Abstract
Background. Little research exists on acupuncture treatment's effect on patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods. Using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, we conducted a cohort study to compare the use of emergency care and hospitalization in TBI patients with and without acupuncture treatment in the first year after TBI. The adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of high use of emergency care and hospitalization associated with acupuncture treatment were calculated in multivariate Poisson regression models with generalized estimating equation. Results. The means of medical visits of emergency care and hospitalization were lower in TBI patients with acupuncture treatment than in those without acupuncture treatment. After adjustment, acupuncture treatment was associated with decreased risk of high emergency care visits (beta = −0.0611, P = 0.0452) and hospitalization (beta = −0.0989, P < 0.0001). The RRs of high medical visits and expenditure for hospitalization associated with acupuncture treatment were 0.62 (95% CI = 0.50–0.76) and 0.66 (95% CI = 0.53–0.83), respectively. Conclusion. Patients with TBI who receive acupuncture treatment have reduced the use of emergency care and hospitalization in the first year after injury. The mechanisms of effects of acupuncture on TBI warrant further investigations.
1. Introduction
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a common injury across every age group and both sexes [1–4], causes disability and death worldwide. It causes 1.1 million emergency visits, 235,000 hospitalisations, and 50,000 deaths in the United States every year [5, 6]. The socioeconomic impacts and burden of diseases for disability following TBI are potentially long term or lifelong [2–5, 7–14]. While the epidemiology, natural history, risk factors, and outcomes of TBI have been established [1–17], TBI treatment and rehabilitation are still crucial problems of global concern.
Despite the remarkable developments in modern Western medicine (a medical system included physicians, surgeons, and other healthcare professionals (such as nurses, pharmacists, and therapists) to treat symptoms, illness, and diseases using biochemical drugs, radiation, or surgery in the clinics or hospitals) in modern times [18], there is great public interest in complementary and alternative medicine, such as acupuncture [19]. Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) widely used in Taiwan [20–25] and other Asian and Western countries [26–29]. Acupuncture's effectiveness has been widely confirmed [30–32], and almost a quarter of Taiwan's people (23%) used acupuncture between 1996 and 2002 [25].
There has been no population-based epidemiological study with comprehensive study design documenting the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment on patients with TBI. A recent investigation reported that acupuncture had a beneficial effect on cognition and on perception of sleep or sleep quality for patients with TBI [33]. However, that study was limited by small sample size, poor study design, and inadequate adjustment. It was also reported that acupuncture may reduce medical expenditure for patients with chronic neck pain or angina [34, 35]. Based on the findings from previous reports, our study sought to investigate the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment on patients with TBI in a nationwide population-based cohort study with matching procedure by propensity score and multivariate adjustment.
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
Taiwan's National Health Research Institutes has documented all medical claims for insured beneficiaries since 1996 and provides these as the National Health Insurance Research Database for public access. With patient identification numbers scrambled, data files can be secured to protect patient privacy. Information available for this study included gender, birth date, disease codes, health care rendered, medicines prescribed, diagnoses for admissions and discharges, and medical institutions and physicians providing services. Details were described in our previous studies [1–3, 20]. From a longitudinal cohort population-based database of a randomly selected one million insured subjects, we identified persons aged ≥20 years with newly diagnosed TBI who made visits for medical care in 2000–2008 as our eligible study patients (Figure 1). In order to confirm that all patients with TBI in our study were incident cases, only new-onset TBI cases were included in this study; people with previous medical records of TBI within five years before the index date were excluded. The diagnosis of TBI was validated in previous studies [1–3]. Overall, we identified 66,026 new-onset TBI patients aged ≥20 years; we excluded mortality cases after TBI within one year. Among new-onset TBI patients, 3495 had used at least two packages (one package included 6 treatments) of acupuncture treatment after injury within the first year. For each patient with TBI who had acupuncture treatment, we randomly selected 4 subjects without acupuncture treatment from patients with TBI as controls matched by age, sex, low income, density of TCM physicians, and coexisting medical conditions (such as hypertension, mental disorder, diabetes mellitus, stroke, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, migraine, and epilepsy). We conducted our analysis using propensity score-matched pair procedure. Nearest-neighbor algorithm was applied to construct matched pairs, assuming that the proportion of 0.95 to 1.0 is perfect. We followed TBI patients with and without acupuncture treatment for one year and collected their corresponding medical records.
Figure 1.
Selecting eligible TBI patients with and without acupuncture treatment (TBI: traumatic brain injury; TCM: traditional Chinese medicine).
The outcome of this study is the high use (including frequency and medical expenditure) of emergency care and hospitalization for people with a diagnosis of TBI in the first year after this injury. This study used matching procedure with propensity score to minimize the difference of sociodemographic factors and coexisting medical conditions between TBI patients with and without acupuncture treatment. This study's objective is to investigate whether acupuncture treatment reduces the use frequency and medical expenditure for emergency care and hospitalization for patients with TBI.
2.2. Criteria and Definition
We defined TBI according to the International Code of Diseases, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM 800–805, 850–854). Coexisting medical conditions included hypertension (ICD-9-CM 401–405), mental disorders (ICD-9-CM 290–319), diabetes (ICD-9-CM 250), stroke (ICD-9-CM 430–438), ischemic heart disease (ICD-9-CM 410–414), hyperlipidemia (ICD-9-CM 272.0–272.4), migraine (ICD-9-CM 346), and epilepsy (ICD-9-CM 345). From individuals' health reimbursement claims, regular renal dialysis (including hemodialysis and/or peritoneal dialysis) was also considered a coexisting medical condition for TBI patients in this study. As Taiwan has 359 townships and city districts, we calculated the population density (persons/km2) for each of these administrative units. Based on population density, these areas were stratified into tertiles of low, moderate, and high urbanization [20–22]. In this study, TCM physicians were defined as physicians licensed by Taiwan's Department of Health who practiced TCM in the legal clinics or hospitals. We calculated the density of TCM physicians (TCM physicians/10,000 persons) using the number of TCM physicians per 10,000 residents for each administrative unit. The first, second, and third tertiles were considered as areas with low, moderate, and high physician density.
We classified the frequency and medical expenditure for emergency care and hospitalization into quintiles [36]. Patients in the highest quintile of medical visits were defined as those having high visits for emergency care or hospitalization. Patients in the highest quintile of medical expenditure (calculated in US dollars) were defined as having high medical expenditure for emergency care or hospitalization.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
The annual prevalence of the utilization of acupuncture treatment by patients with TBI was calculated between 2000 and 2008. The Cochran-Armitage trend tests were analyzed for the prevalence of acupuncture use in 2000–2005 and 2005–2008 (Figure 2). With matching procedure of propensity score, we matched factors including age, sex, low income, density of TCM physicians, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, mental disorders, ischemic heart disease, stroke, migraine, and epilepsy between TBI patients with and without acupuncture treatment. The mean and standard deviation of visits and medical expenditure of emergency care and hospitalization were compared with unpaired t-tests between patients who had TBI with and without acupuncture treatment. We performed multiple linear regressions to analyze the use of emergency care and hospitalization associated with acupuncture treatment. The adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of high medical expenditure of emergency care and hospitalization associated with acupuncture treatment were calculated in the multivariate Poisson regression analyses with generalized estimating equation. All analyses were performed using Statistical Analysis Software version 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). A two-sided probability value of <0.05 was considered significant.
Figure 2.
Annual prevalence of use of acupuncture treatment by patients with traumatic brain injury (by Cochran-Armitage trend test).
3. Results
The increased trend of utilization of acupuncture treatment for patients with TBI is shown in Figure 1. The slopes of increased use of acupuncture treatment in 2000–2005 and 2005–2008 were 0.12 (P = 0.0514) and 1.43 (P < 0.0001), respectively. After matching procedure with propensity score, there was no significant difference in age, sex, low income, density of TCM physician, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, mental disorders, ischemic heart disease, stroke, migraine, and epilepsy between TBI patients with and without acupuncture treatment (Table 1).
Table 1.
Matched characteristics and coexisting medical conditions for patients who had traumatic brain injury with and without acupuncture treatment.
| Acupuncture treatment | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (N = 13980) | Yes (N = 3495) | P value | |||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | ||
| Age, years | 1.00 | ||||
| 20–29 | 3024 | (21.6) | 756 | (21.6) | |
| 30–39 | 2464 | (17.6) | 616 | (17.6) | |
| 40–49 | 2596 | (18.6) | 649 | (18.6) | |
| 50–59 | 2356 | (16.9) | 589 | (16.9) | |
| 60–69 | 1632 | (11.7) | 408 | (11.7) | |
| 70–79 | 1448 | (10.4) | 362 | (10.4) | |
| ≥80 | 460 | (3.3) | 115 | (3.3) | |
| Mean ± SD | 47.34 ± 18.03 | 47.39 ± 17.80 | 0.96 | ||
| Gender | 1.00 | ||||
| Female | 7980 | (57.1) | 1995 | (57.1) | |
| Male | 6000 | (42.9) | 1500 | (42.9) | |
| Low income | 1.00 | ||||
| No | 13944 | (99.7) | 3486 | (99.7) | |
| Yes | 36 | (0.3) | 9 | (0.3) | |
| Density of TCM physician | 1.00 | ||||
| Low | 1600 | (11.4) | 400 | (11.4) | |
| Moderate | 5304 | (37.9) | 1326 | (37.9) | |
| High | 7076 | (50.6) | 1769 | (50.6) | |
| Coexisting medical conditions | |||||
| Hypertension | 2364 | (16.9) | 591 | (16.9) | 1.00 |
| Mental disorder | 2128 | (15.2) | 532 | (15.2) | 1.00 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1064 | (7.6) | 266 | (7.6) | 1.00 |
| Stroke | 784 | (5.6) | 196 | (5.6) | 1.00 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 664 | (4.8) | 166 | (4.8) | 1.00 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 556 | (4.0) | 139 | (4.0) | 1.00 |
| Migraine | 200 | (1.4) | 50 | (1.4) | 1.00 |
| Epilepsy | 88 | (0.6) | 22 | (0.6) | 1.00 |
SD: standard deviation; TCM: traditional Chinese medicine.
Compared with TBI patients without acupuncture treatment, patients with TBI who underwent acupuncture treatment had lower medical expenditure for emergency care (44.0 ± 154.2 versus 54.6 ± 520.0 US dollars, P = 0.04) and hospitalization (517.2 ± 2588.3 versus 941.0 ± 5099.7 US dollars, P < 0.0001) within the first year after TBI (Table 2). The means of medical visits for emergency care (0.48 ± 1.21 versus 0.56 ± 2.02 visits, P = 0.006) and hospitalization (0.29 ± 0.85 versus 0.39 ± 0.98 visits, P < 0.0001) were also lower in TBI patients with acupuncture treatment than in TBI patients without acupuncture treatment.
Table 2.
Visits and medical expenditure of emergency care and hospitalization between patients with and without acupuncture treatment in the first year after traumatic brain injury.
| Acupuncture treatment | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| No (N = 13980) | Yes (N = 3495) | ||
| Frequency of visits, mean ± SD | |||
| Emergency care | 0.54 ± 1.73 | 0.47 ± 1.16 | 0.01 |
| Hospitalization | 0.38 ± 0.99 | 0.29 ± 0.89 | <0.0001 |
| Medical expenditure, mean ± SD | |||
| Emergency care | 46.6 ± 154.9 | 42.3 ± 145.8 | 0.12 |
| Hospitalization | 872.6 ± 5717.6 | 480.2 ± 2426.6 | <0.0001 |
SD: standard deviation.
In patients with TBI, acupuncture treatment was associated with reduced visits for emergency care (beta = −0.0611, P = 0.0452) and hospitalization (beta = −0.0989, P < 0.0001) during the postinjury year (Table 3). The decreased medical expenditure for hospitalization (beta = −11772.47, P < 0.0001) for patients with TBI was also associated with acupuncture treatment.
Table 3.
Multiple linear regression analysis of medical visits and expenditure for emergency care and hospitalization for patients having traumatic brain injury with and without acupuncture treatment in the first year after injury.
| Acupuncture treatment* | ||
|---|---|---|
| Beta | P value | |
| Medical visits | ||
| Emergency care | −0.06 | 0.0452 |
| Hospitalization | −0.10 | <0.0001 |
| Medical expenditure | ||
| Emergency care | −130.44 | 0.1260 |
| Hospitalization | −11772.47 | <0.0001 |
*Adjusted for age, gender, low income, TCM physician density, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, mental disorder, migraine, epilepsy, ischemia heart disease, and stroke.
TCM: traditional Chinese medicine.
After adjustment for age, sex, low income, TCM physician density, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, mental disorder, migraine, epilepsy, ischemic heart disease, and stroke (Table 4), TBI patients with acupuncture treatment had decreased risk of high medical visits for hospitalization (RR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.50–0.76) in the first year compared with TBI patients without acupuncture treatment. The relative risks of high medical expenditure for hospitalization associated with acupuncture treatment in the first year were 0.66 (95% CI = 0.53–0.83).
Table 4.
Risks of high medical visits and of high emergency care and hospitalization for patients with and without acupuncture treatment in the first year after traumatic brain injury.
| No acupuncture | Acupuncture treatment* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | RR | (95% CI) | Cases | RR | (95% CI) | |
| High medical visits | ||||||
| Emergency care | 800 | 1.00 | (Reference) | 17 | 0.88 | (0.75–1.02) |
| Hospitalization | 640 | 1.00 | (Reference) | 99 | 0.62 | (0.50–0.76) |
| High medical expenditure | ||||||
| Emergency care | 707 | 1.00 | (Reference) | 172 | 0.97 | (0.83–1.14) |
| Hospitalization | 506 | 1.00 | (Reference) | 84 | 0.66 | (0.53–0.83) |
*Adjusted for age, gender, low income, TCM physician density, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, mental disorder, migraine, epilepsy, ischemia heart disease, and stroke.
CI: confidence interval; RR: relative risk; TCM: traditional Chinese medicine.
4. Discussion
Using Taiwan's nationwide insurance database, we reported an increasing trend of acupuncture use for patients with TBI between 2000 and 2008. Using comprehensive study design with the matching procedure of propensity score, our study discovered decreased use of medical resources for emergency and hospitalization for patients in their first post-TBI years after receiving acupuncture treatment. The present study is the first to report the effects of acupuncture treatment for patient with TBI using population-based investigation from Taiwan.
4.1. Potential Confounding Factors
Age and sex determined the medical conditions and complications for people after their traumatic brain injuries. The utilization of TCM or acupuncture was also associated with age and sex [20–24]. In general, males and older people had worse outcomes after TBI. In contrast, females and young people were more likely to use acupuncture treatment. In addition, low income is a factor associated with TBI risk [1–3]. Density of TCM physicians and low income were related factors for utilization of acupuncture [21]. To investigate the effects of acupuncture treatment on TBI in the current study, we used propensity score to match the effects of age, sex, low income, and density of TCM physicians between TBI patients with and without acupuncture treatment. To accurately estimate post-TBI high medical visits and expenditure for emergency care and hospitalization, residual confounding effects were also controlled in the multivariate linear regressions and Poisson regression models with generalized estimating equation.
Hypertension, mental disorders, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and epilepsy were risk factors for TBI [1]. Epilepsy and migraine were identified as common complications after TBI [2]. Compared with non-TBI patients, patients with TBI had increased risk of stroke [4]. To eliminate confounding effects from these TBI-related coexisting medical conditions, we used matching procedure with propensity score and multivariate adjustment to control hypertension, mental disorders, diabetes, stroke, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, migraine, and epilepsy [1–3].
4.2. Possible Explanations
Insomnia is a frequent problem in patients with TBI. A pilot intervention study found that acupuncture has a beneficial effect on perception of sleep or sleep quality and on cognition in a small sample of TBI patients [33]. Acupuncture treatment was thus suggested as an economical substitute for some medical services and pharmaceuticals; this was a finding of some importance to insurers, healthcare practitioners, and policy makers [27].
In our study, patients with TBI who received acupuncture treatment had reduced use of emergency care and hospitalization in the first year after injury compared with those without acupuncture treatment. We propose two possible explanations. First, the effect of acupuncture treatment on TBI patients was due to biological effects from acupuncture. The stimulation of acupuncture may lead to activation of frontal-limbic-striatal brain regions, with the pattern of neural activity somewhat different for each acupuncture point [19]. A study from Taiwan also showed the cerebral hemodynamic responses of acupuncture stimulation modes and implied that its mechanism was not only based upon afferent sensory information processing but also had the hemodynamic property altered during external stimulation [37]. Acupuncture intervention involves complex modulations of temporal neural response and involves multiple levels of differential activities of a wide range of brain networks [38]. It can enhance the poststimulation spatial extent of resting brain networks to include antinociceptive memory and affective brain regions. This modulation and sympathovagal response may relate to acupuncture analgesia and other potential therapeutic effects [39]. Second, patients with TBI who choose acupuncture treatment may have better knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding physical rehabilitation, which we believe could reduce adverse events after TBI.
4.3. Study Limitation
This study has some limitations. First, as we used retrospective medical claims data from health insurance that lacked detailed patient information on lifestyle as well as physical, psychiatric, and laboratory examinations, we were unable to differentiate whether these factors influenced the effects of acupuncture treatment on TBI patients.
Second, as our study used ICD-9-CM codes claimed by physicians for the TBI without clarifying the severity of disease, some of those higher utilization and expenditure might be associated with more severe conditions. Our study would have been improved if we had Glasgow coma score information [7]. Third, this study was limited by the data provided by insurance claims which might be underestimated because very minor TBI might not seek medical treatment. In addition, our study could not show the acupuncture points used in patient care due to the limited information from National Health Insurance Research Database.
5. Conclusion
Using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, our comprehensive designed retrospective cohort study suggested that patients with TBI who receive acupuncture treatment had reduced use of emergency care and hospitalization in the first year of injury. Our findings implicate that acupuncture treatment may reduce symptoms and illness from major complications for patients with TBI. However, these assumptions need future prospective studies to provide information on the effects of acupuncture treatment on post-TBI mortality and complications, such as stroke, mental disorders, epilepsy, migraine, and fracture. Clinical trials are also needed to clarify the acupuncture points that best address TBI patient needs. The mechanisms of activation and deactivation and their effects on TBI warrant further investigations as well.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.
Authors' Contribution
Chun-Chuan Shih and Hsun-Hua Lee contributed equally to this work and should be considered cofirst authors. Ta-Liang Chen and Chien-Chang Liao contributed equally to this work and should be considered cocorresponding authors.
Acknowledgments
This study is based (in part) on data from the National Health Insurance Research Database provided by the National Health Research Institutes. The interpretation and conclusions contained herein do not represent those of the National Health Research Institutes. This study is supported in part by a Grant from the Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Health, Taiwan (Grants nos. CCMP98-RD-038 and CCMP99-RD-035) and Taiwan Department of Health Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence (DOH102-TD-B-111-004). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the paper.
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