frequency and distribution in Japanese individuals. Jinrui Idengaku Zasshi. 1988 Sep;33(3):355–364. doi: 10.1007/BF02032866. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Lachman H. M., Cheng G. H., Skoultchi A. I. Transfection of mouse erythroleukemia cells with myc sequences changes the rate of induced commitment to differentiate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Sep;83(17):6480–6484. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.17.6480. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Laiho M., DeCaprio J. A., Ludlow J. W., Livingston D. M., Massagué J. Growth inhibition by TGF-beta linked to suppression of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Cell. 1990 Jul 13;62(1):175–185. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90251-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Lane D. P., Simanis V., Bartsch R., Yewdell J., Gannon J., Mole S. Cellular targets for SV40 large T-antigen. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1985 Oct 22;226(1242):25–42. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1985.0077. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Larson D. D., Blackburn E. H., Yaeger P. C., Orias E. Control of rDNA replication in Tetrahymena involves a cis-acting upstream repeat of a promoter element. Cell. 1986 Oct 24;47(2):229–240. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90445-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Larson D. E., Zahradka P., Stein G., Stein J., Sells B. H. Down-regulation of histone H3 and H4 gene transcription in differentiated L6 myotubes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989 Nov 2;1009(2):177–183. doi: 10.1016/0167-4781(89)90098-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Lebkowski J. S., Clancy S., Calos M. P. Simian virus 40 replication in adenovirus-transformed human cells antagonizes gene expression. Nature. 1985 Sep 12;317(6033):169–171. doi: 10.1038/317169a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Lee M. S., Garrard W. T. Transcription-induced nucleosome 'splitting': an underlying structure for DNase I sensitive chromatin. EMBO J. 1991 Mar;10(3):607–615. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07988.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Leffak I. M. Chromatin assembled in the presence of cytosine arabinoside has a short nucleosome repeat. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Aug 25;11(16):5451–5466. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.16.5451. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Leffak I. M. Stability of the conservative mode of nucleosome assembly. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 May 11;11(9):2717–2732. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.9.2717. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Leffak M., James C. D. Opposite replication polarity of the germ line c-myc gene in HeLa cells compared with that of two Burkitt lymphoma cell lines. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Feb;9(2):586–593. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.2.586. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Leffak M. Nonrandom assembly of chromatin during hydroxyurea inhibition of DNA synthesis. Biochemistry. 1988 Jan 26;27(2):686–691. doi: 10.1021/bi00402a029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Lehman J. M., McMahon J., Hales K., Trevor K. Characterization of a mutant polyoma that expresses in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells: morphology, tumorigenicity, and restriction enzyme analysis. Exp Mol Pathol. 1987 Aug;47(1):59–68. doi: 10.1016/0014-4800(87)90007-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Lenghaus C., Mun T. K., Studdert M. J. Feline panleukopenia virus replicates in cells in which cellular DNA synthesis is blocked. J Virol. 1985 Feb;53(2):345–349. doi: 10.1128/jvi.53.2.345-349.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Lennox R. W., Cohen L. H. The histone H1 complements of dividing and nondividing cells of the mouse. J Biol Chem. 1983 Jan 10;258(1):262–268. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Lennox R. W., Cohen L. H. The production of tissue-specific histone complements during development. Biochem Cell Biol. 1988 Jun;66(6):636–649. doi: 10.1139/o88-073. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Lennox R. W. Differences in evolutionary stability among mammalian H1 subtypes. Implications for the roles of H1 subtypes in chromatin. J Biol Chem. 1984 Jan 10;259(1):669–672. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Lennox R. W. Murine erythroblasts do not contain histone H10. Dev Biol. 1986 Nov;118(1):319–323. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(86)90100-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Lennox R. W., Oshima R. G., Cohen L. H. The H1 histones and their interphase phosphorylated states in differentiated and undifferentiated cell lines derived from murine teratocarcinomas. J Biol Chem. 1982 May 10;257(9):5183–5189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Lewis E. B. A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila. Nature. 1978 Dec 7;276(5688):565–570. doi: 10.1038/276565a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Lewis E. B. Regulation of the genes of the bithorax complex in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1985;50:155–164. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1985.050.01.021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Lewis E. D., Manley J. L. Repression of simian virus 40 early transcription by viral DNA replication in human 293 cells. Nature. 1985 Sep 12;317(6033):172–175. doi: 10.1038/317172a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Lin S., Riggs A. D. The general affinity of lac repressor for E. coli DNA: implications for gene regulation in procaryotes and eucaryotes. Cell. 1975 Feb;4(2):107–111. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(75)90116-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Loo D. T., Fuquay J. I., Rawson C. L., Barnes D. W. Extended culture of mouse embryo cells without senescence: inhibition by serum. Science. 1987 Apr 10;236(4798):200–202. doi: 10.1126/science.3494308. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. Lorch Y., LaPointe J. W., Kornberg R. D. Nucleosomes inhibit the initiation of transcription but allow chain elongation with the displacement of histones. Cell. 1987 Apr 24;49(2):203–210. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90561-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. Lorch Y., LaPointe J. W., Kornberg R. D. On the displacement of histones from DNA by transcription. Cell. 1988 Dec 2;55(5):743–744. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90128-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. Losa R., Brown D. D. A bacteriophage RNA polymerase transcribes in vitro through a nucleosome core without displacing it. Cell. 1987 Aug 28;50(5):801–808. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90338-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  212. Luchnik A. N., Hisamutdinov T. A., Georgiev G. P. Inhibition of transcription in eukaryotic cells by X-irradiation: relation to the loss of topological constraint in closed DNA loops. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Jun 10;16(11):5175–5190. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.11.5175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  213. Main J. H., Dawe C. J. Tumor induction in transplanted tooth buds infected with polyoma virus. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1966 Jun;36(6):1121–1136. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  214. Maione R., Felsani A., Pozzi L., Caruso M., Amati P. Polyomavirus genome and polyomavirus enhancer-driven gene expression during myogenesis. J Virol. 1989 Nov;63(11):4890–4897. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.11.4890-4897.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. Maione R., Passananti C., De Simone V., Delli-Bovi P., Augusti-Tocco G., Amati P. Selection of mouse neuroblastoma cell-specific polyoma virus mutants with stage differentiative advantages of replication. EMBO J. 1985 Dec 1;4(12):3215–3221. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb04068.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  216. Maniatis T., Goodbourn S., Fischer J. A. Regulation of inducible and tissue-specific gene expression. Science. 1987 Jun 5;236(4806):1237–1245. doi: 10.1126/science.3296191. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. Marchionni M. A., Roufa D. J. Replication of viral DNA sequences integrated within the chromatin of SV40-transformed Chinese hamster lung cells. Cell. 1981 Oct;26(2 Pt 2):245–258. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90307-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  218. Marks P. A., Sheffery M., Ramsay R., Ikeda K., Rifkind R. A. Induction of transformed cells to terminal differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;511:246–255. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb36252.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. Marks P. A., Sheffery M., Rifkind R. A. Induction of transformed cells to terminal differentiation and the modulation of gene expression. Cancer Res. 1987 Feb 1;47(3):659–666. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  220. Martin G. R. Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Dec;78(12):7634–7638. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.12.7634. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  221. Martin M. E., Piette J., Yaniv M., Tang W. J., Folk W. R. Activation of the polyomavirus enhancer by a murine activator protein 1 (AP1) homolog and two contiguous proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug;85(16):5839–5843. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.16.5839. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. Martínez-Salas E., Cupo D. Y., DePamphilis M. L. The need for enhancers is acquired upon formation of a diploid nucleus during early mouse development. Genes Dev. 1988 Sep;2(9):1115–1126. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.9.1115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. Matsui T. Transcription of adenovirus 2 major late and peptide IX genes under conditions of in vitro nucleosome assembly. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Apr;7(4):1401–1408. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.4.1401. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  224. Matsukage A., Kitani H., Yamaguchi M., Kusakabe M., Morita T., Koshida Y. Differentiation of lens and neural cells in chicken embryos is accompanied by simultaneous decay of DNA replication machinery. Dev Biol. 1986 Sep;117(1):226–232. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(86)90365-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  225. McCready S. J., Godwin J., Mason D. W., Brazell I. A., Cook P. R. DNA is replicated at the nuclear cage. J Cell Sci. 1980 Dec;46:365–386. doi: 10.1242/jcs.46.1.365. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. McKnight S., Tjian R. Transcriptional selectivity of viral genes in mammalian cells. Cell. 1986 Sep 12;46(6):795–805. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90061-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  227. McWhinney C., Leffak M. Autonomous replication of a DNA fragment containing the chromosomal replication origin of the human c-myc gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Mar 11;18(5):1233–1242. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.5.1233. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  228. Mecsas J., Sugden B. Replication of plasmids derived from bovine papilloma virus type 1 and Epstein-Barr virus in cells in culture. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1987;3:87–108. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.03.110187.000511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Melin F., Pinon H., Reiss C., Kress C., Montreau N., Blangy D. Common features of polyomavirus mutants selected on PCC4 embryonal carcinoma cells. EMBO J. 1985 Jul;4(7):1799–1803. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03853.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. Mellentin J. D., Murre C., Donlon T. A., McCaw P. S., Smith S. D., Carroll A. J., McDonald M. E., Baltimore D., Cleary M. L. The gene for enhancer binding proteins E12/E47 lies at the t(1;19) breakpoint in acute leukemias. Science. 1989 Oct 20;246(4928):379–382. doi: 10.1126/science.2799390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  231. Mensa-Wilmot K., Carroll K., McMacken R. Transcriptional activation of bacteriophage lambda DNA replication in vitro: regulatory role of histone-like protein HU of Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 1989 Aug;8(8):2393–2402. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08369.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  232. Metzenberg R. L. Implications of some genetic control mechanisms in Neurospora. Microbiol Rev. 1979 Sep;43(3):361–383. doi: 10.1128/mr.43.3.361-383.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  233. Millar S. E., Freeman M., Glover D. M. The distribution of a 'mitosis-specific' antigen during Drosophila development. J Cell Sci. 1987 Feb;87(Pt 1):95–104. doi: 10.1242/jcs.87.1.95. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. Millar S., Hayward D. C., Read C. A., Browne M. J., Santelli R. V., Garcia Vallejo F., Pueyo M. T., Zaha A., Glover D. M., Lara F. J. Segments of chromosomal DNA from Rhynchosciara americana that undergo additional rounds of DNA replication in the salivary gland DNA puffs have only weak ARS activity in yeast. Gene. 1985;34(1):81–86. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(85)90297-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  235. Mitchell P. J., Wang C., Tjian R. Positive and negative regulation of transcription in vitro: enhancer-binding protein AP-2 is inhibited by SV40 T antigen. Cell. 1987 Sep 11;50(6):847–861. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90512-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  236. Morita T., Tsutsui Y., Nishiyama Y., Nakamura H., Yoshida S. Effects of DNA polymerase inhibitors on replicative and repair DNA synthesis in ultraviolet-irradiated HeLa cells. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med. 1982 Nov;42(5):471–480. doi: 10.1080/09553008214551411. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  237. Muller W. J., Dufort D., Hassell J. A. Multiple subelements within the polyomavirus enhancer function synergistically to activate DNA replication. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Nov;8(11):5000–5015. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.11.5000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  238. Murakami Y., Wobbe C. R., Weissbach L., Dean F. B., Hurwitz J. Role of DNA polymerase alpha and DNA primase in simian virus 40 DNA replication in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 May;83(9):2869–2873. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.9.2869. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  239. Murano I., Kuwano A., Kajii T. Cell type-dependent difference in the distribution and frequency of aphidicolin-induced fragile sites: T and B lymphocytes and bone marrow cells. Hum Genet. 1989 Dec;84(1):71–74. doi: 10.1007/BF00210675. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  240. Murano I., Kuwano A., Kajii T. Fibroblast-specific common fragile sites induced by aphidicolin. Hum Genet. 1989 Aug;83(1):45–48. doi: 10.1007/BF00274145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  241. Murate T., Kagami Y., Hotta T., Yoshida T., Saito H., Yoshida S. Terminal differentiation of human erythroleukemia cell line K562 induced by aphidicolin. Exp Cell Res. 1990 Nov;191(1):45–50. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(90)90033-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  242. Murre C., McCaw P. S., Baltimore D. A new DNA binding and dimerization motif in immunoglobulin enhancer binding, daughterless, MyoD, and myc proteins. Cell. 1989 Mar 10;56(5):777–783. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90682-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  243. Mélin F., Kemler R., Kress C., Pinon H., Blangy D. Host range specificity of polyomavirus EC mutants in mouse embryonal carcinoma and embryonal stem cells and preimplantation embryos. J Virol. 1991 Jun;65(6):3029–3043. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.3029-3043.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  244. Nagasaka A., Yoshida S., Nakai A., Ohyama T., Iwase K., Ohtani S., Nakagawa H., Masunaga R., Kato S., Kawabe T. Hormonal regulation of DNA polymerase-beta activity in the rat thyroid gland. J Endocrinol. 1988 Nov;119(2):303–308. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1190303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  245. Nagasaka A., Yoshida S., Nakai A., Ohyama T., Iwase K., Ohtani S., Shinoda S., Masunaga R., Nakagawa H. DNA polymerase beta in human thyroid of Graves' disease and thyroid tumors. Metabolism. 1988 Nov;37(11):1051–1054. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(88)90066-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  246. Nevins J. R. Transcription activation by viral and cellular oncogenes. Adv Cancer Res. 1986;47:283–296. doi: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60202-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  247. Nigro J. M., Baker S. J., Preisinger A. C., Jessup J. M., Hostetter R., Cleary K., Bigner S. H., Davidson N., Baylin S., Devilee P. Mutations in the p53 gene occur in diverse human tumour types. Nature. 1989 Dec 7;342(6250):705–708. doi: 10.1038/342705a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  248. Nonchev S., Tsanev R. Protamine-histone replacement and DNA replication in the male mouse pronucleus. Mol Reprod Dev. 1990 Jan;25(1):72–76. doi: 10.1002/mrd.1080250113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  249. Noss G. Human polyoma virus type BK infection and T antibody response in renal transplant recipients. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1987 Oct;266(3-4):567–574. doi: 10.1016/s0176-6724(87)80239-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  250. Nowak R., Siedlecki J. A., Kaczmarek L., Zmudzka B. Z., Wilson S. H. Levels and size complexity of DNA polymerase beta mRNA in rat regenerating liver and other organs. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989 Jul 7;1008(2):203–207. doi: 10.1016/0167-4781(80)90010-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  251. O'Brochta D. A., Bryant P. J. Distribution of S-phase cells during the regeneration of Drosophila imaginal wing discs. Dev Biol. 1987 Jan;119(1):137–142. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(87)90215-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  252. O'Connor M., Peifer M., Bender W. Construction of large DNA segments in Escherichia coli. Science. 1989 Jun 16;244(4910):1307–1312. doi: 10.1126/science.2660262. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  253. O'Neill E. A., Fletcher C., Burrow C. R., Heintz N., Roeder R. G., Kelly T. J. Transcription factor OTF-1 is functionally identical to the DNA replication factor NF-III. Science. 1988 Sep 2;241(4870):1210–1213. doi: 10.1126/science.3413485. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  254. Ono K., Nakane H., Herdewijn P., Balzarini J., De Clercq E. Differential inhibitory effects of several pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates on the activities of reverse transcriptase and various cellular DNA polymerases. Mol Pharmacol. 1989 May;35(5):578–583. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  255. Orkin S. H. Globin gene regulation and switching: circa 1990. Cell. 1990 Nov 16;63(4):665–672. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90133-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  256. Ornitz D. M., Hammer R. E., Messing A., Palmiter R. D., Brinster R. L. Pancreatic neoplasia induced by SV40 T-antigen expression in acinar cells of transgenic mice. Science. 1987 Oct 9;238(4824):188–193. doi: 10.1126/science.2821617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  257. Ornitz D. M., Palmiter R. D., Messing A., Hammer R. E., Pinkert C. A., Brinster R. L. Elastase I promoter directs expression of human growth hormone and SV40 T antigen genes to pancreatic acinar cells in transgenic mice. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1985;50:399–409. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1985.050.01.050. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  258. Orr-Weaver T. L., Johnston C. G., Spradling A. C. The role of ACE3 in Drosophila chorion gene amplification. EMBO J. 1989 Dec 20;8(13):4153–4162. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08600.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  259. Orr-Weaver T. L., Spradling A. C. Drosophila chorion gene amplification requires an upstream region regulating s18 transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Dec;6(12):4624–4633. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.12.4624. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  260. Osheim Y. N., Miller O. L., Jr, Beyer A. L. Visualization of Drosophila melanogaster chorion genes undergoing amplification. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Jul;8(7):2811–2821. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.7.2811. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  261. Oudejans C. B., Pannese M., Simeone A., Meijer C. J., Boncinelli E. The three most downstream genes of the Hox-3 cluster are expressed in human extraembryonic tissues including trophoblast of androgenetic origin. Development. 1990 Mar;108(3):471–477. doi: 10.1242/dev.108.3.471. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  262. Painter R. B., Young B. R., Kapp L. N. Absence of DNA overreplication in Chinese hamster cells incubated with inhibitors of DNA synthesis. Cancer Res. 1987 Nov 1;47(21):5595–5599. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  263. Palmiter R. D., Brinster R. L. Transgenic mice. Cell. 1985 Jun;41(2):343–345. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80004-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  264. Pardoll D. M., Vogelstein B., Coffey D. S. A fixed site of DNA replication in eucaryotic cells. Cell. 1980 Feb;19(2):527–536. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90527-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  265. Paro R. Imprinting a determined state into the chromatin of Drosophila. Trends Genet. 1990 Dec;6(12):416–421. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(90)90303-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  266. Peehl D. M., Stanbridge E. J. The role of differentiation in the suppression of tumorigenicity in human cell hybrids. Int J Cancer. 1982 Jul 15;30(1):113–120. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910300119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  267. Peifer M., Bender W. The anterobithorax and bithorax mutations of the bithorax complex. EMBO J. 1986 Sep;5(9):2293–2303. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04497.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  268. Perlmann T., Wrange O. Specific glucocorticoid receptor binding to DNA reconstituted in a nucleosome. EMBO J. 1988 Oct;7(10):3073–3079. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03172.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  269. Pierce J. W., Lenardo M., Baltimore D. Oligonucleotide that binds nuclear factor NF-kappa B acts as a lymphoid-specific and inducible enhancer element. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(5):1482–1486. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.5.1482. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  270. Pierron G., Benard M., Puvion E., Flanagan R., Sauer H. W., Pallotta D. Replication timing of 10 developmentally regulated genes in Physarum polycephalum. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Jan 25;17(2):553–566. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.2.553. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  271. Pillus L., Rine J. Epigenetic inheritance of transcriptional states in S. cerevisiae. Cell. 1989 Nov 17;59(4):637–647. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90009-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  272. Pinset C., Whalen R. G. Induction of myogenic differentiation in serum-free medium does not require DNA synthesis. Dev Biol. 1985 Apr;108(2):284–289. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(85)90032-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  273. Pinset C., Whalen R. G. Manipulation of medium conditions and differentiation in the rat myogenic cell line L6. Dev Biol. 1984 Apr;102(2):269–277. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(84)90192-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  274. Piña B., Brüggemeier U., Beato M. Nucleosome positioning modulates accessibility of regulatory proteins to the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. Cell. 1990 Mar 9;60(5):719–731. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90087-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  275. Poljak L. G., Gralla J. D. Competition for formation of nucleosomes on fragmented SV40 DNA: a hyperstable nucleosome forms on the termination region. Biochemistry. 1987 Jan 13;26(1):295–303. doi: 10.1021/bi00375a041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  276. Pramanik S. K., Bag J. Expression of muscle-specific proteins is necessary to regulate translation of the mRNA for a 40-kDa housekeeping polypeptide in rat L6 cells. Eur J Biochem. 1989 Jul 1;182(3):687–698. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14880.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  277. Prem veer Reddy G., Pardee A. B. Multienzyme complex for metabolic channeling in mammalian DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jun;77(6):3312–3316. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.6.3312. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  278. Prives C., Murakami Y., Kern F. G., Folk W., Basilico C., Hurwitz J. DNA sequence requirements for replication of polyomavirus DNA in vivo and in vitro. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Oct;7(10):3694–3704. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.10.3694. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  279. Pruijn J. M., van der Vliet P. C., Dathan N. A., Mattaj I. W. Anti-OTF-1 antibodies inhibit NFIII stimulation of in vitro adenovirus DNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Mar 11;17(5):1845–1863. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.5.1845. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  280. Razik M. A., Blanco J., Gottesfeld J. M. Pathways of nucleoprotein assembly on 5S RNA genes in a Xenopus oocyte S-150 extract. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Jun 12;17(11):4117–4130. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.11.4117. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  281. Razin S. V., Kekelidze M. G., Lukanidin E. M., Scherrer K., Georgiev G. P. Replication origins are attached to the nuclear skeleton. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Oct 24;14(20):8189–8207. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.20.8189. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  282. Reich N. C., Levine A. J. Growth regulation of a cellular tumour antigen, p53, in nontransformed cells. Nature. 1984 Mar 8;308(5955):199–201. doi: 10.1038/308199a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  283. Richard-Foy H., Hager G. L. Sequence-specific positioning of nucleosomes over the steroid-inducible MMTV promoter. EMBO J. 1987 Aug;6(8):2321–2328. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02507.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  284. Richon V. M., Ramsay R. G., Rifkind R. A., Marks P. A. Modulation of the c-myb, c-myc and p53 mRNA and protein levels during induced murine erythroleukemia cell differentiation. Oncogene. 1989 Feb;4(2):165–173. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  285. Roberts J. M., Weintraub H. Negative control of DNA replication in composite SV40-bovine papilloma virus plasmids. Cell. 1986 Aug 29;46(5):741–752. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90350-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  286. Rochford R., Campbell B. A., Villarreal L. P. A pancreas specificity results from the combination of polyomavirus and Moloney murine leukemia virus enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jan;84(2):449–453. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.2.449. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  287. Rochford R., Campbell B. A., Villarreal L. P. Genetic analysis of the enhancer requirements for polyomavirus DNA replication in mice. J Virol. 1990 Feb;64(2):476–485. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.2.476-485.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  288. Rochford R., Davis C. T., Yoshimoto K. K., Villarreal L. P. Minimal subenhancer requirements for high-level polyomavirus DNA replication: a cell-specific synergy of PEA3 and PEA1 sites. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Sep;10(9):4996–5001. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.9.4996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  289. Rochford R., Villarreal L. P. Polyomavirus DNA replication in the pancreas and in a transformed pancreas cell line has distinct enhancer requirements. J Virol. 1991 Apr;65(4):2108–2112. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.4.2108-2112.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  290. Rosenfeld M. G., Nelson C., Crenshaw E. B., 3rd, Elsholtz H. P., Lira S. A., Mangalam H. J., Franco R., Waterman M., Weinberger C., Hollenberg S. M. Developmental and hormonal regulation of neuroendocrine gene transcription. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1987;43:499–534. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571143-2.50019-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  291. Rossant J. Cell lineage analysis in mammalian embryogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol. 1987;23:115–146. doi: 10.1016/s0070-2153(08)60622-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  292. Rudkin G. T. Replication in polytene chromosomes. Results Probl Cell Differ. 1972;4:59–85. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-37164-9_3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  293. Sachs L. Cell differentiation and tumour suppression. Ciba Found Symp. 1989;142:217–233. doi: 10.1002/9780470513750.ch14. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  294. Sachs L. The molecular control of blood cell development. Science. 1987 Dec 4;238(4832):1374–1379. doi: 10.1126/science.3317831. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  295. Sachs L. The molecular control of normal and leukemic hematopoiesis: myeloid cells as a model system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1989;567:141–153. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb16466.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  296. Saito I., Groves R., Giulotto E., Rolfe M., Stark G. R. Evolution and stability of chromosomal DNA coamplified with the CAD gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Jun;9(6):2445–2452. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.6.2445. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  297. Sakaguchi K., Boyd J. B. Purification and characterization of a DNA polymerase beta from Drosophila*. J Biol Chem. 1985 Sep 5;260(19):10406–10411. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  298. Sanae M., Iguchi-Ariga M., Ariga H. [DNA replication and RNA transcription regulated by c-myc protein]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso. 1988 Sep;33(11):1758–1765. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  299. Sassone-Corsi P., Fromental C., Chambon P. A trans-acting factor represses the activity of the polyoma virus enhancer in undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma cells. Oncogene Res. 1987 Jul;1(2):113–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  300. Scherneck S., Delmas V., Vogel F., Feunteun J. Induction of lymphomas by the hamster papovavirus correlates with massive replication of nonrandomly deleted extrachromosomal viral genomes. J Virol. 1987 Dec;61(12):3992–3998. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.12.3992-3998.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  301. Scherneck S., Vogel F., Arnold W., Horn K. H., Mothes E., Rudolph M., Delmas V., Feunteun J. Analysis of hamster lymphomas for the presence of hamster papovavirus DNA. Acta Virol. 1988 Mar;32(2):97–103. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  302. Schimke R. T., Brown P. C., Kaufman R. J. Gene amplification and drug resistance in mammalian cells. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1982;60:79–86. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  303. Schirmbeck R., Deppert W. Specific interaction of simian virus 40 large T antigen with cellular chromatin and nuclear matrix during the course of infection. J Virol. 1987 Nov;61(11):3561–3569. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.11.3561-3569.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  304. Schlissel M. S., Brown D. D. The transcriptional regulation of Xenopus 5s RNA genes in chromatin: the roles of active stable transcription complexes and histone H1. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):903–913. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90425-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  305. Schäfer B. W., Blakely B. T., Darlington G. J., Blau H. M. Effect of cell history on response to helix-loop-helix family of myogenic regulators. Nature. 1990 Mar 29;344(6265):454–458. doi: 10.1038/344454a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  306. Scovassi A. I., Cavalloro R., Bertazzoni U. A DNA polymerase alpha partially resistant to aphidicolin in cells and embryos of Med-fly (Ceratitis capitata Wied.). Biochem Int. 1983 Oct;7(4):481–491. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  307. Seidman M. M., Levine A. J., Weintraub H. The asymmetric segregation of parental nucleosomes during chrosome replication. Cell. 1979 Oct;18(2):439–449. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90063-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  308. Selig S., Ariel M., Goitein R., Marcus M., Cedar H. Regulation of mouse satellite DNA replication time. EMBO J. 1988 Feb;7(2):419–426. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02829.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  309. Selker E. U. DNA methylation and chromatin structure: a view from below. Trends Biochem Sci. 1990 Mar;15(3):103–107. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(90)90193-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  310. Shea M. A., Ackers G. K. The OR control system of bacteriophage lambda. A physical-chemical model for gene regulation. J Mol Biol. 1985 Jan 20;181(2):211–230. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90086-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  311. Sherman M. I., McLaren A., Walker P. M. Mechanism of accumulation of DNA in giant cells of mouse trophoblast. Nat New Biol. 1972 Aug 9;238(84):175–176. doi: 10.1038/newbio238175a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  312. Sherwood S. W., Schumacher R. I., Schimke R. T. Effect of cycloheximide on development of methotrexate resistance of Chinese hamster ovary cells treated with inhibitors of DNA synthesis. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Jul;8(7):2822–2827. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.7.2822. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  313. Shimamura A., Tremethick D., Worcel A. Characterization of the repressed 5S DNA minichromosomes assembled in vitro with a high-speed supernatant of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Oct;8(10):4257–4269. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.10.4257. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  314. Shore D., Nasmyth K. Purification and cloning of a DNA binding protein from yeast that binds to both silencer and activator elements. Cell. 1987 Dec 4;51(5):721–732. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90095-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  315. Siegel R. L., Kalf G. F. DNA polymerase beta involvement in DNA endoreduplication in rat giant trophoblast cells. J Biol Chem. 1982 Feb 25;257(4):1785–1790. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  316. Simeone A., Acampora D., Arcioni L., Andrews P. W., Boncinelli E., Mavilio F. Sequential activation of HOX2 homeobox genes by retinoic acid in human embryonal carcinoma cells. Nature. 1990 Aug 23;346(6286):763–766. doi: 10.1038/346763a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  317. Smith H. C., Puvion E., Buchholtz L. A., Berezney R. Spatial distribution of DNA loop attachment and replicational sites in the nuclear matrix. J Cell Biol. 1984 Nov;99(5):1794–1802. doi: 10.1083/jcb.99.5.1794. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  318. Smith J. M. Evolution: generating novelty by symbiosis. Nature. 1989 Sep 28;341(6240):284–285. doi: 10.1038/341284a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  319. Smith K. A., Gorman P. A., Stark M. B., Groves R. P., Stark G. R. Distinctive chromosomal structures are formed very early in the amplification of CAD genes in Syrian hamster cells. Cell. 1990 Dec 21;63(6):1219–1227. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90417-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  320. Smithies O. The control of globin and other eukaryotic genes. J Cell Physiol Suppl. 1982;1:137–143. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041130421. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  321. Sorrentino V., Pepperkok R., Davis R. L., Ansorge W., Philipson L. Cell proliferation inhibited by MyoD1 independently of myogenic differentiation. Nature. 1990 Jun 28;345(6278):813–815. doi: 10.1038/345813a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  322. Spear B. B., Gall J. G. Independent control of ribosomal gene replication in polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 May;70(5):1359–1363. doi: 10.1073/pnas.70.5.1359. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  323. Spear B. B., Lauth M. R. Polytene chromosomes of Oxytricha: biochemical and morphological changes during macronuclear development in a ciliated protozoan. Chromosoma. 1976 Jan 27;54(1):1–13. doi: 10.1007/BF00331828. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  324. Spear B. B. The genes for ribosomal RNA in diploid and polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Chromosoma. 1974;48(2):159–179. doi: 10.1007/BF00283961. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  325. Spradling A. C., de Cicco D. V., Wakimoto B. T., Levine J. F., Kalfayan L. J., Cooley L. Amplification of the X-linked Drosophila chorion gene cluster requires a region upstream from the s38 chorion gene. EMBO J. 1987 Apr;6(4):1045–1053. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04857.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  326. Spradling A., Orr-Weaver T. Regulation of DNA replication during Drosophila development. Annu Rev Genet. 1987;21:373–403. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.21.120187.002105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  327. Squinto S. P., Doucet J. P., Block A. L., Morrow S. L., Davenport W. D., Jr Induction of macrophage-like differentiation of HL-60 leukemia cells by tumor necrosis factor-alpha: potential role of fos expression. Mol Endocrinol. 1989 Feb;3(2):409–419. doi: 10.1210/mend-3-2-409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  328. Srivastava A., Norris J. S., Shmookler Reis R. J., Goldstein S. c-Ha-ras-1 proto-oncogene amplification and overexpression during the limited replicative life span of normal human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 1985 May 25;260(10):6404–6409. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  329. Stambrook P. J., Flickinger R. A. Changes i chromosomal DNA replication tterns in developing frog embryos. J Exp Zool. 1970 May;174(1):101–113. doi: 10.1002/jez.1401740110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  330. Stanbridge E. J., Ceredig R. Growth-regulatory control of human cell hybrids in nude mice. Cancer Res. 1981 Feb;41(2):573–580. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  331. Stark G. R., Debatisse M., Giulotto E., Wahl G. M. Recent progress in understanding mechanisms of mammalian DNA amplification. Cell. 1989 Jun 16;57(6):901–908. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90328-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  332. Stein G. H., Beeson M., Gordon L. Failure to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma gene product in senescent human fibroblasts. Science. 1990 Aug 10;249(4969):666–669. doi: 10.1126/science.2166342. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  333. Stief A., Winter D. M., Strätling W. H., Sippel A. E. A nuclear DNA attachment element mediates elevated and position-independent gene activity. Nature. 1989 Sep 28;341(6240):343–345. doi: 10.1038/341343a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  334. Subba Rao K. V., Subba Rao K. Increased DNA polymerase beta-activity in different regions of aging rat brain. Biochem Int. 1984 Sep;9(3):391–397. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  335. Sugden B., Warren N. Plasmid origin of replication of Epstein-Barr virus, oriP, does not limit replication in cis. Mol Biol Med. 1988 Apr;5(2):85–94. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  336. Sun J. M., Wiaderkiewicz R., Ruiz-Carrillo A. Histone H5 in the control of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Science. 1989 Jul 7;245(4913):68–71. doi: 10.1126/science.2740916. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  337. Svaren J., Chalkley R. The structure and assembly of active chromatin. Trends Genet. 1990 Feb;6(2):52–56. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(90)90074-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  338. TAYLOR J. H. Asynchronous duplication of chromosomes in cultured cells of Chinese hamster. J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 1960 Jun;7:455–464. doi: 10.1083/jcb.7.3.455. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  339. Tack L. C., Wassarman P. M., DePamphilis M. L. Chromatin assembly. Relationship of chromatin structure to DNA sequence during simian virus 40 replication. J Biol Chem. 1981 Aug 25;256(16):8821–8828. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  340. Tanaka M., Kimura K., Yoshida S. Inhibition of mammalian DNA polymerases by recombinant alpha-interferon and gamma-interferon. Cancer Res. 1987 Nov 15;47(22):5971–5974. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  341. Tapscott S. J., Davis R. L., Thayer M. J., Cheng P. F., Weintraub H., Lassar A. B. MyoD1: a nuclear phosphoprotein requiring a Myc homology region to convert fibroblasts to myoblasts. Science. 1988 Oct 21;242(4877):405–411. doi: 10.1126/science.3175662. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  342. Tazi J., Bird A. Alternative chromatin structure at CpG islands. Cell. 1990 Mar 23;60(6):909–920. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90339-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  343. Teich N. M., Weiss R. A., Martin G. R., Lowy D. R. Virus infection of murine teratocarcinoma stem cell lines. Cell. 1977 Dec;12(4):973–982. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90162-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  344. Tlsty T. D., Margolin B. H., Lum K. Differences in the rates of gene amplification in nontumorigenic and tumorigenic cell lines as measured by Luria-Delbrück fluctuation analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Dec;86(23):9441–9445. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.23.9441. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  345. Tomizawa J., Ogawa T. Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on bacteriophage lambda immunity. J Mol Biol. 1967 Jan 28;23(2):247–263. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(67)80031-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  346. Townes T. M., Behringer R. R. Human globin locus activation region (LAR): role in temporal control. Trends Genet. 1990 Jul;6(7):219–223. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(90)90182-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  347. Trempe J. P., Lindstrom Y. I., Leffak M. Opposite replication polarities of transcribed and nontranscribed histone H5 genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Apr;8(4):1657–1663. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.4.1657. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  348. Tsanev R., Sendov B. Possible molecular mechanism for cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. J Theor Biol. 1971 Feb;30(2):337–393. doi: 10.1016/0022-5193(71)90059-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  349. Tung L., Morris G. F., Yager L. N., Weinberg E. S. Sea urchin early and late H4 histone genes bind a specific transcription factor in a stable preinitiation complex. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Apr;9(4):1476–1487. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.4.1476. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  350. Turo K. A., Florini J. R. Hormonal stimulation of myoblast differentiation in the absence of DNA synthesis. Am J Physiol. 1982 Nov;243(5):C278–C284. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1982.243.5.C278. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  351. Vales L. D., Darnell J. E., Jr Promoter occlusion prevents transcription of adenovirus polypeptide IX mRNA until after DNA replication. Genes Dev. 1989 Jan;3(1):49–59. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.1.49. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  352. Van Dyke M. W., Sawadogo M., Roeder R. G. Stability of transcription complexes on class II genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Jan;9(1):342–344. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.1.342. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  353. Varmuza S., Prideaux V., Kothary R., Rossant J. Polytene chromosomes in mouse trophoblast giant cells. Development. 1988 Jan;102(1):127–134. doi: 10.1242/dev.102.1.127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  354. Varshavsky A. On the possibility of metabolic control of replicon "misfiring": relationship to emergence of malignant phenotypes in mammalian cell lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jun;78(6):3673–3677. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.6.3673. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  355. Vassilev L. T., Burhans W. C., DePamphilis M. L. Mapping an origin of DNA replication at a single-copy locus in exponentially proliferating mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Sep;10(9):4685–4689. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.9.4685. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  356. Vassilev L., Johnson E. M. An initiation zone of chromosomal DNA replication located upstream of the c-myc gene in proliferating HeLa cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Sep;10(9):4899–4904. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.9.4899. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  357. Veldman G. M., Lupton S., Kamen R. Polyomavirus enhancer contains multiple redundant sequence elements that activate both DNA replication and gene expression. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Apr;5(4):649–658. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.4.649. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  358. Vogelstein B., Pardoll D. M., Coffey D. S. Supercoiled loops and eucaryotic DNA replicaton. Cell. 1980 Nov;22(1 Pt 1):79–85. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90156-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  359. Wakimoto B. T., Kalfayan L. J., Spradling A. C. Developmentally regulated expression of Drosophila chorion genes introduced at diverse chromosomal positions. J Mol Biol. 1986 Jan 5;187(1):33–45. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90404-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  360. Walmsley M. E., Patient R. K. Highly efficient beta globin transcription in the absence of both a viral enhancer and erythroid factors. Development. 1987 Dec;101(4):815–827. doi: 10.1242/dev.101.4.815. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  361. Wang E. H., Friedman P. N., Prives C. The murine p53 protein blocks replication of SV40 DNA in vitro by inhibiting the initiation functions of SV40 large T antigen. Cell. 1989 May 5;57(3):379–392. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90913-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  362. Waters B. K., Rossant J. The effect of retinoic acid pretreatment on the ability of murine embryonal carcinoma and inner cell mass cells to participate in chimaera development. J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1986 Nov;98:99–110. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  363. Weintraub H. Assembly of an active chromatin structure during replication. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Oct 10;7(3):781–792. doi: 10.1093/nar/7.3.781. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  364. Weintraub H., Tapscott S. J., Davis R. L., Thayer M. J., Adam M. A., Lassar A. B., Miller A. D. Activation of muscle-specific genes in pigment, nerve, fat, liver, and fibroblast cell lines by forced expression of MyoD. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jul;86(14):5434–5438. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.14.5434. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  365. Wilcock D., Lane D. P. Localization of p53, retinoblastoma and host replication proteins at sites of viral replication in herpes-infected cells. Nature. 1991 Jan 31;349(6308):429–431. doi: 10.1038/349429a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  366. Winkelmann M., Pfitzer P., Schneider W. Significance of polyploidy in megakaryocytes and other cells in health and tumor disease. Klin Wochenschr. 1987 Dec 1;65(23):1115–1131. doi: 10.1007/BF01734832. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  367. Wolffe A. P., Brown D. D. DNA replication in vitro erases a Xenopus 5S RNA gene transcription complex. Cell. 1986 Oct 24;47(2):217–227. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90444-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  368. Wolffe A. P., Brown D. D. Developmental regulation of two 5S ribosomal RNA genes. Science. 1988 Sep 23;241(4873):1626–1632. doi: 10.1126/science.241.4873.1626. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  369. Wolffe A. P. New approaches to chromatin function. New Biol. 1990 Mar;2(3):211–218. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  370. Worcel A., Han S., Wong M. L. Assembly of newly replicated chromatin. Cell. 1978 Nov;15(3):969–977. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90280-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  371. Workman J. L., Abmayr S. M., Cromlish W. A., Roeder R. G. Transcriptional regulation by the immediate early protein of pseudorabies virus during in vitro nucleosome assembly. Cell. 1988 Oct 21;55(2):211–219. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90044-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  372. Workman J. L., Roeder R. G. Binding of transcription factor TFIID to the major late promoter during in vitro nucleosome assembly potentiates subsequent initiation by RNA polymerase II. Cell. 1987 Nov 20;51(4):613–622. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90130-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  373. Wright J. A., Smith H. S., Watt F. M., Hancock M. C., Hudson D. L., Stark G. R. DNA amplification is rare in normal human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Mar;87(5):1791–1795. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.5.1791. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  374. Wright W. E. Control of differentiation in heterokaryons and hybrids involving differentiation-defective myoblast variants. J Cell Biol. 1984 Feb;98(2):436–443. doi: 10.1083/jcb.98.2.436. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  375. Wu M., Allis C. D., Gorovsky M. A. Cell-cycle regulation as a mechanism for targeting proteins to specific DNA sequences in Tetrahymena thermophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Apr;85(7):2205–2209. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.7.2205. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  376. Wu M., Allis C. D., Richman R., Cook R. G., Gorovsky M. A. An intervening sequence in an unusual histone H1 gene of Tetrahymena thermophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Nov;83(22):8674–8678. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.22.8674. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  377. Yakobson B., Koch T., Winocour E. Replication of adeno-associated virus in synchronized cells without the addition of a helper virus. J Virol. 1987 Apr;61(4):972–981. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.4.972-981.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  378. Yen A., Brown D., Fishbaugh J. Precommitment states induced during HL-60 myeloid differentiation: possible similarities of retinoic acid- and DMSO-induced early events. Exp Cell Res. 1987 Nov;173(1):80–84. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(87)90333-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  379. Yen A., Forbes M., DeGala G., Fishbaugh J. Control of HL-60 cell differentiation lineage specificity, a late event occurring after precommitment. Cancer Res. 1987 Jan 1;47(1):129–134. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  380. Yen A., Freeman L., Fishbaugh J. Hydroxyurea indices precommitment during retinoic induced HL-60 terminal myeloid differentiation: possible involvement of gene amplification. Leuk Res. 1987;11(1):63–71. doi: 10.1016/0145-2126(87)90106-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  381. Yen A., Freeman L., Fishbaugh J. Induction of HL-60 monocytic cell differentiation promoted by a perturbation of DNA synthesis: hydroxyurea promotes action of TPA. Exp Cell Res. 1988 Jan;174(1):98–106. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(88)90145-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  382. Zmudzka B. Z., Wilson S. H. Deregulation of DNA polymerase beta by sense and antisense RNA expression in mouse 3T3 cells alters cell growth. Somat Cell Mol Genet. 1990 Jul;16(4):311–320. doi: 10.1007/BF01232459. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  383. de Groot R. P., Kruyt F. A., van der Saag P. T., Kruijer W. Ectopic expression of c-jun leads to differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. EMBO J. 1990 Jun;9(6):1831–1837. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08308.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  384. de Groot R. P., Schoorlemmer J., van Genesen S. T., Kruijer W. Differential expression of jun and fos genes during differentiation of mouse P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Jun 11;18(11):3195–3202. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.11.3195. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  385. de Villiers J., Schaffner W., Tyndall C., Lupton S., Kamen R. Polyoma virus DNA replication requires an enhancer. Nature. 1984 Nov 15;312(5991):242–246. doi: 10.1038/312242a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Microbiological Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES