Abstract
Background
Recently Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4- anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion gene has become an important biomarker for ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (crizotinib) treatment in NSCLC. However, the best detection method and the significance of EML4-ALK variant types remain uncertain.
Methods
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), fluorescence in Situ hybridization (FISH) and Immunohistochemical (IHC) stain were performed on tumor tissues of 312 NSCLC patients for detection of ALK rearrangements. Mutation analyses for EGFR and KRAS genes were also performed.
Results
Thirteen of the 312 patients (4.17%) had ALK rearrangements detected by RT-PCR. If RT-PCR data was used as the gold standard, FISH tests had a low sensitivity (58.33%), but very good specificity (99.32%). IHC stain had better sensitivity (91.67%) than FISH, but lower specificity (79.52%), when the cut off was IHC2+. All of the 8 patients with high abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues (assessed by the signal intensities of the RT-PCR product), were also have high expression of ALK protein (IHC3+), and positive for FISH, except one failed in FISH. Variants 3a+3b (4/5, 80%) of EML4-ALK fusion gene were more common to have high abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues than variant 1 (1/3, 33.3%). Meta-analysis of the published data of 2273 NSCLC patients revealed that variant 3 (23/44, 52.3%) was the most common type in Chinese population, while variant 1 (28/37, 75.7%) was most common in Caucasian.
Conclusions
Among the three detection methods, RT-PCR could detect not only the presence of EML4-ALK fusion gene and their variant types, but also the abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in NSCLC tumor tissues. The latter two factors might affect the treatment response to anti-ALK inhibitor. Including RT-PCR as a diagnostic test for ALK inhibitor treatment in the prospective clinical trials is recommended.
Introduction
Lung cancers, especially non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) has been the leading cause of cancer death in the world, and the patient number is still increasing [1,2]. The great success of targeted therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI): gefitinib and erlotinib, for treatment of lung adenocarcinoma has made targeted therapy become the most popular modality for major human cancers [3–7]. Searching for new and effective targets other than EGFR in lung cancer treatment has not been successful until year 2007, when Soda, et al identified the echinoderm microtubule- associated protein-like-4 and the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion gene with transforming ability in NSCLC patients [8]. ALK protein is a 200kDa receptor tyrosine kinase. Its signal pathway involves cell proliferation, differentiation, and anti-apoptosis [8,9]. Before the identification of EML4-ALK fusion gene, Nucleophosmin-ALK (NPM-ALK) fusion gene was first identified in anaplastic large cell lymphoma [10]. Various combinations of ALK with other proteins has been discovered in different neoplasms, such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, neuroblastoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, and renal cell carcinoma [11–13]. But the EML4-ALK fusion gene is unique to NSCLC [14]. ALK is now recognized as an important oncogenic driver in NSCLC. Multiple EML4-ALK variants in NSCLCs have been identified, all contain the same C-terminal kinase domain, and confer gain-of-function properties [14]. Although EML4 gene is the predominant fusion partner of ALK in NSCLC, other fusion partner genes also have been identified, which included KIF5B-ALK, KLC1-ALK and TFG-ALK fusion genes [15–18]. Majority of ALK rearrangements were identified in adenocarcinoma and non-smokers [8,14,18–28]. The incidences of EML4-ALK fusion gene in NSCLC were around 1.4 to 11.6% with no significant differences between Asian and western countries [8,14,18–28]. While EML4-ALK fusion was identified in NSCLC, a new ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (ALK-TKI): crizotinib was developed at similar time. This drug originally was designed as a MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor for treatment of NSCLC patients, but it was found to be an ALK inhibitor, too. Thus, prospective clinical trials were designed and started quickly on NSCLC patients with EML4-ALK fusion genes. The phase II clinical trial was published in year 2010, which demonstrated dramatic response and longer progression free survival to crizotinib treatment in patients with EML4-ALK fusion gene [29–31], similar to EGFR–TKI on NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations [3–7]. Crizotinib was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States in year 2011 for treatment of NSCLC patients, and with a companion diagnostic test, the Vysis ALK Break Apart FISH Probe Kit, that could help determine if a patient has the abnormal ALK gene [32]. EML4-ALK fusion gene becomes a new important molecular marker for crizotinib treatment in NSCLC patients. However, the best detection method for EML4-ALK fusion gene remains controversial. Theoretically, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are two standard methods for detection of fusion genes, but both have significant limitations in clinical practice. RT-PCR requires fresh frozen tissue samples for extraction of RNA, and a reliable FISH assay requires good fluorescence scope and technical expertise. Immunohistochemical (IHC) stain for detection of ALK over-expression has been a well-established method for detection of ALK rearrangements, such as NPM-ALK, in hematological malignancies for years [33,34]. Since the cost of IHC stain assay is much lower than that of FISH assay, IHC stains could be a much more convenient and cost-effective screening method for ALK rearrangements in NSCLCs, when compared with FISH or RT-PCR. However, the sensitivity of IHC stain remained controversial. Many research groups reported good correlations between IHC stain and FISH for detection of EML4-ALK fusion gene [16,35–38], but some reported that IHC stain was non-sensitive in detection of EML4-ALK fusion gene [25,39–41]. It would be most ideal to perform all three methods (IHC, FISH and RT-PCR) in a large series of NSCLC tumors for direct comparison of their efficacies.
Previously, we have reported a good correlation between IHC stain for ALK and the RT-PCR study for identification of EML4-ALK fusion genes in 64 NSCLC patients [42]. We have extended our study to 312 NSCLC patients and performed all three methods (IHC, FISH, and RT-PCR) for direct comparison of the sensitivity and specificity.
Results
ALK rearrangement detected by RT-PCR
The clinic-pathological characteristics of the 312 patients are shown in Table S1. Among the 312 patients included for the RT-PCR study, thirteen patients (13/312, 4.17%), three male (one was never smoker) and ten female (seven were never smokers), were found to have ALK rearrangement. Twelve had EML4-ALK fusion gene and one had KIF5B-ALK fusion gene. The pathology diagnoses were adenocarcinomas (ADC) in eleven patients, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in one patient, and adenosquamous carcinoma (ADSC) in one patient. None of the 13 patients had co-existing EGFR or KRAS mutations. The incidence of ALK rearrangement in EGFR-wild type, non-SCC patients was 12% (12/100). KLC1-ALK, and TFG-ALK fusion genes were not identified. Among the 12 patients with EML4-ALK fusion gene, three were variant 1, one was variant 2, five were variant 3a+3b with 3b predominant, two were variant 3a, and one was variant 3b. ALK rearrangement was only significantly associated with female gender (P= 0.0248) by univariate analysis. Although majority (8/13, 61.5%) of the patients with ALK rearrangement were in stage I and none was in stage IV, the association with tumor stage was statistically non-significant (p= 0.5740). Multivariate analysis for the association with five clinico-pathological characteristics, i.e. gender, age, smoking history, histology types and tumor stage, was performed by binary logistic regression test. In addition to female gender (p=0.007), non-smoker also became significantly associated with ALK rearrangements (p=0.022), since there was a big difference in the smoking rate between male and female patients (never smokers were 38% in male versus 94.4% in female, p<0.0001). The tumor stage remained non-significant. The P values for each stage were: Stage I: P= 0.6220, Stage II: P= 0.4040, Stage III: P= 0.6190, and Stage IV: P= 0.9990, respectively.
ALK rearrangement determined by FISH
Among the 312 patients, FISH studies were not performed on two patients, since no residual tumor tissue could be found in the paraffin sections. FISH studies failed in another 5 patients. As a result, FISH analysis data was available in a total of 305 patients. Nine patients (9/305, 2.95%) were positive by break apart FISH study. All of them had adenocarcinoma. One was male patient (current smoker), and eight were female patients (two were current smokers). Only 7 of the 9 patients were also RT-PCR (+).
ALK protein expression detected by IHC stain
A total of 310 patients had successful IHC stain for detection of ALK protein expression, since 2 patients without tumor part in the tissue sections were excluded. All of the 78 patients with negative IHC stain were RT-PCR (-) and FISH (-). For the 159 patients with IHC 1+, only one patient was RT-PCR (+), but FISH (-), It was the only one SCC positive for RT-PCR. For the 61 patients with IHC 2+, three patient was RT-PCR (+), but FISH (-), and one patients was RT-PCR (-) but FISH (+). For the 12 patients with IHC 3+, nine were RT-PCR (+). Seven of them were also FISH (+), which included the only one patient with KIF5B-ALK fusion gene (Figure S1). Another one was FISH (-) and the last one failed in FISH. For the remaining 3 patients with IHC3+ and RT-PCR (-), one was FISH (+) (Figure S2), one was FISH (-), and one failed in FISH. The latter 2 patients also had EGFR mutations.
EGFR mutation analyses
Among the 312 NSCLC patients, the EGFR mutation rate was 43.91% (137/312). All were non-SCC, which included 133 ADC and 4 ADSC. The EGFR mutation rate in non-SCC patients was 57.81% (137/237). For non-SCC patients, EGFR mutations were only significantly associated with never smokers (p=0.0002), but not with age or gender. None of the patients had co-existing ALK or KRAS mutations.
KRAS mutation analyses
Among the 312 NSCLC patients, the KRAS mutation rate was 5.77% (18/312), which included 16 adenocarcinomas and two adenosquamous carcinomas. The mutation rate in non-SCC was 7.59% (18/237). Twelve patients were male (10 were smokers) and 6 were female (none were smokers). KRAS mutations were only significantly associated with the histology type (non-squamous cell carcinoma) (p=0.0091).
Comparison of the three detection methods
A total of 305 patients had data of all three detection methods (RT-PCR, FISH and IHC) for direct comparison. The results are shown in Table S2. The study results of all 17 patients positive for either RT-PCR, or FISH or high ALK expression were summarized in Table S3. The histological features of all 17 patients were reviewed. All adenocarcinomas positive for ALK were composed of mixed histological patterns.
The specificity and sensitivity of FISH and IHC according to the RT-PCR data
If RT-PCR results were used as the gold standard for ALK rearrangement, and the cut-off for ALK protein expression was IHC 2+, the sensitivity and specificity of IHC was 91.67% and 79.52%, respectively. The positive predictive value of IHC was only 15.49% and the negative prediction value was 99.57%. If the cut-off was IHC 3+, the sensitivity and specificity of IHC was 66.67% and 99.32%, respectively. The positive predictive value of IHC was 80.00% and the negative prediction value was 98.64%. For the FISH test, though its sensitivity was only 58.33%, the specificity was very high (99.32%). The positive predictive value of FISH was 77.78% and the negative prediction value was 98.31%.
Assessment of the abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues by RT-PCR
The abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues was assessed according to the intensities of the RT-PCR products on gel electrophoresis. The result of each tumor was compared with the FISH and IHC data (Table S3). Eight of the 13 RT-PCR(+) tumors had strong intensity of the RT-PCR products, which suggested high abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in the tumor tissues. All of these 8 patients were IHC 3+, and FISH (+), except one failed in FISH study. For the 5 patients with weak intensity of the RT-PCR products, which suggested low abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues, all of them were FISH (-) and only one was IHC 3+. The latter was a tumor belonged to Variant 3a+3b. Representative cases were shown in Figure S3. When compared with the variant type data, high abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues were more common in Variant 3a+3b (4/5, 80%) than Variant 1 (1/3, 33.3%) (Table S3).
Meta-analysis of the ethnicity and the variant types associated with EML4-ALK fusion gene
Meta-analysis of eighteen studies (including the present study) that had performed RT-PCR study for detection of EML4-ALK fusion gene were performed and shown in Table S4 and Table S5 [8,15,16,18–28,40,41,43]. Among the 2273 NSCLC patients with available ethnicity and variant type data for EML4-ALK fusion gene, Variant 3 (23/44, 52.3%) was the most common type in Chinese population, while Variant 1 (28/37, 75.7%) was most common in Caucasian. The difference was statistically significant for both Variant 1(p= 0.0000) and Variant 3 (p=0.0020). With regard to Japanese patients, Variant 1(11/33, 33%) was also the most common variants, but it was not as dominant as in Caucasian.
Discussion
In this study, the incidence of ALK rearrangements in NSCLC patients in Taiwan was quite low (4.17%) according to the RT-PCR results. For EGFR-wild type, non-SCC patients, it was 12% (12/100). ALK rearrangement was only significantly associated with female gender and non-smokers by multivariate analyses. The above results were quite similar to previously published reports from Asian or western countries. We found that the stage distribution in NSCLC patients with ALK rearrangements were all very similar, i.e. largest number in stage I and none or very few in stage IV, between our study and 4 published reports [21,24,25,27], The reason why it was not significantly associated with the tumor stage was that patients without ALK rearrangements also had highest patient number in stage I and lowest in stage IV in all of these 5 studies (only 2 to 14 patients in stage IV). This uneven stage distribution was probably due to the availability of fresh frozen tissues for RT-PCR, which were more available in operable patients (stage I to III), and difficult for stage IV patient. Interestingly the incidences of ALK rearrangements in stage III patients were all higher than the other stages in our study and 3 of the above 4 reports [21,24,27]. It would require a large case number to determine whether the incidence of ALK rearrangements would increase with the tumor stage, since the incidence of ALK rearrangements was quite low.
One important goal of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity among the three detection methods (IHC, FISH, and RT-PCR). It revealed that FISH had a low sensitivity (58.33%), but with very good specificity (99.32%). In contrast, IHC stain appeared to have better sensitivity (91.67%) than FISH, but the specificity (79.52%) was much lower, when the cut off was IHC2+. To understand whether the antibodies used would affect the IHC results or not, we have performed IHC stains on all RT-PCR (+) tumors with additional ALK antibodies from different companies, which included 5A4 (Histofine, Nichirei), 5A4(Abcam), 5A4 (Novocastra), and D5F3 (Cell Signaling), to compare their sensitivity and specificity. All of the above ALK antibodies have been used in published reports [15,25,35,36,38–40]. It appeared that when the tumors had high ALK expression (IHC 3+) by the anti-ALK antibody we used (ZAL4), they would also be positive with high intensity by all other anti-ALK antibodies (data not shown). In contrast, if the tumors had only moderate ALK expression (IHC 2+) by ZAL4, these tumors would be totally negative for ALK by the other anti-ALK antibodies. As shown in Table S3, four RT-PCR (+) or FISH (+) tumors in this study were IHC 2+. Thus, ZAL4 appeared to have higher sensitive for detection of ALK expression than other anti-ALK antibodies, but with lower specificity.
We have examined all of the gel electrophoresis pictures of RT-PCR (+) tumors to check if it could be correlated with ALK protein expression level in IHC stain. To our surprise, the RT-PCR results had good correlation, not only with ALK protein expression, but also the FISH data. All of the 8 tumors with strong intensity of the PCR products (suggesting high abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues) also had high expression of ALK protein by IHC stains and all positive for FISH tests, except one failed in FISH (Table S3). This correlation has never been reported before. Since we only evaluated 100 tumor cells in FISH test for each tumor, it was reasonable that high abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues would have higher chance to be positive for FISH. Since FISH has been approved as a reliable diagnostic test for crizotinib (ALK inhibitor) treatment [32], our findings might suggest that high abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues could also be related to the treatment response to ALK inhibitors.
It was also interesting to find that high abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues were more common in Variant 3a+3b (4/5, 80%) than Variant 1 (1/3, 33.3%). High ALK protein expression (IHC3+) was also more common in Variant 3a+3b (5/5, 100%) than Variant 1 (1/3, 33,33%). This was similar to the report by Wallander, et al. They found that there was 100% concordance for the detection of EML4-ALK variant 3a+3b by all 3 detection methods (RT-PCR, FISH and IHC), but not for variant 1 in a study with 46 Caucasian patients [41]. Since the most common variant of Caucasian NSCLC patients was Variant 1, it might be one reason why IHC methods were found to be non-sensitive in the reports from some of the western study reports [25,40,41], but had good correlation with FISH in the study reports from Asian countries [35,36,38]. Recently EML4-ALK variants were also found to have different sensitivity to ALK inhibitor by in vitro study. Variant 1 was the most sensitive to ALK inhibitor, followed by Variant 2 and Variant 3b (equally sensitive), and the last one was Variant 3a [44]. It would be interesting to check whether the variant types of EML4-ALK and the patients’ ethnicity could affect the therapeutic response to ALK inhibitor or not.
Another finding worthy for discussion was the two patients with EGFR mutations and high expression of ALK protein (IHC3+), but negative in RT-PCR study. One of them was FISH (-) and another one failed in FISH. Since co-existence of ALK and EGFR mutations were very rare, another possible explanation for this association is that the high expression of ALK might be induced by EGFR mutations through the interaction of these two kinase proteins. Concurrent activation of ALK and EGFR signaling pathways has been reported in the lung cancer cell lines, and these cell lines could only be suppressed by dual inhibition of both ALK and EGFR [21,45].
In summary, among the three detection methods for ALK rearrangements, RT-PCR could detect not only the presence of EML4-ALK fusion gene and the variant types, but also the abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in NSCLC tumor tissues. The latter two factors might affect the treatment response to anti-ALK inhibitor. Including RT-PCR as a diagnostic test for ALK inhibitor treatment in the prospective clinical trials is recommended.
Material and Methods
Patients and tissues
Fresh frozen tumor specimens of 328 NSCLC patients (274 patients from May 2002 to April 2006 and 54 patients from October 2009 to May 2012) receiving surgical resection at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and with signed informed consent were obtained from the tissue bank of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital for RNA extraction and molecular biomarker studies. None of the patients have received ALK inhibitor treatment before. Frozen sections were performed on each fresh frozen lung cancer tissues for determination of tumor % by a pathologist (SFH) prior to the study. Only patients with a tumor % higher than 70% were included for this study. Some tumor tissues with low tumor % and abundant fibrous stroma were microdissected manually under microscope to achieve higher tumor %. All of the patients included also need to have available paraffin sections of the lung tumor for ALK IHC stain and FISH study. Finally, a total of 312 patients had sufficient specimens to get into this study. The clinical data and smoking history were obtained from the medical records. None of the patients have received crizotinib treatment before. This study protocol had been reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and National health Research Institutes. Among the 312 patients, the ALK rearrangement and IHC study results of 64 patients have been published previously [42].
RNA extraction and complementary DNA synthesis
Fresh frozen tumor tissues were used as starting materials for total RNA extraction by Trizol method (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The RNA quality was verified by gel electrophoresis. Two µg of total RNA was used as started material for complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis by employed with SuperScript III Reverse Transcriptase (200U/µl, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). After reverse transcription reaction was finished, a total volume of 40 µl cDNA was obtained. One µl resulting cDNA was used for further PCR reactions.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for Detection of different ALK rearrangement with different partners
EML4-ALK fusion gene
RT-PCR combined with Sanger sequencing of PCR products were performed. Two primer sets (shown in Table S6) were designed according to the published reports to identify EML4-ALK Variant 1 and Variant Non-1, respectively [8,26,46]. The latter could detect EML4-ALK Variant 2 to 7. The thermal cycle conditions were different for Variant 1 and Variant Non-1. For EML4-ALK Variant 1, the thermal cycle conditions was preincubation for 4 minutes at 95° C for the initial activation, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation for 30 seconds at 95° C, primer annealing for 30 seconds at 55° C, and elongation for 2 minutes 30 seconds at 72° C. For EML4-ALK Variant Non-1, the thermal cycle was: 15 minutes at 95° C, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation for 30 seconds at 95° C, primer annealing for 30 seconds at 66° C, and elongation for 1 minute at 72° C. Estimated PCR product size (base pair) of each variant was listed as following: variant 1 (247 bp), variant 2 (2303 bp), variant 3a (728 bp), variant 3b (761 bp), variant 4 (1664 bp), variant 5a (269 bp), variant 5b (386 bp), variant 6 (1619 bp) and variant 7 (1688 bp).
KIF5B-ALK, KLC1-ALK and TFG-ALK fusion genes
The possible existence of KIF5B-ALK, KLC1-ALK and TFG-ALK, were also examined in all patients’ tumors that were negative for EML4-ALK fusion gene. The primer sets (shown in Table S6) and PCR condition were designed according to the previously published reports [15–18]. The thermal cycle conditions for KIF5B-ALK was 95° C for 4 minutes, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95° C, 30 seconds at 50° C, and 2 minutes 30 seconds at 72° C for 40 cycles. For KLC1-ALK, it was 95° C for 4 minutes, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95° C, 30 seconds at 55° C and 3 minutes at 72° C. For TFG-ALK, it was 4 minutes at 94° C, followed by 40 cycles of 45 seconds at 94° C, 45 seconds at 65° C, and 1 minute 30 seconds at 72° C.
After the PCR reaction was finished, total PCR product (20 µl) of each case was used for DNA gel electrophoresis. If any PCR product with expected size was obtained, nucleotide sequencing (Applied Biosystems PRISMR 3730 DNA Analyzer Sequencer) was performed. The nucleotide sequences obtained were verified by BLAST program at NCBI. All positive results were repeated by a second technician for confirmation.
ALK rearrangement determined by break apart FISH study
The FISH detection was done on unstained 5-µm-thick paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed tissue sections. According to the hematoxylin and eosin stain of the same tissue block, the tumor portion on each slide was selected and circled by one pathologist (SFH) prior to the FISH study. The ALK probe used was the Vysis ALK Break Apart FISH Probe (Abbott Molecular Inc. Des Plaines, IL, USA). The deparaffinized tissue sections were first pretreated with 100 mM Tris, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.0 solution in 92° C for 15 minutes, followed by phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) wash, then digested with 300 µl of Digest-all (Zymed, Inc., South San Francisco, CA) at 37° C for 90 to 120 minutes depending on the size of the tissue sections. The digestion was stopped by 10% neutral formalin at room temperature for 1 minute and washed with PBS again. Ten µl of ALK probe was applied to each dehydrated and air-dried slide, and denatured at 94° C for 4 minutes, then hybridized overnight at 37° C in VYSIS HYBrite (Abbott Molecular Inc. Des Plaines, IL, USA). Post-hybridization wash was performed with 2x standard saline citrate at 72° C for 5 minutes and then rinsed in PBS with 0.25% Tween 20 (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO). The slides were then mounted with 10 µl of VECTASHIELD mounting medium (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA) with 0.1µg/ml of 4',6-diamidino-2- phenylindole. The FISH study results were evaluated with Leica DMR fluorescence micro- scope (Leica Microsystems Nussloch GmbH, Nussloch, Germany). The FISH signals are first evaluated by two experienced technicians independently (THW, YTC) and rechecked by one pathologist (SFH) for those FISH positive tumors. At least 100 non-overlapping and intact tumor nuclei were evaluated. The tumor cells were considered to be positive for FISH study according to the manufacturer’s guidelines, i.e. when the red and green signals were wide apart for more than 2 nuclei or had loss of the paired green signal (individual red signal, IRS). Only tumors with more than 15% of tumor cells having positive break-apart FISH signals were considered to have ALK rearrangements. The FISH images were taken by SPOT2 image system (DIAGNOSTIC instruments, Inc., IL).
IHC stain for ALK protein expression
IHC stain was performed on unstained 4-µm-thick paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed tissue sections. The slides were treated by xyline first for deparaffinization, followed by 95° C antigen retrieval in commercial Tris-base buffer with boric acid and ethylene-diamine- tetraacetic acid (Cell Conditioning 1, Roche, Rotkreuz, Switzerland) for 30 minutes. Then the slides were incubated with primary antibody for ALK (clone ZAL4, Invitrogen, Life Tech Corp, Carlsbad, Calif.) overnight at room temperature with a dilution of 1:500 [16,24]. The detection was performed by the Ventana Discovery XT staining system with ultraView Universal DAB detection kit (Ventana Medical Systems, Inc, Tucson, AZ) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The IHC stains were evaluated for the expression of ALK in tumor tissue by two pathologists (TDC and SFH) without knowledge of the FISH and RT-PCR results. The expression of ALK in tumor tissue was graded as weak (1+), moderate (2+) and high (3+) according to the intensity as in our previous report [42]. If there was uneven distribution of the intensity, it would be graded according to the highest intensity identified in more than 10% of the tumor tissue.
Mutation analysis for EGFR and KRAS genes by Sanger sequencing
In order to compare with other molecular biomarkers, EGFR and KRAS gene mutation studies were also performed on all of the 312 NSCLC patients. The DNA extracted from the fresh frozen tumor tissue was used for mutation analyses. The methods were similar to our previous reports [47,48]. The EGFR reference sequence NM005228.3 and the KRAS reference sequence NM004985.3 were all from the NCBI database
Statistic analyses
The differences in the major clinical and molecular features correlated with ALK gene arrangement are compared by conventional chi-square association test or Fisher’s exact test (when there is at least a cell frequency less than 5). Binary logistic regression test was performed for multivariate analysis. A two-sided p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Supporting Information
(A) Gel electrophoresis revealed correct size of the RT-PCR product. (B) The electrospherogram of KIF5B-ALK fusion gene by direct sequencing. (C) The green and red signals were wide apart for more than 2 nuclei by break-apart FISH study. (D) The IHC stain for ALK was strong (anti-ALK antibody, 200X).
(TIFF)
(A) The green and red signals were wide apart for more than 2 nuclei by break-apart FISH study. (B) The IHC stain for ALK was strong (anti-ALK antibody, 200X).
(TIFF)
Upper left: All of the 4 patients (No. 10, 30, 81 and 111) had strong intensities of the RT-PCR products. They were all FISH (+) and IHC 3+. Upper right: Two (No. 159 and 179) of the four patients had weak intensities of the RT-PCR products, and the other two patients (No. 173 and 177) were RT-PCR (-). One of them (No. 173) was FISH (+) and IHC 2+. Lower: IHC stains for ALK in four patients are shown. (A) Patient No. 20 was totally negative for ALK, (B) Patient No. 179 (squamous cell carcinoma) was IHC 1+, (C) Patient No. 173 was IHC 2+, (D) Patient No. 111 was IHC 3+ (anti-ALK antibody, 200X).
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Dr. Tsu-An Hsu, Dr. Hsing-Pang Hsieh, Dr. Wen-Hsin Lin, Dr. Shih-Feng Tsai, Dr. Ying-Tsong Chen, Dr. Lu-Hai Wang, and Dr. Zee-Fen Chang for their valuable suggestions.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by grants from National Health Research Institutes (NHRI-A1-MG-100-PP-04, NHRI-A1-MG-101-PP-04), and National Science Council (NSC97-2320-B-400-006-MY3) for Dr. Shiu-Feng Huang. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study was supported by a grant from Pfizer (WS2084622) for Dr. Yi-Cheng Wu. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
(A) Gel electrophoresis revealed correct size of the RT-PCR product. (B) The electrospherogram of KIF5B-ALK fusion gene by direct sequencing. (C) The green and red signals were wide apart for more than 2 nuclei by break-apart FISH study. (D) The IHC stain for ALK was strong (anti-ALK antibody, 200X).
(TIFF)
(A) The green and red signals were wide apart for more than 2 nuclei by break-apart FISH study. (B) The IHC stain for ALK was strong (anti-ALK antibody, 200X).
(TIFF)
Upper left: All of the 4 patients (No. 10, 30, 81 and 111) had strong intensities of the RT-PCR products. They were all FISH (+) and IHC 3+. Upper right: Two (No. 159 and 179) of the four patients had weak intensities of the RT-PCR products, and the other two patients (No. 173 and 177) were RT-PCR (-). One of them (No. 173) was FISH (+) and IHC 2+. Lower: IHC stains for ALK in four patients are shown. (A) Patient No. 20 was totally negative for ALK, (B) Patient No. 179 (squamous cell carcinoma) was IHC 1+, (C) Patient No. 173 was IHC 2+, (D) Patient No. 111 was IHC 3+ (anti-ALK antibody, 200X).
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